游说集团

游说集团（），又称院外集团或政治游说，是嘗試影響立法人員或立法機構成員的政治決定或行為。遊說由許多不同類型的人員、組織與團體，包括私人機構、企業、部分已經同意遊說目的的立法人員、政府人員或利益團體進行。遊說人員可能是某個選舉區的投票者或已經形成共識的某個團體，也可能是一家公司員工。專業的遊說人員可以代表他們的客戶去影響立法、行政法規、政府決策、行為或政策。個人或非營利組織也可能進行遊說，比如一家公司總裁為了一項計畫與某位代表會談，一個積極份子可能為了某個理念跟立法人員倡議某項法案，政府時常會界定並管制有影響力的遊說團體。

 美國 
美国议会政治中很有代表性的政治现象。很多为利益集团代言、也有不少遊說集團也同時為公眾利益代言，对拥有立法权的参議院、众議院两院的议员进行游说，并从受益集团获取经济利益，这在美国的政治中心城市已经形成了一个产业链（旋轉門）。其代表人物是杰克·阿布拉莫夫，有美国游说业“教父”之称。

相關

 戰國策《說難》韓非
 智庫
 行動主義
 倡導
 利益團體
 賄賂
 财阀
 门阀
 贵族
 深层政府
 政治献金
 《攻敵必救》 2016年美國電影，劇情描述遊說團體之間的競爭

參考文獻

 P. L. Petrillo, Form of government and lobbying in UE and UK, in (march, 2013) 
 Joos, Klemens: Lobbying in the new Europe. Successful representation of interests after the Treaty of Lisbon, 244 pages, ISBN 978-3-527-50597-5, Wiley VCH 2011
 Geiger, Andreas: EU Lobbying handbook, A guide to modern participation in Brussels, 244 pages, ISBN 3-9811316-0-6, Helios Media GmbH, 2006
 GLOSSARY - Alphabetical list of terms associated with the Lobbying industry
 The Bulletin, 16 March 2006, p. 14, Lobbying Europe: facts and fiction
 The European Lawyer, December 2005/January 2006, p. 9, The lobbyists have landed
 Financial Times, 3 October 2005, p. 8, Brussels braces for a U.S. lobbying invasion
 Public Affairs News, November 2004, p. 34, Judgement Call
 The European Lawyer, December 2004/January 2005, p. 26, Lifting the lid on lobbying
 Pier Luigi Petrillo, Democracies under Pressures. Lobbies and Parliaments in a comparative public law, Giuffrè 2011 (www.giuffre.it)
 Pietro Semeraro, I delitti di millantato credito e traffico di influenza,ed. Giuffre, Milano,2000.
 Pietro Semeraro, Trading in Influence and Lobbying in the Spanish Criminal Code, PDF 
 Wiszowaty, Marcin: Legal Regulation of Lobbying in New Members States of the European Union, Arbeitspapiere und Materialien - Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universitat Bremen, No. 74: Heiko Pleines (ed.): Participation of Civil Society in New Modes of Governance. The Case of the New Member States. Part 2: Questions of Accountability . February 2006 (PDF)
 Heiko Kretschmer/ Hans-Jörg Schmedes: Enhancing Transparency in EU Lobbying? How the European Commission's Lack of Courage and Determination Impedes Substantial Progress , Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft  1/ 2010, S. 112-122

 延伸阅读 

外部連接



美國

 Lobbyists.info  - The largest, comprehensive database of 22,000 registered lobbyists. Contains searchable profiles of lobbyists and government relations professionals, their clients and issues.
  - Fortune listed the top 25 lobbying groups in 1999.
 LobbyWatch - a project of the Center for Public Integrity with reports on lobbyists and lobbying efforts as well as a searchable database.
 OpenSecrets.org 
 NoLobby.com - Capitalism Magazine mini-site. Opposes lobbying restrictions on free speech grounds.
 The Citizen's Guide to the U.S. Government - an online tutorial containing information for individuals who wish to address issues with their elected officials.
 Free Speech National Right to Life page containing documents opposing excessive regulation of "lobbying" as infringement on "right to petition" guaranteed by the First Amendment.
 Public Affairs Links
 First Street Research Group powered by https://web.archive.org/web/20120115155817/http://firststreet.cqpress.com/ - reports and analysis on the lobbying industry
 US Senate Lobbying-Database Search 

歐洲
 Public Affairs Jobs HQ - news, jobs for lobbyists and policy professionals 
 The Lobby Ticker  - website of independent Austrian MEP Hans-Peter Martin with original lobbyist invitations and voting recommendations he received
 Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia 
 PubAffairs - the public affairs network 
 Public Affairs World 
 LobbyPlanet website
 Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (ALTER-EU) 
 Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) 
 EuroBrussels, the European Affairs Jobsite 
 euroXpress www.euroxpress.es 
 Spinwatch 
 The New EU, European Affairs Jobs Community
 Alliance for Lobbying Transparency  - UK based campaign
 OECD: Special Session on Lobbying: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability 7–8 June 2007


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