耶书

耶書（希伯來語：ישו，Yeshu）指代 托塞夫塔，巴比倫的塔木德和Toledot Yeshu記述的一個或者多個人。托塞夫塔（200）和巴比倫的塔木德（500）rarelyTheissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. 譯自德文（1996版）Adin Steinsaltz認為耶書可能指生活在公元1或者2世紀的1個人。Jesus' Death Now Debated by Jews  by Eric J. Greenberg, The Jewish Week, USA, 2003年10月3日刊還有一些学者認為他就是指耶穌。

 词源 

Yeshu一次源自希伯来语，是“拯救”、“传达”之意Brown Driver Briggs Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon; Hendrickson Publishers 1996 ISBN 1-56563-206-0，在犹太人第二圣殿时期一直保持着这种用法，耶書一词在亚拉姆语和希伯来语圣经中被广泛使用：希伯来圣经中多次同时使用Yeshu和Joshua。

 鉴定耶書和耶穌的關係 
已知最早的巴比伦塔木德中出现的耶書被认为指的就是基督教中的耶穌，该说法源自中世纪，现代学者对此有各种不同观点The Blackwell Companion to Jesus p220  Delbert Burkett - 2010 "That is to say, varying presuppositions as to the extent to which the ancient rabbis were preoccupied with Jesus and Christianity can easily predetermine which texts might be identified and interpreted as having him in mind."。部分当代学者认为这些段落指向基督教和基督徒描述的耶稣Robert E. Van Voorst. Jesus outside the New Testament. 2000 ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5. p. 124. "This is likely an inference from the Talmud and other Jewish usage, where Jesus is called Yeshu, and other Jews with the same name are called by the fuller name Yehoshua, "Joshua""，另外一部分学者认为这些段落是后世拉比添加的内容，塔木德学者认为米書拿和两个塔木德版本均没有记录耶稣Johann Maier, Jesus von Nazareth in der talmudischen Uberlieferung (Ertrage der Forschung 82; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1978)。
塔木德中关于耶稣的生活时间的描述是矛盾的，Sotah 47a和Sanhedrin 107中表示耶稣生活在亚历山大·詹纳乌斯的统治时期（公元前103–前76年），但是Sanhedrin 43a中提到耶稣于公元200–500年之间被处死。

 参考文献 
 引用 

 来源 

 Steven Bayme, Understanding Jewish History (KTAV), 1997
 Daniel Boyarin, Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999
 Robert Goldenberg, The Nations Know Ye Not: Ancient Jewish Attitudes towards Other Religions New York: New York University Press 1998
 Mark Hirshman, A Rivalry of Genius: Jewish and Christian Biblical Interpretation in Late Antiquity trans. Baya Stein. Albany: SUNY PRess 1996
 Joseph Klausner, Jesus of Nazareth (Beacon Books), 1964
 Jacob Neusner, Judaism in the Matrix of Christianity Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1986
 Jeffrey Rubenstein Rabbinic Stories (The Classics of Western Spirituality) New York: The Paulist Press, 2002
 R. Travers Herford, Christianity in Talmud and Midrash (KTAV), 1975

 外部連結 
The Sepher Toldoth Yeshu and it's Links to the Gospel Jesus 
(Refutations about) Jesus in the Talmud by Gil Student 
The (alleged) Jesus Narrative In The Talmud by Gil Student
Did Jesus of Nazareth Exist? (The Talmud) by Dennis McKinsey  
Toldoth Yeshu  One version of the Toldoth Yeshu commonly dated to approximately the sixth century.
 Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.? By G. R. S. Mead , a classic work dedicated to this topic
 Jesus' Death Now Debated by Jews  by Eric J. Greenberg, The Jewish Week, USA, October 3, 2003

Category:猶太历史
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Category:猶太人名
Category:耶稣与历史

pl:Toledot Jeszu