小猪笼草

小猪笼草（学名：）广布于东南亚低地的热带食虫植物。其种加词来源于拉丁文“gracilis”，意为“细长的”。小猪笼草存在于马来西亚、新加坡、印尼苏门答腊及泰国。McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.经常匍匐生长在没有树荫的开阔草地上。该物种的海拔分布范围也很广，为海拔0至1100米McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.（少数甚至可达1700米），但其大部分都分布于海拔100米以下的地区，极少数植株存在于海拔1000米以上的地区。Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992.  Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.尽管其分布非常的广泛，但关于小猪笼草的自然杂交种却很少见，最知名的就是毛果猪笼草。

彼得·威廉·科萨尔在1839年发表的专著《关于猪笼草属》中对小猪笼草进行了正式的描述。

产自菲律宾的源小猪笼草由于与小猪笼草非常相似而得名。Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. The Nepenthes micramphora (Nepenthaceae) group, with two new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 151(1): 25–34. 

 食虫性 
小猪笼草的捕虫笼相对比较普通，唇非常窄小且相对其他猪笼草而言寿命较短。但其捕虫笼笼盖下表面却存在着参差不齐的蜡质层，该特征可能是猪笼草属内唯一的。该蜡质层与捕虫笼内表面蜡质区的蜡质层厚度不一且结构也完全不同。，该蜡质层在下暴雨时会增加昆虫在笼盖下表面的附着难度，使昆虫容易受雨滴撞击而落入捕虫笼内，从而该蜡质层成为小猪笼草捕获猎物机制的一部分Bauer, U., B. Di Giusto, J. Skepper, T.U. Grafe & W. Federle 2012. With a flick of the lid: a novel trapping mechanism in Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plants. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38951. 。科學家透過X光分析小猪笼草，發現籠蓋與植株間有個特別脆弱的點，該點被雨滴擊中時會塌陷，連帶使笼盖往下彈，讓獵物落入捕蟲籠後以特定方式復原。這是其近親莱佛士猪笼草沒有的機制。

 分布范围 
小猪笼草分布广泛，存在于婆罗洲、西马来西亚、新加坡、苏拉威西中部、苏门答腊及泰国南部。其也存在于许多小型岛屿中，包括邦加島、巴圖群島、勿里洞岛 Hidayat, S., J. Hidayat, Hamzah, E. Suhandi, Tatang & Ajidin 2003. Analisis vegetasi dua jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga di Padang Pinang Anyang, Pulau Belitung.  [Vegetation analysis of two insectivorous plants in Padang Pinang Anyang, Belitung Island.] Biodiversitas 4(2): 93–96. 望加丽岛、兰塔岛、达鲁岛、纳闽岛Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes.  The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.、浮罗交怡、孟德尔岛、明打威群島（西比路島）、美兰地群岛（巴東島、朗桑島、直名丁宜島）、马萨拉岛、尼亞斯島、槟榔屿、廖内群岛（林加群島、納土納群島 Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract 、廖内岛）、魯帕島。Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.  Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.

 相关物种 
2001年，查尔斯·克拉克对来自苏门答腊岛和西马来西亚的猪笼草进行了分支系统学分析，共利用了70个形态特征。以下为猪笼草进化树的“第6分支”。Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

 种下类群 
尽管小猪笼草的可变性较小，但其还是存在着大量的种下类群。但大部分命名都不是有效的。
Nepenthes gracilis f. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Westphal (1993)
Nepenthes gracilis var. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)
Nepenthes gracilis var. arenaria Ridl. ex Macf. (1908)Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
Nepenthes gracilis var. elongata Bl. (1852)
Nepenthes gracilis var. longinodis Beck (1895)
Nepenthes gracilis var. major Hort.Lindsay ex Dixon (1889)
Nepenthes gracilis var. teysmanniana (Miq.) Beck (1895)

 自然杂交种 
以下是已发现的关于小猪笼草的自然杂交种。
N. albomarginata × N. gracilis
N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=N. × trichocarpa]Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
(N. ampullaria × N. gracilis) × N. bicalcarata [=N. × trichocarpa × N. bicalcarata]
N. bicalcarata × N. gracilis [=N. × cantleyi]
? N. eustachya × N. gracilis
N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?]Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 2: Mt Tambuyukon and Poring. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 108: 6–15.
N. gracilis × N. northiana [=N. × bauensis]Lee, C.C. 2004. Nepenthes. In: Sarawak Bau Limestone Biodiversity. H.S. Yong, F.S.P. Ng and E.E.L. Yen (eds). The Sarawak Museum Journal Vol. LIX, No. 80; Special Issue No. 6: 71–77.
N. gracilis × N. rafflesianaTan, W.K., C.L. Wong & C.K. Frazier 1996. Nepenthes × (rafflesiana and gracilis)? Nature Malaysiana 21: 82–85.Bednar, B.L. 1985.  Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(4): 105–106.
N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana
N. gracilis × N. sumatrana

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 扩展阅读 

 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中小猪笼草的照片 。

Nepenthes gracilis
gracilis
Category:新加坡植物
Category:印度尼西亚植物
Category:馬來西亞植物
Category:泰国植物