綬草屬

綬草屬（学名：），是蘭科蘭亞科地生兰。

属名Spiranthes来源于希腊语speira（被缠绕物）和anthos（花）的合成词，指本属植物的花序呈螺旋状扭旋。

 分布 
綬草屬分布非常广泛，几乎是连续分布，常见於北半球温带地区，包括欧洲、北非、澳大利亚、新几内亚、美国以及加勒比地区。綬草屬在某些地方是濒危的，但在其大部分分布区中都是一种很常见的野草。它们生长於草甸、牧场、热带草原、森林等环境中，能适应酸性土壤以及石灰土。

 特征 
株高12－38厘米，多年生，束状、块茎状或偶为纤维质的肉质根。叶基生，偶为茎生，形状各异，宽卵形、椭圆形或花期无叶。

花梗有叶状鞘，茎直立，盘旋，这也是学名Spiranthes的来源，意思为“盘旋”。花梗上长有连续的苞片。花倒垂，管状，盘旋排列，顶端穗状明显或不明显，花色为白色、淡黄色或粉色（仅绶草）。

 分类 
此属在分类学上有过很多变化，最早曾包含绶草亚族的所有物种。1920年，Schlechter将此属分为24属， 而Williams在1951年和Schweinfurth在1958年将此属物种的数目大幅增加。最终，D. Szlachetko在经过很多研究後，於1990将此属分为多个属，包含3个亚族。在所有的分类学变化中，只有庭园绶草（Spiranthes parksii）这一个物种在分类上从未改变。

下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
{{common taxon list|italic=yes
|夏绶草 |Spiranthes aestivalis |(Poir.) Rich. (1817) : Summer-flowering Spiranthes (Western  & Central Europe to NW. Africa)
||Spiranthes angustilabris |J.J.Sm. (1913) (New Guinea)
||Spiranthes bightensis |M.C. PaceMatthew C. Pace. 2021. Spiranthes bightensis (Orchidaceae), A New and Rare Cryptic Hybrid Species Endemic to the U. S. Mid-Atlantic Coast. Phytotaxa. 498(3); 159–176. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.498.3.2
||Spiranthes brevilabris |Lindl. (1840) : Texas Ladies'-tresses (SE. U.S.A. to East Texas)
 Spiranthes brevilabris var. brevilabris Spiranthes brevilabris var. floridana (Wherry) Luer (1972). 
||Spiranthes casei |Catling & Cruise (1974 publ. 1975) : Case's ladies'-tresses  (Eastern Canada to NE. U.S.A.)
 Spiranthes casei var. casei Spiranthes casei var. novaescotiae Catling (1981) (Nova Scotia)
|俯花绶草 |Spiranthes cernua |(L.) Rich. (1817) : Nodding Ladies'-tresses (Eastern Canada to Central & Eastern U.S.A.)
||Spiranthes delitescens |Sheviak (1990) : Reclusive Ladies'-tresses  (Arizona)
||Spiranthes diluvialis |Sheviak (1984) : Ute's Ladies'-tresses (NW. U.S.A. to Nebraska)
||Spiranthes eatonii |Ames ex P.M.Br. (1999) : Eaton's Ladies'-tresses  (SE. U.S.A. to E. Texas)
||Spiranthes graminea |Lindl. in G.Bentham (1840) : Canelo Ladies'-tresses (Arizona, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua)
||Spiranthes hachijoensis |SuetsuguKenji Suetsugu, Shun K. Hirota, Hiroshi Hayakawa, Shohei Fujimori, Masayuki Ishibashi, Tian-Chuan Hsu and Yoshihisa Suyama. 2023. Spiranthes hachijoensis (Orchidaceae), A New Species within the S. sinensis Species Complex in Japan, based on Morphological, Phylogenetic, and Ecological Evidence. Journal of Plant Research. DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01448-6
||Spiranthes himalayensis |Survesw., Kumar & Mei SunSiddharthan Surveswaran, Pankaj Kumar, Mei Sun. 2017. Spiranthes himalayensis (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae) A New Species from Asia. PhytoKeys. 89; 115-128.  DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.89.19978
|香港綬草 |Spiranthes hongkongensis |S.Y.Hu & Barretto (1976)(香港)
||Spiranthes infernalis |Sheviak (1989): Ash Meadows Ladies'-tresses  (Nevada)
||Spiranthes lacera |(Raf.) Raf. (1833) : Northern Slender Ladies'-tresses (C. & E. Canada to C. & E. U.S.A) 
 Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis : Slender Ladies'-tresses (Bigelow) Luer (1975) (S. Ontario to C. & E. U.S.A.)
 Spiranthes lacera var. lacera
||Spiranthes laciniata |(Small) Ames (1905): Lace-lipped Ladies'-tresses (New Jersey to E. Texas)
||Spiranthes longilabris |Lindl. (1840) : Giant-spiral Ladies'-tresses (SE. U.S.A. to E. Texas)
||Spiranthes lucida |(H.H.Eaton) Ames (1908) : Shining Ladies'-tresses (SE. Canada, NC. & E. U.S.A.)
||Spiranthes magnicamporum |Sheviak (1973) : Great Plains Ladies'-tresses  (S. Canada to C. & EC. U.S.A.)
||Spiranthes minamitaniana |Suetsugu，オスズネジバナKenji Suetsugu, Shun K. Hirota and Yoshihisa Suyama. 2023. Spiranthes minamitaniana (Orchidaceae), A New Orchid Species from Japan based on Morphological and Phylogenetic Data.  Phytotaxa. 599(3); 139-149. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.1
||Spiranthes nebulorum |Catling & V.R.Catling (1988) (墨西哥, Guatemala)
|黃俯花綬草 |Spiranthes ochroleuca |(Rydb.) Rydb. (1932) : Yellow Nodding Ladies'-tresses (SE. Canada to E. U.S.A.)
||Spiranthes odorata |(Nutt.) Lindl. (1840) : Fragrant Ladies'-tresses, Marsh Ladies'-tresses  (SE. U.S.A. to SE. Oklahoma)
||Spiranthes ovalis |Lindl. (1840) : October ladies'-tresses  (Ontario to EC. & SE. U.S.A.)
 Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata Catling (1983). 
 Spiranthes ovalis var. ovalis
|庭园绶草 |Spiranthes parksii |Correll (1947): Navasota Ladies'-tresses (美国得克萨斯州)
||Spiranthes porrifolia |Lindl. (1840) : Leek-leaved Ladies'-tresses, Creamy ladies'-tresses  (W. USA)
||Spiranthes praecox |(Walter) S.Watson in A.Gray (1890) : Early-blooming Spiranthes, Green-vein ladies'-tresses (New Jersey to E. Texas)
||Spiranthes pusilla |(Blume) Miq. (1859) (Sumatra)
|羅氏綬草 |Spiranthes romanzoffiana |Cham. (1828) : Hooded Ladies'-tresses (Great Britain, Ireland, Subarctic America to N. & WC. U.S.A)
|綬草 |Spiranthes sinensis |(Pers.) Ames (1908) : Chinese Spiranthes (E. European Russia to Pacific, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Philippines, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea, Samoa, Vanuatu)
 Spiranthes sinensis f. autumnus Tsukaya (2005) (Japan)
|旋花綬草 |Spiranthes spiralis |(L.) Chevall. (1827) : Autumn Ladies-tresses, Spiraled Spiranthes (Europe, Mediterranean to W. Himalaya)
||Spiranthes torta |(Thunb.) Garay & H.R.Sweet in R.A.Howard (1974): Southern ladies'-tresses  (Florida, Caribbean, Mexico, Central America)
|細綬草 |Spiranthes tuberosa |Raf. (1833) : Little Ladies'-tresses (E. & EC. U.S.A)
||Spiranthes vernalis |Engelm. & A.Gray (1845): Spring Ladies'-tresses  (Quebec, E. & EC. U.S.A, Mexico, Guatemala, Bahamas)
}}

 物種和杂交种的劃分 
因为此属的物种互相极少杂交，故杂交种很少。
 Spiranthes × intermedia Ames (1903) (SE. Canada to NE. U.S.A.)
 Spiranthes × itchetuckneensis P.M.Br. (1999) (Florida)
 Spiranthes × simpsonii Catling & Sheviak (1993) (SE. Canada to NC. U.S.A)

分类学家Charles Sheviak博士和纽约州立博物馆（New York State Museum）建议将Spiranthes delitescens视为两个具有不同染色体数目的物种的双倍体杂交种，这两个物种可能是Spiranthes vernalis和Spiranthes porrifolia。

200px|thumb|right|旋花绶草（Spiranthes spiralis）生境

不过此属中有更复杂的基因流形式。此属中包含若干多倍体物种，如俯花绶草（S. cernua）复合种，具有和的特征。这一复合种包括俯花绶草、庭园绶草（S. parksii，可能也包括S. casei。相关物种至少包括S. magnicamporum、黄俯花绶草（S. ochroleuca）和S. odorata''，这几个物种都是二倍体，仅具有二倍体到多倍体的基因流，反之不然。

 参考文献 

 (in German)

 外部链接 


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