曼多马

曼多马 (Tuomo Mannermaa，) 出生于芬兰奥卢，是赫尔辛基大学神学名誉教授，以对马丁·路德神学中称义和成神论之间关系的研究著称。他发起和推动这项研究，使他被看作是“路德的芬兰新解读”或“曼多马芬兰学派”之父。

芬兰学派
曼多马领导发展了“路德的芬兰新解读”，对路德的救赎观点的介绍，更接近东正教学说成神论，而不是德国路德宗学者的既定诠释Dorman, Ted. Review of "Union With Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther" . First Things, 1999.。曼多马指出，“赫尔辛基路德研究新浪潮的外部冲击，令人惊奇地来自路德研究的圈子以外。它来自芬兰信义会和俄罗斯东正教教会之间的合一对话，由 Martti Simojoki 大主教在1970年代初发起。”Tuomo Mannermaa, "Why Is Luther So Fascinating? Modern Finnish Luther Research," Union with Christ, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 1. 。 

芬兰新解读已经受到了挑战，因为它不重视路德的根源在西方基督教中的主要神学发展，认为路德的称义教义是基于内住于信徒的耶稣的义，而不是耶稣的义算为信徒的义。William Wallace Schumacher, "'Who Do I Say That You Are?' Anthropology and the Theology of Theosis in the Finnish School of Tuomo Mannermaa" (Ph.D. diss., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri, 2003), 260 et passim. Cf. also the papers that constitute Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther by various authors; cf. also Robert Kolb and Charles P. Arand, The Genius of Luther's Theology: A Wittenberg Way of Thinking for the Contemporary Church, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2008), 48: "These views ignore the radically different metaphysical base of Luther's understanding and that of the Eastern church, and they ignore Luther's understanding of the dynamic, re-creative nature of God's Word."

参考文献
Von Preussen nach Leuenberg: Hintergrund und Entwicklung der theologischen Methode der Leuenberger Konkordie. Lutherisches Verlagshaus, 1981 ISBN 3785904800
Christ Present in Faith: Luther's View of Justification. Fortress Press, 2005 ISBN 0800637119

外部链接
 Rethinking Justification. A Review of Christ Present in Faith: Luther's View of Justification by Tuomo Mannermaa Developing Theology * Mannermaa, Tuomo. "The Doctrine of Justification and Christology Chapter A, Section One of The Christ Present in Faith". Concordia Theological Quarterly 64 (2000)

Category:芬兰神学家
Category:赫尔辛基大学教师