邓斯·司各脱

真福若望·董思高（，约），史称邓斯·司各脱（也译作司各特http://www.eywedu.org/sigete/017.htm  主题阅读网http://www.lsfyw.net/thread-99954-1-1.html  历史风云网http://www.zsbeike.com/cd/43929903.html  中外名人-专业词典），苏格兰中世纪时期的经院哲学家、神学家、唯实论者。他提出了物质具有思维能力的推测，其论据是天主是万能的，故而可以让物质具备思维的能力。著有《巴黎论著》、《牛津论著》、《问题论丛》等。

他曾在牛津大学学习，后在牛津大学和巴黎大学任教。在科伦去世。主要著作有《彼得·郎巴德的<教父名言集>论疏》和《论灵魂》等。他反对实在论，强调实体总是单个的物体，“共相”不能离开个性而独立存在。认为物质或质料是万物统一的基础，提出“在灵魂中有物质”的命题，猜测到物质可以有思维的性质。在认识论上，强调从个别经验事物出发来研究问题，认为一切观念都是从感觉经验中得来的。伦理学上，提倡意志自由，反映了市民阶级个性独立的要求。他曾对托马斯·阿奎那的神学哲学体系进行过尖锐的批判，故有“锐利的学者”之称。他的学说具有鲜明的唯物主义倾向，对17世纪英国唯物主义哲学产生过重要影响。

中文版圣经思高本的翻译机构“思高圣经学会”，奉他为主保圣人。
 參考文獻 

 擴展閱讀 

 Richard Cross (ed.), The Opera Theologica of John Duns Scotus. Proceedings of “The Quadruple Congress” on John Duns Scotus, Part 2. Archa Verbi. Subsidia 4, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2012, ISBN ISBN 978-3-402-10214-5.




 Ludger Honnefelder, Hannes Möhle, Andreas Speer, Theo Kobusch, Susana Bullido del Barrio (eds.), Johannes Duns Scotus 1308-2008: Die philosophischen Perspektiven seines Werkes/Investigations into his Philosophy. Proceedings of "The Quadruple Congress" on John Duns Scotus, Part 3. Archa Verbi. Subsidia 5, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2011,ISBN 978-3-402-10215-2.
 Mary Beth Ingham, CSJ, and Oleg Bychkof (eds.), John Duns Scotus, Philosopher. Proceedings of “The Quadruple Congress” on John Duns Scotus, Part 1. Archa Verbi. Subsidia 3, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2010, ISBN 978-3-402-10213-8.
 Mary Beth Ingham, CSJ, Scotus for Dunces: An Introduction to the Subtle Doctor, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2003.
 Mary Beth Ingham, CSJ, The Harmony of Goodness: Mutuality and Moral Living According to John Duns Scotus, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1997.

 Thomas Shannon, The Ethical Theory of John Duns Scotus, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1995.


 Allan B. Wolter, OFM and Blane O'Neil, OFM, John Duns Scotus: Mary's Architect, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1993.

 外部链接 

 Site of the International Scotistic Commission (Rome, Italy) 
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: John Duns Scotus 
 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: John Dun Scotus 
 Catholic Encyclopedia article on John Duns Scotus 
 Site about Duns Scotus of the Research Group John Duns Scotus (Utrecht, NL) 
 Thomas Williams' pages on Scotus
 The Realist Ontology of John Duns Scotus  with an annotated bibliography
 Article by Parthenius Minges on Scotists and Scotism at the Jacques Maritain Center
 Local history site of Blessed John Duns Scotus' birthplace, Duns, Berwickshire, Scotland
 Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries  High resolution images of works by Duns Scotus in .jpg and .tiff format.
 Duns Scotus  at IMDB, 90-minute feature film by TVCO (2011), starring Adriano Braidotti and directed by Fernando Muraca
 Rome Reports , 2 minute video clip, behind the scenes during filming

Category:苏格兰哲学家
Category:13世紀哲學家
Category:14世紀哲學家
Category:蘇格蘭邊區人
Category:形而上学学者
Category:真福者
Category:无神论批评者
Category:英国罗马天主教神父
Category:亚里士多德评论家
Category:牛津大学校友