原始印歐語數詞

原始印歐語數詞已經被現代語言學家基于跨越所有印歐語系語言所找到的相似性而重構了。本文列出并討論它們的假定形式。

基數
基數重構如下:
數重構(Sihler)重構(Beekes)123 (完全等級) /  (零等級)4 (o-等級) /  (零等級)(參見kʷetwóres規則)56; 最初可能是 78,  或 , 91020; 最初可能是  30; 最初可能是  40; 最初可能是 50; 最初可能是 60; 最初可能是 70; 最初可能是 80; 最初可能是 90; 最初可能是 100; 最初可能是 1000;  (最初是“巨大的數”)

其他重構典型的同 Beekes 和 Sihler 有輕微的差異(例如 Fortson)。

元素  (在數20到90中)和  (在100中)是在假定這些數為 *deḱm̥(t)“10”的派生詞的假定上重構的。

Lehmann 相信大于10的數都是在方言群組中獨立構造的而  最初意味著“一個大數”而非特指100。

數的性

數3和4有帶有后綴  的陰性形式，分別重構為  和 。

數作為前綴

特殊形式的數被用作前綴，通常用來形成 bahuvrihi 復合(比如英語中的“five-fingered”):
數前綴(Fortson)1- (together, same)2-3-4- 或 

序數

序數是難于構造的，由于它們在后代語言中是各種各樣的。下列重構是試探性的:

“第1”在用 (有關於某種副詞含義“forth, forward, front”和小品詞 “forth”，因此最初意味著“foremost”或類似含義)加上各種后綴如  來形成。
“第2”在后代語言使用了范圍廣泛的各種表達，經常無關於數2的詞，所以不能重構出 PIE 形式。
“第3”到“第6”被通過向基數加上后綴  來形成: “第三”等。
“第7”到“第10”被通過向基數增加 thematic 元音  來形成: “第八”等。

結尾於音節主音鼻音的基數(7，9，10)在 thematic 元音前插入第二個鼻音，導致了后綴  和 。這些后綴和后綴  擴散到了臨近的序數，例如吠陀梵語 “第八”和立陶宛語 “第九”。

反映

基數的反映

 數  重構(Sihler)  反映 1    Alb. një/nji, Lith. vien-as, vienet-as, Latv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. oios, Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Lat. ūnus, Kamviri ev, Osc. uinus, OCS edinŭ, ON einn, OPruss. aīns, Osset. iu/ieu, Pers. aiva/yek, Pol. jeden, Roman. unu, Russ. odin, Skr. eka, Umbr. uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un   Arm. mi/mek/meg, Alb. gjithë, Lith. sa, sav-as, Eng. sum/some, Gm. saman/zusammen, Gk. heis, Hitt. san, Av. hakeret, Ir. samail/samhail, Lat. semel, Lyc. sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Pers. hama/hamin, Russ. sam, Skr. sakt, Toch. sas/e, Welsh hafal, ON sami, Goth. sama 2    Luv. tuwi-, Ved. dvā(u), Av. duua, Gk. dúō, Lat. duō, Goth. twai, Welsh dau, Arm. erkow, TochA. wu, Lith. dù, OCS dŭva,

Hitt. dā-, Lyc. tuwa, Pers. duva/do, Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ, Kashmiri zū', Kamviri dü, Osc. dus, Umbr. tuf, ON tveir, Eng. twā/two, Gm. zwêne/zwei, Gaul. vo, Ir. dá/dó, TochB. wi, OPruss. dwāi, Latv. divi, Pol. dwa, Russ. dva, Alb. dy/dy 3    Hitt. teriyaš (gen. pl.), Ved. tráyas, Av. θrāiiō, Gk. treĩs, Lat. trēs, Goth. þreis, Welsh tri, Arm. erek῾, TochA. tre, Lith. trỹs, OCS trije,

Lyc. trei, Pers. çi/se, Osset. ærtæ/ærtæ, Kashmiri tre, Kamviri tre, Osc. trís, Umbr. trif, ON þrír, Eng. þrēo/three, Gm. drī/drei, Gaul. treis, Ir. treí/trí, TochB. trai, OPruss. tri, Latv. trīs, Pol. trzy, Russ. tri, Alb. tre/tre, Illyrian tri-, Phrygian thri- 4    Ved. catvāras, Av. caθuuārō, Gk. téttares, Lat. quattuor, Goth. fidwor, Welsh pedwar, Arm. čork῾, TochA. śtwar, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre,

Lyc. teteri, Pers. /čahār, Osset. cyppar/cuppar, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Osc. petora, Umbr. petor, ON fjórir, Eng. fēower/four, Gm. feor/vier, Gaul. petor, Ir. cethir/ceathair, TochB. śtwer, OPruss. keturjāi, Latv. četri, Pol. cztery, Russ. četyre, Alb. katër/katër, Thracian ketri- 5    Ved. pañca, Av. panca, Gk. pénte, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, Welsh pump, Arm. hing, TochA. päñ, Lith. penkì, OCS pętĭ,

Luwian panta, Pers. panča/panj, Osset. fondz/fondz, Kashmiri pā.~tsh Kamviri puč, Osc. pompe, Umbr. pumpe, ON fimm, Eng. fīf/five, Gm. fimf/fünf, Gaul. pempe, Ir. cóic/cúig, TochB. piś, OPruss. pēnkjāi, Latv. pieci, Pol. pięć, Russ. pjat', Alb. pesë/pesë, Phrygian pinke 6    Ved. , Av. xšuuaš, Gk. héks, Lat. sex, Goth. saíhs, Welsh chwech, Arm. vec῾, TochA. , Lith. šešì, OCS šestĭ,

Pers. /šeš, Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz, Kashmiri śe, Kamviri u, Osc. sehs, Umbr. sehs, ON sex, Eng. siex/six, Gm. sēhs/sechs, Gaul. suex, Ir. sé/sé, TochB. , OPruss. usjai, Latv. seši, Pol. sześć, Russ. šest', Alb. gjashtë, Illyrian ses- 7    Ved. saptá, Av. hapta, Gk. heptá, Lat. septem, Goth. sibun,  Welsh saith, Arm. ewt῾n, TochA. , Lith. septynì, OCS sedmĭ,

Hitt. šipta-, Pers. /haft, Osset. avd/avd, Kashmiri sath, Kamviri sut, Osc. seften, ON sjau, Eng. seofon/seven, Gm. sibun/sieben, OPruss. septīnjai, Gaul. sextan, Ir. secht/seacht, TochB. , Latv. septiņi, Pol. siedem, Russ. sem', Alb. shtatë/shtatë 8    Ved. , Av. ašta, Gk. oktō, Lat. octō, Goth. ahtau, Welsh wyth, Arm. owt῾, TochA. okät, Lith. aštuonì, OCS osmĭ,

Lyc. aitãta-, Pers. ašta/hašt, Osset. ast/ast, Kashmiri ā.h, Kamviri u, Osc. uhto, ON átta, Eng. eahta/eight, Gm. ahto/acht, Gaul. oxtū, Ir. ocht/ocht, TochB. okt, OPruss. astōnjai, Latv. astoņi, Pol. osiem, Russ. vosem', Alb. tëte/tetë 9    Ved. nava, Av. nauua,  Gk. enné(w)a, Lat. novem, Goth. niun, Welsh naw, Arm. inn, TochA. ñu, Lith. devynì, OCS devętĭ,

Lyc. ñuñtãta-, Pers. nava/noh, Kashmiri nav, Kamviri nu, Osc. nuven, Umbr. nuvim, ON níu, Eng. nigon/nine, Gm. niun/neun, Gaul. navan, Ir. nói/naoi, OPruss. newīnjai, Latv. deviņi, Pol. dziewięć, Russ. devjat', Alb. nëntë/nândë 10    Ved. dáśa, Av. dasa, Gk. déka, Lat. decem, Goth. taíhun, Welsh deg, Arm. tasn, TochA. śäk, Lith. dẽšimt, OCS desętĭ,

Pers. daθa/dah, Osset. dæs/dæs, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc,Osc. deken,  Umbr. desem, ON tíu, Eng. tīen/ten, Gm. zēhen/zehn, Gaul. decam, Ir. deich/deich, TochB. śak, OPruss. desīmtan, Latv. desmit, Pol. dziesięć, Russ. desjat', Alb. dhjetë/dhetë, Dacian dece- 20    Ved. , Av. vīsaiti, Doric wíkati, Lat. vīgintī, M. Welsh ugein(t), Arm. k῾san, TochA. wiki,

Pers. /bēst, Kashmiri vuh, Kamviri vici, Gaul. vocontio, Ir. fiche/fiche, TochB. ikä, Lith. dvi-de-šimt, Alb. njëzet/njizet 30    Skr. triśat, Gk. triákonta, Lat. trīgintā, Ir. /tríocha, Lith. tris-de-šimt 40    Skr. catvāriśat, Gk. tessarákonta, Lat. quadrāgintā, Lith. keturias-de-šimt 50    Skr. pañcāśat, Gk. pentêkonta, Lat. quinquāgintā, Ir. /caoga, Lith. penkias-de-šimt 60    Skr. ṣaṣṭih, Gk. exêkonta, Lat. sexāgintā, Ir. /seasca, Lith. šešias-de-šimt, Russ. šest'desjat 70    Skr. saptatih, Gk. heptákonta, Lat. septuāgintā, Ir. /seachtó, Lith. septynias-de-šimt, Russ. sem'desjat 80    Skr. aśītih, Gk. ogdôkonta, Lat. octāgintā, Ir. /ochtó, Lith. aštuonias-de-šimt, Russ. vosem'desjat 90    Skr. navatih, Gk. ennenêkonta, Lat. nonāgintā, Ir. /nócha, Lith. devynias-de-šimt, Russ. devjanosto 100    Ved. śatám, Av. satəm, Gk. hekatón, Lat. centum, Goth. hund, Welsh cant, TochA. känt, Lith. šim̃tas, OCS sŭto,

Pers. /sad, Osset. sædæ, Kashmiri śath, ON hundrað, Eng. hundred/hundred, Gm. hunt/hundert, Gaul. cantam, Ir. cét/céad, TochB. kante, Latv. simts, Pol. sto, Russ. sto/sotnja 1000    Skr. sahasram, Av. hazarəm, Pers. /hāzar, Gk. khilioi, Lat. mīlle, Toch. wälts/yaltse   ON þúsund, Goth. þusundi, Eng. þusend/thousand, Gm. þūsunt/tausend, Toch. tumane/tmām, Lith. tūkst-ant-is, stūks-ant-is, Latv. tūkstots, OCS tysšti, Pol. tysiąc, Russ. tysjača
在下列語言中，用斜杠分隔的兩個反映意味著:
 英語: 古英語 / 現代英語
 德語: 古高地德語 / 新高地德語
 愛爾蘭語: 古愛爾蘭語 / 現代愛爾蘭語
 波斯語: 古波斯語 / 現代波斯語
 吐火羅語: 吐火羅語A / 吐火羅語B

陰性數的反映

 數  重構  反映 3    Ved. tisrás, Av. tišrō, Gaul. tidres, Ir. teoir/? 4    Ved. cátasras, Av. cataŋrō, Ir. cetheoir/?

數前綴的反映

 數  重構  反映(通過例子) 1- (together, same)    Ved. sa-kŕ̥t "once", Gk. há-ploos "one-fold, simple", Lat. sim-plex "one-fold" 2-    Ved. dvi-pád- "two-footed", Gk. dí-pod- "two-footed", Archaic Lat. dui-dent "a sacrifical animal with two teeth" 3-    Ved. tri-pád- "three-footed", Gk. trí-pod- "three-footed (table)", Lat. tri-ped- "three-footed", Gaul. tri-garanus "having three cranes" 4-    Ved. cátuṣ-pád- "four-footed", Av. caθru-gaoša- "four-eared", Gk. tetrá-pod- "four-footed", Lat. quadru-ped- "four-footed"

序數的反映

 數  重構  反映 第1    Ved. pūrviyá-, OCS prĭvŭ   Goth. fruma, Lith. pìrmas 其他形式  Lat. prīmus, Eng. fyrst/first,

Hitt. para, Lyc. pri, Av. pairi, vienet-as, paoiriia, Osset. fyccag, farast/farast, Kamviri pürük, Gk. prōtos, Osc. perum, Umbr. pert, Roman. primul, ON fyrstr, Gm. furist/Fürst "prince, ruler"; fruo/früh "early", Ir. er/air, Welsh ar, Toch. parwät/parwe, OPruss. pariy, Latv. pirmais, Pol. pierwszy, Russ. pervyj, Alb. i parë 第2    Skr. dvitīya, Gk. deúteros, Lith. ant(a)ras  Russ. vtoroj 第3    Ved. , Gk. trítos, Lat. tertius

Lith. trečias < *tretias Russ. tretij 第4    Gk. tétartos, Eng. feorþa/fourth, OCS četvirĭtŭ

Lat. quartus, Lith. ketvirtas, Russ. chetvjortyj 第5    Av. puxδa-, Gk. pémptos

Lat. quintus, Lith. penktas, Russ. pjatyj 第6    Gk. héktos, Lat. sextus,

Lith. šeštas, Russ. šestoj 第7    Gk. hébdomos, Lat. septimus, OCS sedmŭ,

Lith. septintas, sekmas, Russ. sed'moj 第8    Gk. ógdo(w)os, Lat. octāvus,

Russ. vos'moj, Lith. aštuntas, ašmas 第9    Lat. nonus,

Gk. énatos, Russ. devjatyj, Lith. devintas 第10    Ved. daśamá-, Av. dasəma-, Lat. decimus,

Gk. dékatos, Lith. dešimtas, Russ. desjatyj

注釋

引用

Category:原始印歐語
Category:數