胡椒属

胡椒属植物在经济和生态方面都很重要，包括大约有1,000-2,000余种，有草本、灌木、藤本甚至是小乔木，胡椒科植物既不属于双子叶植物也不属于单子叶植物，和三白草科亲源关系较近，在胡椒科内，胡椒属和草胡椒属的亲源关系较近。

胡椒属植物分布在世界各地的热带地区，多数品种生长在热带雨林中，也有少数品种可以生长在比较开阔地带或亚热带地区。

部分胡椒属藤本品种在温暖地区可以作为园艺品种，但胡椒属的主要用途还是作为香料和蔬菜，人类最早在大约9,000年前就已经知道应用胡椒作为食品香料，主要用黑胡椒（Piper nigrum），此外像墨西哥叶胡椒（Piper auritum）、荜澄茄（Piper cubeba）、长胡椒（Piper longum）、西非胡椒（Piper guineen）也常被应用。越南的罗洛胡椒（Piper lolot）以及东南亚的假蒟（Piper sarmentosum）叶子都是当地的蔬菜。胡椒属许多品种还被许多地方作为当地的草药使用。 

 主要品种 
胡椒属植物在美洲有约700种，在东南亚有300余种，在南太平洋有40多种，在非洲有约15种。
{{common taxon list|italic=yes
|蘭嶼風藤 |Piper arborescens |
||Piper achupallasense |
||Piper aduncum |
||Piper aequilaterum |C.DC.
||Piper alwynii |M. A. Jaram., 2023M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2023. Piper alwynii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Cordillera del Cóndor at the Border of Peru and Ecuador.  Novon, A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. DOI: 10.3417/2023862
||Piper amalgo | 
||Piper angamarcanum |
|兰屿胡椒 |Piper arborescens |Roxb.
|西藏胡椒 |Piper arunachalense |Gajurel, Rethy & Y. Kumar
|卵叶胡椒 |Piper attenuatum |Buch.-Ham. ex Miq.
|墨西哥胡椒叶 |Piper auritum |
|华南胡椒 |Piper austrosinense |Y. C. Tseng
||Piper azuaiense |
||Piper baezanum |
||Piper baezense |
||Piper begoniiforme |
|蒌叶 |Piper betle |L.
|苎叶蒟 |Piper boehmeriaefolium |(Miq.) C. DC.
 光轴苎叶蒟 Piper boehmeriaefolium var. tonkinense C. DC.
|复毛胡椒 |Piper bonii |C. DC.
 大叶复毛胡椒 Piper bonii var. macrophyllum Y. C. Tseng
||Piper borneense |
||Piper brachipilum |
||Piper brachystylum |
||Piper bullatifolium |
||Piper caldense |C.DC.
||Piper callejasii |W. Trujillo & M. A. Jaram.William Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo Trujillo and M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2021. Piper callejasii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Eastern Slopes of the Andes, Northern South America. Novon. 29: 200–205. DOI: 10.3417/2021659 
||Piper campii |
||Piper caninum |, SE Asia to Australia, Common pepper, Native pepper in Australia.
||Piper candollei |
|华山蒌 |Piper cathayanum |M. G. Gilbert & N. H. Xia
||Piper cenocladum | – "ant piper"
|长果胡椒 |Piper chaba |
|勐海胡椒 |Piper chaudocanum |C. DC.
||Piper chimborazoense |
||Piper chimonanthifolium |Kunth
|中华胡椒 |Piper chinense |Miq.
||Piper clathratum |
||Piper claussenianum |
||Piper coeloneurum |
||Piper cordulatum |
|荜澄茄 |Piper cubeba |
||Piper cutucuense |
|大苗山胡椒 |Piper damiaoshanense |Y. C. Tseng
||Piper darienense | – duermeboca (巴拿马), kana (Kuna)
||Piper decurrens |
||Piper densiciliatum |
||Piper diffundum |
||Piper disparipilum |
||Piper distigmatum |
||Piper dodsonii |
||Piper entradense |
||Piper eriocladum |
||Piper eustylum |
||Piper fallenii |
|琉球胡椒 |Piper ferriei |C. DC.
||Piper fimbriulatum |
|黄花胡椒 |Piper flaviflorum |C. DC.
||Piper gaudichaudianum |Kunth
||Piper glabratum |Kunth
||Piper grandifolium |
||Piper gualeanum |
||Piper guayasanum |
|西非胡椒 |Piper guineense |
|海南蒟 |Piper hainanense |Hemsl.
|山蒟 |Piper hancei |Maxim.
|哈曼氏胡椒 |Piper harmandii |C. DC.
||Piper hillianum |C.DC.
||Piper hispidinervum |
|河池胡椒 |Piper hochiense |Y. C. Tseng
||Piper huigranum |
||Piper hydrolapathum |
||Piper hylebates |
||Piper hylophilum |
||Piper imperiale |
|沉果胡椒 |Piper infossum |Y. Q. Tseng
|疏果胡椒 |Piper interruptum |Opiz
|尖峰岭胡椒 |Piper jianfenglingense |C.Y. Hao & Y.H. TanChao-Yun Hao, Xiao-Wei Qin, Le-He Tan, Li-Song Hu, Gang Wu, Shui-Xing Luo, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2017. Piper jianfenglingense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Hainan Island, China. Phytotaxa. 331(1); 109–116. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.331.1.9 
|风藤 |Piper kadsura |(Choisy) Ohwi
|恆春風藤 |Piper kawakamii |Hayata
||Piper kerrii |Suwanph. and Y.Banchong, 2023
||Piper kurzii |Ridl.Chalermpol Suwanphakdee, David A. Simpson, Trevor R. Hodkinson and Pranom Chantaranothai. 2020.   A Synopsis of Thai Piper (Piperaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). 48(2), 145-183. DOI: 10.20531/tfb.2020.48.2.08
|绿岛胡椒 |Piper kwashoense |Hayata
|大叶蒟 |Piper laetispicum |C. DC.
||Piper lanatum |Roxb.
||Piper laevigatum |Kunth, 1815
||Piper leptostachyum |Wall. ex Miq.
||Piper lhotzkyanum |Kunth
||Piper lineatipilosum |Yunck., 1959
|陵水胡椒 |Piper lingshuiense |Y. C. Tseng
|罗洛胡椒 |Piper lolot |C.DC., 1898
||Piper lonchites |Roem. & Schult.
||Piper longicaudatum |
|蓽拔 |Piper longum |L.，长胡椒
||Piper lucigaudens |
||Piper macrophyllum |
|粗梗胡椒 |Piper macropodum |C. DC.
|麻根 |Piper magen |B. Q. Cheng ex C. L. Long & Jun Yang
||Piper magnificum | – Lacquered Pepper
||Piper malacophyllum |(C.Presl) C.DC.
||Piper manabinum |
||Piper marginatum |
||Piper mekongense |
||Piper mendezense |
||Piper mestonii |
||Piper metallicum |Hallier f., 1896
|卡瓦胡椒 |Piper methysticum |Roxb.，为Piper majusculum Blume的异名
||Piper mexiae |(Trel.) Trel. & Yunck., 1950
|柄果胡椒 |Piper mischocarpum |Y. C. Tseng
||Piper molliusculum |Sodiro, 1900
|墨脱胡椒 |Piper motuoense |X.W.Qin, F.Su & C.Y.Hao, 2024Fan Su, Xiao-Wei Qin, Rui Fan, Lin Yan, Xun-Zhi Ji and Chao-Yun Hao. 2024. Piper motuoense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Xizang, China. PhytoKeys. 238: 85-94. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.238.115494
|短蒟 |Piper mullesua |Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
|变叶胡椒 |Piper mutabile |C. DC.
||Piper nanegalense |
||Piper napo-pastazanum |
||Piper nebuligaudens |
|黑胡椒 |Piper nigrum |L.，胡椒
||Piper novae-hollandiae | Giant Pepper Vine - 澳大利亚
|裸果胡椒 |Piper nudibaccatum |Y. Q. Tseng
|彩脉胡椒 |Piper ornatum |N.E.Br., 1884
||Piper pachyphyllum | – Mahalatsaka
|角果胡椒 |Piper pedicellatum |C. DC.
||Piper peepuloides |Roxb.
||Piper peltatum |L., 1753
||Piper permucronatum |Yunck.
||Piper perstrigosum |Yunck., 1955
||Piper phangngaense |Suwanph. and Hodk., 2023
|台东胡椒 |Piper philippinum |Miq.
|屏边胡椒 |Piper pingbienense |Y. C. Tseng
||Piper platylobum |
|线梗胡椒 |Piper pleiocarpum |C. C. Chang ex Y. C. Tseng
|樟叶胡椒 |Piper polysyphonum |C. DC.
|肉轴胡椒 |Piper ponesheense |C. DC.
||Piper porphyrophyllum |
||Piper poscitum |
||Piper prietoi |
||Piper productispicum |
||Piper pseudonigrum |
||Piper pseudopothifolium |C.DC.
|毛叶胡椒 |Piper puberulilimbum |C. DC.
|岩椒 |Piper pubicatulum |C. DC.
||Piper puyoense |
||Piper quinchasense |M. A. Jaram.M. Alejandra Jaramillo, Dayro Rodríguez-Duque and Magda Escobar-Alba. 2023. A New Species of Piper (Piperaceae) with peltate leaves from Serranía de las Quinchas, Colombia. PhytoKeys. 227: 9-24. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.227.101405
||Piper regale |
|假荜拔 |Piper retrofractum |Vahl
||Piper richardiifolium |Kunth
||Piper rugocarpum|Y.Banchong and Suwanph., 2023Chalermpol Suwanphakdee, Sunate Karapan, Yuthana Banchong and Trevor R. Hodkinson. 2023. Three New Species, Two New Records and additional Taxonomic Notes of Piper (Piperaceae) from Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany. e04099. DOI: 10.1111/njb.04099
||Piper rostratum |Roxb.
||Piper rubronodosum |
||Piper rubrovenosum |
|红果胡椒 |Piper rubrum |C. DC.
|西贡胡椒 |Piper saigonense |
||Piper saloyanum |
||Piper san-miguelense |
|假蒟 |Piper sarmentosum |Roxb.
|斜叶蒟 |Piper senporeiense |Yamam.
||Piper schuppii |
|塞舌尔胡椒 |Piper seychellarum |
||Piper skutchii |
||Piper smitinandianum |Suwanph. & Chantar. 
||Piper sodiroi |
|短柄胡椒 |Piper stipitiforme |C. C. Chang ex Y. C. Tseng
||Piper stipulosum |
||Piper subaduncum |
|多脉胡椒 |Piper submultinerve |C. DC.
 狭叶多脉胡椒 Piper submultinerve var. nandanicum Y. C. Tseng
||Piper subnitidifolium |
|缘毛胡椒 |Piper semiimmersum |C. DC.
|半透明胡椒 |Piper semi-transparens |C.Y. Hao & Y.H. Tan Chao-Yun Hao, Bao-Duo Wu, Xiao-Wei Qin, Gang Wu, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2020. Morphological and Molecular Evidence for A New Species from China: Piper semi-transparens (Piperaceae). Phytotaxa. 429(3); 191–199. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.429.3.1
|滇西胡椒 |Piper suipigua |Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
||Piper supernum |
|银叶胡椒 |Piper sylvaticum |Roxb., 长柄胡椒
|台湾胡椒 |Piper taiwanense |T. T. Lin & S. Y. Lu
||Piper tectonifolium |Kunth
|球穗胡椒 |Piper thomsonii |(C. DC.) Hook. f.
 小叶球穗胡椒 Piper thomsonii var. microphyllum Y. C. Tseng
||Piper trachyphyllum |
||Piper translucens |Yunck.
||Piper triandrum |F.Muell.	
|三色胡椒 |Piper tricolor |Y. C. Tseng
||Piper trioicum |
||Piper truman-yunckeri |
||Piper truncatum |Vell.
|瑞丽胡椒 |Piper tsengianum |M. G. Gilbert & N. H. Xia
|粗穗胡椒 |Piper tsangyuanense |P. S. Chen & P. C. Zhu
|大胡椒 |Piper umbellatum |L.
||Piper unguiculatum |
||Piper valladolidense |
||Piper verrucosum |
|石南藤 |Piper wallichii |(Miq.) Hand.-Mazz.
||Piper warakahoura |
||Piper wibomii |
||Piper wightii |
|盈江胡椒 |Piper yinkiangense |Y. C. Tseng
|蒟子 |Piper yunnanense |Y. C. Tseng
||Piper zarumanum |
}}

 注释 

 外部链接 
 图片和描述等 
 《中国植物》中的胡椒科 
 《北美洲植物》中的胡椒科 
 NCBI分类中的胡椒科 
 泰国胡椒品种 

 参考文献 
  (2004): Piper: A model genus for studies of evolution, chemical ecology, and trophic interactions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. ISBN 0-306-48498-6
  (2008): Tropical Root Crops. Retrieved 2008-JUL-15.
  (1969): Hoabinhian: A pebble tool complex with early plant associations in Southeast Asia. Science 163(3868): 671-673.  (HTML abstract)
  (1971): The Hoabinhian and After: Subsistence Patterns in Southeast Asia during the Late Pleistocene and Early Recent Periods. World Archaeology 2(3): 300-320. HTML abstract and first page image
  (2007): 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland.
  (2007): Effects of Kava Alkaloid, Pipermethystine, and Kavalactones on Oxidative Stress and Cytochrome P450 in F-344 Rats. Toxicological Science 97(1): 214-221.  PMID 17329236 PDF fulltext
  (1640): Theatrum Botanicum: the Theater of Plants, etc. T. Cotes, London.
  (1998): Cha Plu. In: Encyclopedia of Asian Food. Periplus Editions. HTML fulltext 
  (2006): Safety of ethanolic kava extract: Results of a study of chronic toxicity in rats. Phytomedicine'' 13(8): 542-549.  PMID 16904878 (HTML abstract)

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et:Pipar