傳媒暴力研究

傳媒暴力研究（）研究如何對抗媒體暴力及其他透過媒體傳播的暴力行為、現象及引起的暴力行為。例如網路霸凌，雖然許多社會科學相關領域都有這個議題Anderson, C.A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L.R., Johnson, J.D., Linz, D., Malamuth, N.M., & Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(3), 2003.，但針對這個領域目前仍缺乏相關的科學研究方法及理論。

媒體暴力研究追查，一個普及的媒體是否會影響潛在的暴力行為Huesmann, L.R, and Laramie D Taylor. 2006. "The Role of Media Violence in Violent Behavior ". Annual Review of Public Health. 27: 393.。部分研究者指出，媒體影響和暴力在關聯研究有如吸煙和癌症的相關研究一般。Bushman, Brad & Anderson, C. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific fact versus media misinformation .  American Psychologist, 56(6-7), pp. 477-489.研究人員指出，於媒體發表內容的作者低估了內容對潛在暴力的影響，一如吸煙者低估吸煙對罹患肺癌的影響Block JJ, Crain BR (2007). "Omissions and errors in 'media violence and the American public.'". The American psychologist 62 (3): 252-3. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.252. PMID 17469907。許多作者也認為媒體暴力研究得出的結論過於誇大Savage, J.  (2004.)  Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence? A methodological review.  Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, pp. 99-128.  Freedman, J.  (2002).  Media violence and its effect on aggression.: Assessing the scientific evidence.  Toronto: University of Toronto Press.  ISBN 978-0802035530。
少部分的媒體研究者甚至認為媒體是引起侵略性的禍首，然而大部分的學者皆認為媒體研究者的討論及擔心有點誇大了媒體的效果(Freedman, 2002; Pinker 2002; Savage, 2004)。

傳媒暴力研究學者Rowell Huesmann指出「引起嚴重的攻擊性，是來自原有的複雜因素加上觸媒」Huesmann, L.R. (1998). "The role of social information processing and cognitive schema in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior". In R. G. Geen, & E. I. Donnerstein (Eds.), Human aggression: Theories, research, and implications for policy (pp. 73-109). New York: Academic Press.  ISBN 9780122788055.  。也有許多以其他看待攻擊行為的存在觀點，例如攻擊行為來自生理或基因(see the work of Hare, 1993, Larsson, Andershed, & Lichtenstein, In Press, among others)，也有學者認為攻擊行為可以解釋為演化心理學的反應。Buss, David M.  The Murderer Next Door : Why The Mind Is Designed To Kill, Penguin Press 2005 ISBN 978-1594200434。

對於媒體可能造成有害影響的指控並不是新聞，柏拉圖就曾批評過戲劇對年輕人的影響。許多媒體，包括漫畫、爵士樂、搖滾樂、龍與地下城和廉價小說等，都被一些人認定有可能造成讀者變的更具攻擊性、反叛性及行為上不道德。

1960年代電視的誕生為研究者提供了研究效果影響的新媒體。許多研究者被心理學家阿爾波特·班杜拉的社會學習理論所引導。社會學習理論指出人類的學習行為是經由一連串的模式學習。社會學習理論和其他對於攻擊性的研究及方法不同，更多關注在神經心理學理論及研究方法上。

 研究方法 
研究模型包括媒體使用者在長期及短期曝光於媒體暴力之下，和行為間的連結、影響。在短期媒體暴力研究中發現，暴力曝光會增加人的興奮感、對暴力的認知和機械性的模仿。

參見
 暴力美学

 電影分級制度


外部連結
Free Expression Policy Project
Website of Brad Bushman 
Duke Ferris' rebuttal to Brad Bushman 
Info on court cases critical of media violence research
Website of Craig Anderson 
Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General 
Entertainment Softward Industry's info on video game effects 
Website of Rowell Huesmann 
Children, violence, and the media: A report for parents and policy makers
American Civil Liberties Union comments on media violence research 
Debate Hour Radio Recording on MV effects (mp3 file)
Open Questions on the Correlation Between Television and Violence 

註腳

參考資料
 Anderson, C., & Dill, K.  (2000).  Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior in the laboratory and in life .  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 772-790.
Bargh, J. (2005). Bypassing the will: Towards demystifying the nonconscious control of social behavior. In R. Hassin, J. Uleman and J. Bargh (Eds.) The New Unconscious. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195149951
Bargh, J., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). "Automaticity of Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct and Stereotype Activation on Action ". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2).
Bartholow, B. D., Bushman, B. J., & Sestir, M. A. (2006). "Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence: Behavioral and event-related brain potential data". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 532-539.   
 Berkowitz, L.  (1965).  Some aspects of observed aggression.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 359-369.  PMID 14333308
Block JJ, Crain BR (2007). "Omissions and errors in 'media violence and the American public.'". American Psychologist 62 (3): 252-3. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.252. PMID 17469907
Bushman, Brad & Anderson, C. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific fact versus media misinformation .  American Psychologist, 56(6-7), pp. 477–489. 
 Bushman, Brad, & Anderson, C.  (2002).  Violent video games and hostile expectations: A test of the General Aggression Model .  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1679-1686.
Comstock, G. & Scharrer, E.  (2003). Meta-analyzing the controversy over television violence and aggression.  In D. Gentile (Ed.)  Media Violence and Children, pp. 205–226. ISBN 978-0275979560
 Deselms, J., & Altman, J.  (2003). "Immediate and prolonged effects of videogame violence".  Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1553-1563.   "This study examined the relationship between playing violent videogames and sensitivity to aggressive acts."
 Freedman, Jonathan L.  (2002).  Media violence and its effect on aggression.: Assessing the scientific evidence.  Toronto: University of Toronto Press.  ISBN 978-0802035530
Freedman, J.  Evaluating the Research on Violent Video Games. 

 Huesmann, L.R., & Eron, L.  (1986).  Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison.  Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ISBN 978-0898597547 
Huesmann, L.R, Moise, J.F., & Podolski, C.L.  (1997).  The effects of media violence on the development of antisocial behavior.  In D. Stoff, J. Breiling & Master (Eds.)  Handbook of Antisocial Behavior (pp. 181– 193).  New York: John Wiley & Sons ISBN 978-0471124528
Hurely, S. "Bypassing Conscious Control: Media violence, unconscious intention, and freedom of speech".  from Does Consciousness Cause Behavior?  An Investigation of the Nature of Volition, March 2006  MIT Press (ISBN 978-0-262-16237-1)
 Jones, Gerard (2002).  Killing monsters: why children need fantasy, super heroes and make-believe violence. New York : Basic Books ISBN 978-0465036967 
 Larsson, H., Andershed, A., & Lichtenstein, P.  (In Press).  A genetic factor explains most of the variation in the psychopathic personality.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2006, 115(2)  
 Mussen, P., & Rutherford, E.  (1961).  "Effects of aggressive cartoons on children’s aggressive play" Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 461-464. 
 Olson, C.  (2004). Media Violence Research and Youth Violence Data: Why Do They Conflict?   Academic Psychiatry, 28, 144-150.
Paik, H.  & Comstock, G.  (1994).  The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis .  Communication Research, 21(4), 516-546.
 史迪芬·平克  (2002)  The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature.  New York, NY: Penguin (ISBN 0-670-03151-8)
Prinz, W. (1990). A common coding approach to perception and action.  In O. Neumann and W. Prinz (Eds.)  Relations between perception and action.  Berlin: Springer.  
Prinz, W. (2005).  An Ideomotor Approach to Imitation.  In Hurely, S. & N. Chater (Eds.)  Perspectives on Imitation: From Neuroscience to Social Science (vol. 1).  Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.  ISBN 978-1423750208

 Tedeschi, James T., & Quigley, Brian.  (1996).   "Limitations of laboratory paradigms for studying aggression".  Aggression & Violent Behavior, 2, 163-177.   
Vidal, Miguel Ángel, Clemente, Miguel & Espinosa, Pablo.  (2003). "Types of Media Violence and Degree of Acceptance in Under-18s" Aggressive Behavior, 29(5), 381-392.    

Category:心理學實驗
Category:大眾媒體
Category:传媒问题