內陸太攀蛇

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內陸太攀蛇（學名：Oxyuranns microlepidotus），又名細鱗太攀蛇、西陸太攀蛇、內陸盾尖吻蛇，屬眼镜蛇科太攀蛇属，是澳大利亞中東部半乾旱地區的特有蛇種。Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan   Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.居住在這些地區的土著澳大利亞人稱其為“Dandarabilla”。Queensland Snakes . History & Discovery. (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013.內陸太攀蛇率先於1879年由弗雷德里克·麥科伊（Frederick McCoy）發現並描述，之後又於1882年由威廉·約翰·麥克萊（William John Macleay）發現並描述，但在接下來的90年中，由於找不到更多的標本，內陸太攀蛇對科學界來說是一個神秘的物種，對於該物種的認知直到1972年其被重新發現之前基本停滯。Rediscovery. The Rediscovery of the Western Taipan. (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013.

內陸太攀蛇是世界毒性最強的陸棲蛇類。基於小鼠的半數致死量值，它的毒液毒性是迄今為止所有毒蛇中最強的，甚至比海蛇還要強。* The Australian venom research unit (August 25, 2007). "Which snakes are the most venomous?" . University of Melbourne. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
 Venom Immunochemistry, Pharmacology and Emergency Response (VIPER) Institute. Frequently Asked Questions -What is the most venomous snake? . "Many experts answer that it is the Inland Taipan of Australia, because its drop-by-drop concentration of venom has great potency when measured by its ability to kill rodents" . University of Arizona. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
 Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. Frequently Asked Questions About Venomous Snakes . "A comparative study found that the snake venom that is most toxic to mice (of the species tested) is that of the Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), found in Australia". University of Florida. Retrieved November 5, 2013.


 Journal of Herpetology Vol.17 no.1 (1983) Ecology of Highly Venoumous Snakes: the Australian Genus Oxyuranus . "..the number of mouse LD50 doses per bite is much higher for Oxyuranus microlepidotus (218,000 mice)...than for any other snakes, including sea snakes, investigated to date (Broad, Sutherland and Coulter, 1979)." (page 1) University of Sydney. Retrieved November 8, 2013.* LISTS . Nine of the World's Deadliest Snakes . "#1: The snake with the world's deadliest venom - Oxyuranus microlepidotus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
 BBC Nature Wildlife. Inland Taipan page . "Australia's inland taipan is considered to be the most venomous snake in the world". BBC. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
 Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan  "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
 Steve Irwin presentation .Australia Zoo Tour with Steve Irwin  (1m54s) "..the number 1 most venomous snake in the entire world, the fierce snake". Australia Zoo (official Youtube Channel). Retrieved October 14, 2013.Inland Taipan Venom vs. Sea Snakes Venom (most notable Belcher's sea snake) 

 Oakley, Cecily (2011). Interview with Associate Professor Bryan Fry Biochemist and molecular biologist . "...For my PhD, I worked on the inland taipan, which is the world’s most venomous snake..." . Australian Academy of Science. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
 Fry, Brian site admin (April 10, 2005) Most Venomous , Question: " ...I was talking to another herpatolagist and he said the hook nosed sea snake was the most venomous of all" Fry Answers: "The hook nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called 'Snakes in question'. In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g. subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs intravenous vs intraperitoneal). As the mode can influence the relative number, venoms can only be compared within a mode. Otherwise, its apples and rocks." Venomdoc forums, Retrieved February 25, 2015
 kingsnake.com September Guest Chatter (September 16, 2006).Q&A with Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry, Deputy Director, Australian Venom Research Unit, University of Melbourne . "Q: In retrospect to the LD50 charts, what do you personally feel is the hottest snake, in regards to potency, defensiveness, means of injection, etc.? A: It is the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus). Not, as is popularised, any of the sea snakes."  connectedbypets.com. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
 Garden of Eden Exotics (May 2, 2012) Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry – Interview  "...The inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus') is far and away the most toxic, much more so than even sea snakes."  nyexotics.blogspot.com Retrieved October 14, 2013人體心臟細胞培養測試表明，內陸太攀蛇具有爬行動物中毒性最大的毒液。Fry, Bryan  (February 08, 2005) Most Venomous ,"Q;I was wondering what snakes venom is the most potent to humans A:Drop for drop it is the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), which has a venom more toxic than any other land snake or even the sea snakes." venomdoc.com Forums, Retrieved April 17, 2014Seymour, Jamie, World's Worst Venom , (Min 44.33) "Among the reptiles tested, the most toxic venom belongs to inland taipan, killing over 60% of heart cells in the first 10 minutes"  National Geographic Channel Retrieved April 17, 2014Seymour, Jamie, Venom Death Match  "They have the most toxic venom towards humans then any other snake in the world" (min 1:49) National Geographic Channel, Retrieved April 17, 2014與大多數蛇類不同，內陸太攀蛇的毒液特別適合殺死恆溫動物，所以也是專業的哺乳動物獵手。據估計，內陸太攀蛇一次咬傷便具有足夠致死100名成年人的殺傷力，* Shorter, Damon. Great Australian bites – Three of the worst . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  Inland Taipan Oxyuranus microlepidotus . venomsupplies.com. Retrieved October 18, 2013.* Journal of Herpetology Vol.17 no.1 (1983) Ecology of Highly Venoumous Snakes: the Australian Genus Oxyuranus . "..the number of mouse LD50 doses per bite is much higher for Oxyuranus microlepidotus (218,000 mice)...than for any other snakes, including sea snakes, investigated to date (Broad, Sutherland and Coulter, 1979)." (page 1) University of Sydney. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
 "REPTILES – FIERCE SNAKE"  . Australia Zoo. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
 Martin, Stella (January 2004). Newsletter No. 80 . "It has been calculated that there is enough venom in just one bite of an Inland taipan to kill more than 100 men of average size."  Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland). Retrieved October 18, 2013.
 News (September 28, 2012) Meet the world's deadliest snake in safety , Taronga Conservation Society Retrieved September 23, 2014
 Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos  "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". 時代雜誌. Retrieved October 15, 2013.並且根據咬傷的性質，如果不進行治療，其有可能在30至45分鐘內殺死人類。* Hoy, Tiffany, (July 25, 2012) Gallery: Australia's 10 most dangerous snakes , Australian Geographic retrieved April 02.,2014
 White, Julian (November 1991). Oxyuranus microlepidotus  . "Neurotoxic paralysis usually takes 2-4 hours to become clinically detectable. Coagulopathy however may become well established within 30 minutes of a bite" International Programme on Chemical Safety. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
 Division of Medical Toxicology. "Summary for Human Bite by Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus)" . University of California, San Diego. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
 Welton, Ronelle Ellen (2005) PhD thesis. Proteomic and genomic characterisation of venom proteins from Oxyuranus species . "studies have shown that inland taipan venom has a higher hyaluronidase activity compared to coastal taipan venom" .  James Cook University. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
 Gardiner, Stephanie (September 27, 2012). "Mystery over boy bitten by world's most venomous snake " . (Quoting Julie Mendezona, Head keeper of Reptiles and Spiders, Australian Reptile Park) The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
 News from Australia (September 27, 2012). Deadly Taipan snake may have been a pet: catcher . (Quoting licensed reptile handler, Barry Martin )  australiantimes.co.uk. Retrieved October 18, 2013.

內陸太攀蛇是一種速度極快且敏捷的蛇，能夠以極高的準確度立即攻擊任何物種，經常會在同一次攻擊幅度中發出多次攻擊，* (November 29, 2011). Snake Bite ,  Raymond Hoser (Official YouTube channel) retrieved March 31, 2014
 Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos  "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". 時代雜誌. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
 News (October 10, 2013).Street's Corner: Houdini Heir Tries To Escape World's Deadliest Snake . KABB . (KABB "Fox San Antonio" official YouTube Channel). Retrieved November 11, 2013.
 Clinical Toxinology Resources. Snakebite Protocols – Oxyuranus microlepidotus . "Signs and Symptoms of Envenomation: E. Fang Marks: The snake strikes with extraordinary speed and accuracy, often snapping its jaws fiercely several times which can result in multiple punctures in the same attack.",  "Special Considerations: A. Multiple Bites: The Inland Taipan is an extremely fast and agile snake which can strike instantly with extreme accuracy. It is possible for a Taipan to deliver more than one bite in a single attack."  University of Adelaide. Retrieved October 18, 2013* Seymour, Jamie, Venom deathmatch  The snake demonstrates striking multiple times (min 1:49) National Geographic Channel, Retrieved April 17, 2014
 Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan . Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
 Clinical Toxinology Resources. Snakebite Protocols – Oxyuranus microlepidotus . "Signs and Symptoms of Envenomation: E. Fang Marks: The snake strikes with extraordinary speed and accuracy, often snapping its jaws fiercely several times which can result in multiple punctures in the same attack.",  "Special Considerations: A. Multiple Bites: The Inland Taipan is an extremely fast and agile snake which can strike instantly with extreme accuracy. It is possible for a Taipan to deliver more than one bite in a single attack."  University of Adelaide. Retrieved October 18, 2013.並且幾乎每次攻擊都能向被攻擊物種植入毒液。ABC News 24 (September 27, 2012) . Teen hospitalised after bite from deadly Taipan . (Quoting Toxicologist, Dr Geoff Isbister ) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013.

雖然內陸太攀蛇極具毒性且善於攻擊。但與更加激進的海岸太攀蛇相比，內陸太攀蛇通常非常害羞，喜於隱居，* Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan  "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
 South Australia arid lands natural resources management board. Biodiversity studies, Student fact sheet . Government of South Australia. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
 Clinical Toxinology Resources. "Oxyuranus microlepidotus -General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms" . University of Adelaide. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
 ABC News 24 (September 28, 2012) . 'Placid' taipan in safe hands . (Quoting licensed reptile handler, Judith {Judy} Martin ) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013.性格平靜且更偏向擺脫威脅。* Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos  "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". 時代雜誌. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
 Threatened species October 10, 2012. Fierce Snake – profile . Office of Environment and Heritage (New South Wales). Retrieved October 15, 2013.
然而如果被激怒、* Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan  "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
 News (October 10, 2013).Street's Corner: Houdini Heir Tries To Escape World's Deadliest Snake . KABB . (KABB "Fox San Antonio" official YouTube Channel). Retrieved November 11, 2013.
 Steve Backshall (May 19, 2013) film clip. The most venomous snake on earth! - Deadly 60 - BBC . BBC Earth (official YouTube channel). Retrieved November 14, 2013.處理不當* ABC News 24 (September 28, 2012) . 'Placid' taipan in safe hands . (Quoting licensed reptile handler, Judith {Judy} Martin ) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
 (November 29, 2011). Snake Bite ,  Raymond Hoser (Official YouTube channel) retrieved March 31, 2014或在逃跑時被干擾，會進行自衛並攻擊。 Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos  "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". 時代雜誌. Retrieved October 15, 2013.此外由於內陸太攀蛇生活在偏遠的地方，很少跟人接觸，Aussie Animals.Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) . Billabong Sanctuary. Retrieved October 18, 2013.因此根據其性格與年致人死亡數方面，內陸太攀蛇並不被認為是世界上最致命的蛇。* Venomous Snakes. World's Deadliest Snakes – Ranking scale . Reptile Gardens. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
 Walls, Jerry G. . Deadly Snakes: What are the world's most deadly venomous snakes? . Reptiles (magazine). Retrieved November 5, 2013.
 National Geographic Channel, (Dangerous Encounters with Brady Barr), video clip. Deadliest Snakes / Inland Taipan  "in Deadliest Snakes, Brady approaches seven of the world's most dangerous and venomous snakes to determine which snake is the deadliest. He will scientifically investigate each species of snake by grading them on five basic criteria: size, volume and toxicity of venom, personality, and number of human deaths."  Reptile Gardens (video host). Retrieved November 6, 2013.

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