烏鴉 (詩)

《烏鴉》（），又譯作《渡鴉》，是美國作家埃德加·愛倫·坡所著的一首敘事詩，於1845年1月首次出版。它的音調優美，措辭獨具風格，詩句並有著超自然的氛圍。它講述了一隻會說話的渡鴉對一名發狂的戀人的神祕拜訪，描繪了這個男人緩慢陷入瘋狂的過程。這名戀人，普遍被認為是一名學生Meyers, 163Silverman, 239，因失去他的所愛勒諾（Lenore）而深感悲痛。渡鴉坐在帕拉斯胸像上，似乎在進一步煽動著他的憂傷，不斷重複著話語：「永不復焉。」此詩使用了眾多民間與古典的文獻。

愛倫·坡自認此詩寫得十分有邏輯與條理。他的目的是創作一首能皆在評論與大眾兩方引起共鳴的詩，同他在他1846年的後續評論《創作哲學》中所解釋的。此詩說話渡鴉的部分的靈感來自於查爾斯·狄更斯的《巴納比·拉奇：八零年代暴動的故事》Kopley & Hayes, 192。愛倫·坡亦模仿了白朗寧的詩作《傑拉丁女士的求婚》的複雜節奏與韻律。全詩並使用句中韻以及頭韻法。

《烏鴉》於1845年1月29日進行首次印刷，由《紐約鏡像晚報》發行。它的出版使得愛倫·坡終身受到歡迎，儘管這並沒有為他帶來巨大的財富。此詩不久後便再版、受諧仿及加上插圖。儘管評論對其地位的見解並不一致，它仍是史上最著名的詩作之一。Silverman, 237

 大綱 
《烏鴉》一詩隨著一位不具名的旁白進行，在一個無趣的12月的夜晚裡，坐著朗讀一段「被遺忘的傳說」，來忘卻他的戀人麗諾爾逝去。

 註釋 

 參考文獻 

 Adams, John F. "Classical Raven Lore and Poe's Raven" in Poe Studies. Vol. V, no. 2, December 1972. Available online 
 Forsythe, Robert. "Poe's 'Nevermore': A Note", as collected in American Literature 7. January, 1936.
 Granger, Byrd Howell. "Marginalia - Devil Lore in 'The Raven'" from Poe Studies vol. V, no. 2, December 1972  Available online 
 Hirsch, David H. "The Raven and the Nightingale" as collected in Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu, edited by Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society, Inc., 1990. ISBN 0-9616449-2-3
 Hoffman, Daniel. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-8071-2321-8
 Kopley, Richard and Kevin J. Hayes. "Two verse masterworks: 'The Raven' and 'Ulalume'", collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Kevin J. Hayes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-79727-6
 Krutch, Joseph Wood. Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926. 
 Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York City: Cooper Square Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7 
 Moss, Sidney P. Poe's Literary Battles: The Critic in the Context of His Literary Milieu. Southern Illinois University Press, 1969.
 Ostrom, John Ward. "Edgar A. Poe: His Income as Literary Entrepreneur", collected in Poe Studies Vol. 5, no. 1. June 1982.
 Peeples, Scott. Edgar Allan Poe Revisited. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1998. ISBN 0-8057-4572-6
 Poe, Edgar Allan. Edgar Allan Poe: Complete Tales & Poems. Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2002. ISBN 0-7858-1453-1
 Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. ISBN 0-06-092331-8
 Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York City: Checkmark Books, 2001. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X
 Thomas, Dwight and David K. Jackson. The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849. New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1987. ISBN 0-7838-1401-1
 Weiss, Susan Archer. The Home Life of Poe. New York: Broadway Publishing Company, 1907.

 外部連結 

原文
 "The Raven"  - Full text of the first printing, from the American Review, 1845
 "The Raven"  - Full text of the final authorized printing, from the Richmond Semi-Weekly Examiner, 1849

評論
 《渡鸦》夹注 “The Raven” annotated for Chinese readers 
 The Poe Decoder  - Essay on the symbols, words and composition of "The Raven"
 The Raven. With Literary and Historical Commentary by John H. Ingram. London G. Redway. 1885.
  "The Raven" Study Guide 
 "The Raven" study guide and teacher resources
 "The Raven – Amore in A Minor by Vladimir Voronsky"

圖本


音訊
 Reading of 'The Raven' and text  by Classic Poetry Aloud (MP3)
 "The Raven" , complete text and audio
 Garrison Keillor's rendition of  "The Raven"  (RealAudio)
 Reading of "The Raven"  by LibriVox
 Audiobook recording with accompanying text of "The Raven" .
 Reading of "The Raven"  by Martin Reyto

影片
 Video of Vincent Price giving a dramatic, however not always literal, reading of "The Raven"
 Official site  of the 2003 short film version by Trilobite Pictures
 "The Raven"  from The Simpsons Tree House of Horror
 Knowing Poe  John Astin gives a dramatic rendition of "The Raven".

多媒體
 Interactive multimedia e-book  of "The Raven" bringing together Poe's verse, the reading by Robert Donald and the engravings by Gustave Doré.

Category:1845年作品
Category:美國詩歌
Category:敘事詩
Category:愛倫·坡詩作