奇異豬籠草

奇異豬籠草（）是分布最为广泛猪笼草属植物。其种加词“mirabilis”来源于拉丁文，意为“奇异的，令人惊叹的”。其是豬籠草属中分布最为广泛的物种，其分布范围覆盖东南亚、马来群岛的主要岛屿（除开小巽他群岛及菲律宾北部地区），并一直北延至中国南部，南延至澳大利亚。猪笼草属中，奇異豬籠草具有最多的变型和变种，其中最知名的为汶萊以及沙撈越特有的变种——棘口奇异猪笼草，其具有极宽的唇。Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.。

奇异猪笼草的叶片和捕虫笼质地柔软，捕虫笼耐久性不佳，易枯萎。在杂交中，其捕虫笼形态与质地的性状强势，仅在维多利亚时代常用于育种，现已极少使用。

部分早期中文文献也把奇异猪笼草直接称作猪笼草，至今仍有部分书籍沿用此称，但已不被食虫植物栽培者所提倡。

奇異豬籠草已被世界自然保護聯盟列入《2006年世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》中，保护状况为無危。在香港，奇異豬籠草受香港法例第96章《林區及郊區條例》保護。

 形态特征 
奇异猪笼草为直立草本或攀援藤本，高0.5至2米。莲座状植株的叶片密集，近无柄，基部半抱茎，呈披针形，长约10厘米，边缘呈流苏状。笼蔓短于叶片。攀援茎的叶片散生，具柄，呈长圆形或披针形，长10至25厘米。叶基下延，全缘或为流苏状，两面常具紫红色斑点，中脉两侧各具纵脉4至8条，笼蔓约与叶片等长，具上位笼或否。阮云珍. 1984. 中国植物志. 猪笼草  北京: 科學出版社. 34(1): 12.

奇异猪笼草的下位笼高约2至6厘米，为狭卵形或近圆柱形，被疏柔毛和星状毛。腹面具一对笼翼，笼翼具翼须。笼盖基部的后方的笼蔓尾分叉，分2至8条。笼盖为卵形或近圆形，其内表面密布近圆形的腺体。

奇异猪笼草的上位笼高8至16厘米，近圆筒形，下部稍扩大，笼口处缩窄或否。被疏毛、分叉毛和星状毛。笼翼缩小为一对隆起。唇宽约0.2宽0.4厘米，内表面上半部为蜡质区，下半部密生火山口状腺体。笼蔓尾二叉。笼盖为卵形或长圆形，下表面具密集的近圆形腺体。捕虫笼颜色随产地变化极大。

奇异猪笼草的花序为总状花序，长20至50厘米。被长柔毛，与叶对生或顶生。花梗长0.5至1.5厘米。花被片4片，红至紫红色，椭圆形或长圆形，背面被柔毛，腹面密被近圆形腺体。雄花的花被片长0.5至0.7厘米，雄蕊柄具花药1轮，稍扭转。雌花的花被片长0.4至0.5厘米。子房椭圆形，具短柄或近无柄，密被淡黄色柔毛或星状毛。蒴果栗色，长0.5至3厘米；果爿4片，狭披针形。种子丝状，长约1.2厘米。花期为4至11月，果期为8至12月。

 分布范围 
奇异猪笼草分布广泛，其存在于澳大利亚（约克角半岛）、婆羅洲、蘇門答臘、柬埔寨、加罗林群岛（帕劳及雅蒲島）、中国（广东省、海南省Nepenthes mirabilis . Flora of China. 杨光穗, 黄少华, 徐世松, 高艳梅. 2006. 海南岛野生猪笼草资源调查及其营养成分分析 . 中国农学通报. 22(11): 440–442.、香港、澳门及橫琴）、當特爾卡斯托群島、爪哇、老挝、路易西亚德群岛、摩鹿加群島、緬甸、新幾內亞、西马来西亚、菲律賓（迪纳加特岛及棉兰老岛）、蘇拉威西島、苏门答腊岛、泰國及越南。Slack, A. 1979. Nepenthes mirabilis. In: Carnivorous Plants. Ebury Press, London. pp. 79–80.McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

此外，其也存在于许多小型岛屿中，包括巴比岛、邦加島、巴尼亞群島、巴圖群島、望加丽岛、恩加诺岛、兰塔岛、达鲁岛、浮罗交怡、孟德尔岛、明打威群島（北巴蓋島、西比路島、南巴蓋島）、美兰地群岛（巴東島、朗桑島、直名丁宜島）、尼亞斯島、槟榔屿、廖内群岛（林加群島、廖内岛）、魯帕島Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.、塔威塔威Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. ，也可能存在于沃沃尼島 Sunarti, S., A. Hidayat & Rugayah 2008. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete, Kecamatan Wawonii Timur, Pulau Wawonii, Sulawesi Tenggara.  [Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete, East Wawonii District, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi.] Biodiversitas 9(3): 194–198. 。

 相关物种 
奇异猪笼草与澳大利亚特有的罗恩猪笼草和细猪笼草之间存在着密切的近缘关系。

 奇异猪笼草与罗恩猪笼草之间形态特征的区别 形态特征  奇异猪笼草  罗恩猪笼草 叶片形态  急尖至圆形  叶尖缩小，笼蔓处仍有延伸出来的窄细末端 笼蔓与叶片的衔接处  位于末端  盾形 笼翼  单一，具翼须  翼须呈“T”形 叶片质地  通常为纸质  强韧的革质 叶片基部  简单或下延至节间距的三分之一  下延超过节间距的二分之一 捕虫笼下部的消化腺密度  1600至2500个每平方厘米  约3600个每平方厘米 上位笼的笼肩位置  中间靠下  上四分之一处 下位笼的笼肩位置  下三分之一到四分之一处  唇下

在食虫植物数据库中，分类学家扬·施劳尔将空堪达猪笼草列为奇异猪笼草的同物异名。Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes kongkandana . Carnivorous Plant Database.

 种下类群 
奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼在形态和颜色方面具有非常大的可变性，同时也是猪笼草属内存在最多同物异名的物种。Catalano, M. 2009. Nepenthes. In: Growing Carnivores — an Italian perspective. Prague. pp. 50–57.以下是已被描述的奇异猪笼草的变型和变种。

Nepenthes mirabilis f. anamensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
Nepenthes mirabilis var. anamensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
Nepenthes mirabilis var. biflora J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma (Hook.f.) Hort.Slack ex J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa M.Catal. (2010)Catalano, M. 2010.  In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 40.
Nepenthes mirabilis f. simensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
Nepenthes mirabilis var. simensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
Nepenthes mirabilis f. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Westphal (2000)
Nepenthes mirabilis var. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)

 棘口奇异猪笼草 
棘口奇异猪笼草仅存在于婆罗洲西部。其生长势与对环境的适应性不如原变型。1865年，奥多阿多·贝卡利发现了棘口奇异猪笼草。1873年，约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克将其描述为一个物种——棘口猪笼草。Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.1882年，弗雷德里克·威廉·伯比奇在他的著作《园丁纪事》中对其进行了描述。Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes . The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.

棘口奇异猪笼草是唯一存在于文莱的奇异猪笼草变型。它还存在于沙捞越，但尚未在沙巴发现。

 球状奇异猪笼草 
球状奇异猪笼草存在于攀牙府附近安达曼海上的一个为未公开岛屿及泰国董里市附近。McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

其分类曾存在争议，一部分人认为其为独立物种，另一部分人则认为其是一个自然杂交种。该变种最早出现于2006年1月的《食虫植物研究会杂志》封面上，其被标注为“Nepenthes sp. from Thailand”。 Cover of the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society . Insectivorous Plant Society.球状猪笼草一词最早出现在仓田重夫一篇刊登于2007年7月《食虫植物研究会杂志》的文章中。同期，多田雅宏也发表了一篇文章，将该类群描述为海盗猪笼草。在马尔切洛·卡塔拉诺的描述发表前，该类群在斯图尔特·麦克弗森2009的专著《旧大陆的猪笼草》中也被称为攀牙猪笼草。

在园艺贸易中，该变种常被称为球状猪笼草和海盗猪笼草。Mey, F.S. 2011. Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa, a popular plant? . Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, December 24, 2011.其被称为海盗猪笼草，是因为其捕虫笼类似于海盗船的船头。Guerini, M. 2011.  Associazione Italiana Piante Carnivore.

 共生生物 
已在奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼中发现了大量的共生生物。包括分布于澳大利亚的奇异猪笼草捕虫笼中的巴布亚麻蝇和瓦氏猪笼草螨。Yeates, D.K., H. de Souza Lopes & G.B. Monteith 1989. A commensal sarcophagid (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Nepenthes mirabilis (Nepenthaceae) pitchers in Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine 16: 33–39.Fashing, N.J. 2002.  Australian Journal of Entomology 41(1): 7–17. 此外，在帛琉和雅蒲島的奇异猪笼草捕虫笼中分别发现于两种伊蚊。Sota, T. & M. Mogi 2006. Origin of pitcher plant mosquitoes in Aedes (Stegomyia): a molecular phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Journal of Medical Entomology 43(5): 795–800. 这些昆虫都具有特殊的生活史和与此习性相关的形态特征。Bohart, R.M. 1956.  Insects Micronesia 12(1): 1–85.Mogi, M. 2010. Unusual life history traits of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) inhabiting Nepenthes pitchers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 103(4):  618–624. 

存在于泰国奇异猪笼草捕虫笼中的奇异线虫已被描述。在奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼中发现这种线虫并不是一个偶然；其捕虫笼已成为了奇异线虫的天然栖息地。孑孓和奇异线虫主导着捕虫笼中的微生态系统。据推测，这种线虫与一种或多种共生昆虫间存在着携播关系。Bert, W., I.T. De Ley, R. Van Driessche, H. Segers & P. De Ley 2003.  Nematology 5(3): 405–420. 

在中国南部，曾观察到树蛙在奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼中栖息。这些树蛙并不是猪笼草的猎物，而会在捕食猪笼草内捕食昆虫。Hua, Y. & H. Li 2005.  Acta Botanica Gallica 152(2): 165–175.它们不受强酸性的消化液的影响（其pH值可低至2），可能是由于其具有皮肤表面粘液的隔离。Hua, Y. & L. Kuizheng 2004.  Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33(1): 23–24.

在澳大利亚贾丁河沿岸生长的奇异猪笼草，在其捕虫笼中发现了一种特殊的水生真菌。其菌丝自由生活于消化液中，或附着于捕虫笼内昆虫的几丁质外壳上。Cribbs, A.B. 1987. An aquatic fungus from pitchers of Nepenthes mirabilis. Queensland Naturalist 28: 72–73.Schnell, D.E. 1992. Literature Review. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 21(3): 80–82.

此外，还发现奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼中存在着一个极其复杂的细菌群落。Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid . Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.

 自然杂交种 
奇异猪笼草是猪笼草属中已知自然杂交种最多的物种。以下是已发现的奇异猪笼草的自然杂交种。

? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × tsangoya]Lauffenburger, A. 1995. Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids . OmnisTerra.
N. alata × N. mirabilis [=N. × mirabilata]Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.Kurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(1): 155–158. Abstract 
N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis]
? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis]Lowrie, A. 1983.  Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.
N. andamana × N. mirabilis Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.（包括N. andamana × N. mirabilis var. globosa）
N. benstonei × N. mirabilisClarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis（包括N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma）
? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma
N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?]Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 2: Mt Tambuyukon and Poring. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 108: 6–15.
N. insignis × N. mirabilisRischer, H. 1995.  Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24(3): 75–77.
N. kampotiana × N. mirabilis
N. kongkandana × N. mirabilis
N. merrilliana × N. mirabilis
N. mirabilis × N. northianaLee, C.C. 2007. Re: The most accessible limestone hill of Bau . Carnivorous Plants in the tropics.
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana（包括N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana）Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
N. mirabilis × N. reinwardtiana
N. mirabilis × N. rowanaeClarke, C.M. & R. Kruger 2005. Nepenthes rowanae (Nepenthaceae), a remarkable species from Cape York, Australia . Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(2): 36–41.
N. mirabilis × N. smilesiiMey, F.S., L.H. Truong, D.V. Dai & A.S. Robinson 2011. Nepenthes thorelii, an emended description and novel ecological data resulting from its rediscovery in Tay Ninh, Vietnam. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 104–131.
N. mirabilis × N. spathulata
N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana
N. mirabilis × N. tenax
? N. mirabilis × N. thoreliiBednar, B. 1983.  Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(3): 64.N. thorelii rediscovered . Carnivorous Plants in the tropics.Mey, F.S. 2012. Virtual Nepenthes herbarium on "Europeana" . Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, December 19, 2012.
N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana

 利用价值 
主要作为观赏植物栽培，原变种在维多利亚时代常用于育种，引起捕虫笼寿命较短已经较少使用，但是球状奇异猪笼草目前仍然被广泛运用于猪笼草的培育，它可以给后代提供矮胖的笼形。

在中医学中，奇异猪笼草也被作为一种药材，具有“行水，解毒。治肺燥咳嗽，虫咬伤”等功效。

在广东的部分地区，奇异猪笼草的叶片和花序在干燥后也可以用于泡茶。

據马修·杰布及马丁·奇克所指，新幾內亞以奇異豬籠草的捕虫笼作陰莖護套。

 注释 

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 Nepenthes of Peninsula Malaysia  by Stewart McPherson

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