法语动词变位

法语动词变位（），是指法语动词为了表达不同的语式、时态、体、人称和数而产生的形式变化。法语动词可以分为三组：
 第一组：不定式以-er（aller除外）
 第二组：不定式以-ir结尾，现在分词以-issant结尾
（以上两组为规则动词）
 第三组：不规则动词
 第一部分：不定式以-ir结尾，现在分词以-ant结尾
 第二部分：不定式以-oir结尾
 第三部分：不定式以-re结尾
 aller

法语第三组动词具有封闭性，不再增加新的动词，大部分新增动词（如téléviser, atomiser, radiographier）列入第一组，少数新增动词（如alunir）属于第二组。

 语气和时态 
法语变位中七种不同语气：直陈式(indicatif)，虚拟式(subjonctif)，条件式(conditionnel)，命令式(impératif)，分词(participe)，不定式(infinitif)，动名词(gérondif)。

需要结合语气描述的时态如下所示，时态有时需要借助助动词来表达：
 直陈式
 现在时 (présent)
 复合过去时  (passé composé)：使用依現在時變位的助動詞。
 未完成过去时 (imparfait)
 愈过去时 (plus-que-parfait)：使用依未完成過去時變位的助動詞。
 简单过去时 (passé simple)
 先过去时 (passé antérieur)：使用依簡單過去時變位的助動詞。
 简单将来时 (futur simple)
 先将来时 (futur antérieur)：使用依簡單將來時變位的助動詞。
 虚拟式
 现在时
 过去时 (passé)：使用依虛擬式現在時變位的助動詞。
 未完成过去时
 愈过去时：使用依虛擬式未完成過去時變位的助動詞。
 命令式
 现在时
 过去时：使用依命令式現在時變位的助動詞。
 条件式
 现在时
 过去时 (形式 1)：使用依條件式現在時變位的助動詞。
 过去时 (形式 2)：使用依虛擬式未完成過去時變位的助動詞。
 不定式
 现在时
 过去时：使用依不定式現在時變位的助動詞。
 分词
 现在分词
 过去分词
 动名词：將現在分詞置於介係詞"en"之後構成。

 助动词 

Avoir
该动词在变位时词干会发生变化。未完成过去时变为av- ；虚拟式现在时变为ai- ；将来时和条件式变为aur- ；简单和虚拟式过去时变为e- （不发音： eus，eusse分别读成和）。 尽管词干会改变，但这些时态的变化也常被归类为规则的 -oir 动词.

在现在时中，不仅词干会变化，时态变化也是不规则的：

+Avoir  有   直陈式 虚拟 条件式 命令式 现在时  简单过去时  未完成过去时  简单将来时  现在时  未完成过去时  现在时  现在时 j'  ai   eus   avais   aurai   aie   eusse   aurais   tu  as   auras   aies   eusses   aie*  il/elle/on  a   eut   avait   aura   ait   eût   aurait   nous  avons   eûmes   avions   aurons   ayons   eussions   aurions   ayons*  vous avez   eûtes   aviez   aurez   ayez   eussiez   auriez   ayez*  ils/elles  ont   eurent   avaient   auront   aient   eussent   auraient  

* 须注意命令式使用虚拟语气变位。

非限定形式：
 不定式：avoir 
 现在分词：ayant 
 动名词：en ayant 
 动词性形容词：ayant(s) , ayante(s) 
 过去分词：eu(e)(s) 

助动词：avoir

Être
该动词在变位时词干会发生变化，读音也有所不同：未完成过去时变为ét- ；虚拟式现在时变为soi- ；将来时和条件式变为ser- ；简单和虚拟式过去时变为。涉及时态变化的均为-oir词尾的常规动词（也就是说是-re形式动词，但在f-形式下带有元音u ）。例如，虚拟式soyons, soyez发音时带有其他-re和-oir动词的y音（）。

在一般现在时中，不仅词干变化，词缀也会发生不规则变化：

+Être "to be"   直陈式 虚拟式 条件式 命令式 '现在时  简单过去式  未完成过去时  简单将来时  现在时  未完成过去时  现在时  现在时 je  suis   fus   étais   serai   sois   fusse   serais   tu  es   seras   fusses  sois*  il/elle/on  est   fut   était   sera   soit   fût   serait   nous  sommes   fûmes   étions   serons   soyons   fussions   serions   soyons*  vous êtes   fûtes   étiez   serez   soyez    fussiez   seriez    soyez*  ils/elles  sont   furent   étaient   seront   soient   fussent   seraient  

* 须注意命令式使用虚拟语气变位。

非限定形式使用词干êt-（用在辅音之前）/ét- （用在元音之前）：
 不定式：être
 现在分词：étant
 动名词：en étant
 动词性形容词：étant(e)(s)
 过去分词：été

助动词：avoir

第一组动词 (以 -er 结尾的动词)
以-er結尾的法語動詞占據法語動詞的大部分，並與其他動詞變化有所區別。許多情況下在詞根與屈折詞綴中間可能會插入母音，此組動詞中會插入不發音的 -e- （簡單現在時單數）、-é 或 -ai  (過去分詞與簡單過去時的je)、以及 -a-  (其餘過去簡單時以及虛擬式未完成過去時)。此外，正字法中-ir 與 -re 結尾動詞在現在時和過去分詞出現的-t 在此類動詞中不存在，因此詞綴的最後子音為 -Ø, -s, -Ø ，而非其他類動詞的 -s, -s, -t。

Parler
+動詞 parler "說、講"，根據法語正字法與IPA轉寫   直陳式 虛擬式 條件式 命令式 現在時  簡單過去時  未完成過去時  簡單未來時  現在時  未完成過去時  現在時  現在時 je</span>  parl-e   parl-ai   parl-ais   parl-erai   parl-e   parl-asse   parl-erais   tu</span>  parl-es   parl-as   parl-eras   parl-es   parl-asses   parl-e  il</span>  parl-e   parl-a   parl-ait   parl-era   parl-e   parl-ât   parl-erait   nous</span>  parl-ons   parl-âmes   parl-ions   parl-erons   parl-ions   parl-assions   parl-erions   parl-ons  vous</span>  parl-ez   parl-âtes   parl-iez   parl-erez   parl-iez   parl-assiez   parl-eriez   parl-ez  ils</span>  parl-ent   parl-èrent   parl-aient   parl-eront   parl-ent   parl-assent   parl-eraient  

非限定動詞形式：
 不定式：parl-er 
 現在分詞：parl-ant 
 動名詞： en parl-ant 
 動詞性形容詞：parl-ant(s) , parl-ante(s) 
 過去分詞： parl-é(e)(s) 

助動詞：avoir
(arriver, entrer, monter, passer, rester, rentrer, retourner, 與 tomber 使用 être)

特殊情况：
 直陈式或虚拟式第一人称单数一般现在时采用倒装形式时，其词尾的e须变成é（一般用法）或è（现代修正用法），连接两个词，例如：« Parlè-je ? »（），“我可以讲话了吗？”（不过这个结构非常少见）。
 命令式第二人称单数后跟宾语y或en饰，其词尾须加s，例如：« Parles-en ! »（），“讲讲！”

特殊动词：
 动词aller尽管以-er结尾，但属于第三组不规则动词。
 以-cer结尾的动词，在a或o开头词尾前的c须变成ç，表示该词仍发/s/音（je déplace - nous déplaçons)；类似地，以-ger结尾的动词，在类似的词尾前的g须变成ge，表示该词仍发/ʒ/音（je mange - nous mangeons）。
 以-oyer和-uyer结尾的动词，在哑音e开头词尾前的y须变成i（nous envoyons - j'envoie）；在-ayer结尾的动词中，类似词尾前的y可选择变成i（je paye - je paie）。另外，未来时和条件式的envoyer以enverr-开头，而不是envoyer-，类似于renvoyer。
 以-é.er结尾的动词，哑音结尾前的é'变成è，未来时和条件式可变可不变。
 其他大多数以-eler和-eter结尾的-e.er动词，哑音e开头词尾前的e变成è（含未来时和条件式结尾）。例如：peler（剥皮）-> je pèle（现在时）/ je pèlerai（未来时）/ je pèlerais（条件式）。
 大多数以-eler和-eter结尾的动词，哑音e开头词尾前e变成è，或将l或t变成ll活tt。该形式的其他动词仅允许存在一种或其他形式。例如：appeler（呼唤）-> j'appelle（现在时） / j'appellerai（未来时） / j'appellerais（条件式）。
 下列动词的形容词形式的变化不规则：adhérer - adhérent(e)(s); coïncider - coïncident(e)(s); confluer - confluent(e)(s); affluer - affluent(e)(s); converger - convergent(e)(s); déterger - détergent(e)(s); différer - différent(e)(s); exceller - excellent(e)(s); diverger - divergent(e)(s); négliger, négligent(e)(s); précéder - précédent(e)(s); violer - violent(e)(s); influer - influent(e)(s); communiquer - communicant(e)(s); suffoquer - suffocant(e)(s); provoquer -  provocant(e)(s); naviguer - navigant(e)(s); déléguer - délégant(e)(s); fatiguer - fatigant(e)(s); intriguer - intrigant(e)(s)。

第二组动词 (以 -ir 结尾的动词 / 现在分词以 -issant 结尾)
以-ir结尾动词与-er结尾动词有几处不同：
 元音均变为-i，例如过去时虚拟式为-isse，而非-er结尾动词的-asse。
 少数一般式动词本身都会产生变化，尽管该词完全是正字法，不会影响读音：在一般现在时和过去时中，这些词结尾变为-s、-s、-t，而非-
 A few of the singular inflections themselves change, though this is purely orthographic and does not affect the pronunciation: in the simple present and past, these are -s, -s, -t rather than -Ø, -s, -Ø. (The change in pronunciation is due to the change of vowel from e, ai, a to -i-.)
 In the simple present, imperfect, the present subjunctive, and the gerund, a suffix -iss-  appears between the root and the inflectional endings. In the simple present singular, this suffix has disappeared and the endings are -is, -is, -it.

choisir
+The verb choisir "to choose", in French orthography and IPA transcription   直陳式 虛擬式 條件式 命令式 現在時  簡單過去時  未完成過去時  簡單未來時  現在時  未完成過去時  現在時  現在時 je  chois-is</span>   chois-issais   chois-irai   chois-isse   chois-irais   tu  chois-iras   chois-isses   chois-is  il  chois-it   chois-issait   chois-ira   chois-isse   chois-ît   chois-irait   nous  chois-issons   chois-îmes   chois-issions   chois-irons   chois-issions   chois-irions   chois-issons  vous  chois-issez   chois-îtes   chois-issiez   chois-irez   chois-issiez   chois-iriez   chois-issez  ils  chois-issent   chois-irent   chois-issaient   chois-iront   chois-issent   chois-iraient  

非限定動詞形式：
 不定式： chois-ir 
 現在分詞： chois-issant 
 動名詞： en chois-issant 
 動詞性形容詞： chois-issant(s) , chois-issante(s) 
 過去分詞： chois-i(e)(s) 

助動詞： avoir (用 partir 時助動詞使用 être)

haïr
動詞 haïr 在現在簡單時的單數形式中会失去分音符號 (i 去除了他的變音符號, 代表初始音節的發音是單個元音  而不是分開發音的 ): 單數：je hais, tu hais, il/elle hait 複數：nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent . Hais 用於祈使句. 在其他形式中, 詞根是  (imperfect and present & past subjunctive -, future and conditional -).
 魁北克法語 使用另外一種變位規則。在魁北克法語中，在歐洲法語裡發音不同的兩種詞幹都發。因此所有形式都使用帶分音符的ï: J'haïs, tu haïs, il/elle haït, nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent. 請注意， 魁北克法語裡haïr的 h 是不發音的, 所以魁北克法語裡 Je 省略為 j'haïs /ʒai/ 而歐洲法語使用 je hais /ʒə.ɛ/.

第三组动词

First sub-conjugation: Verbs with seven principal parts
Most irregular French verbs can be described with seven principal parts.  In reality, few if any verbs have separate stems for all seven parts; instead, they tend to "inherit" the same stem as another part.  Note that the endings for these verbs are basically the same as for regular -ir verbs; in fact, regular -ir verbs can be fit into this scheme by treating the -iss- variants as different principal parts.

 Principal part  How to get the stem  "Inherited" (regular) value of stem infinitive  Remove ending -er, -ir, -oir, -re  — First singular present indicative  Remove ending -s, -e  Infinitive stem First plural present indicative  Remove ending -ons  Infinitive stem Third plural present indicative  Remove ending -ent  First plural present stem (First singular) future  Remove ending -ai  Full infinitive stem (minus any -e) (Masculine singular) past participle  Full word  Infinitive stem, plus -i (plus -u if ends -re) (First singular) simple past  Remove ending -s, -ai  Past participle (minus any -s or -t)

The following table shows how the paradigm of an irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts.  Note that a few verbs construct the present indicative (especially the singular) differently.

+Paradigm for most irregular verbs (7 principal parts)   直陳式 虛擬式 條件式 命令式 現在時  簡單過去時  未完成過去時  簡單未來時  現在時  未完成過去時  現在時  現在時 je  1S+s  PAST+s  1P+ais  FUT+ai  3P+e  PAST+sse  FUT+ais  tu  FUT+as  3P+es  PAST+sses  (same as pres. indic. 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel, else 2nd. sg.) il  1S+t1  PAST+t  1P+ait  FUT+a  3P+e  PAST+ˆt  FUT+ait  nous  1P+ons  PAST+ˆmes  1P+ions  FUT+ons  1P+ions  PAST+ssions  FUT+ions  (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) vous 1P+ez  PAST+ˆtes  1P+iez  FUT+ez  1P+iez  PAST+ssiez  FUT+iez  (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) ils  3P+ent  PAST+rent  1P+aient  FUT+ont  3P+ent  PAST+ssent  FUT+aient 

1 The -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).

Non-finite forms:
 Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
 Present participle: 1P-ant
 Gerundive: en 1P-ant
 Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s)
 Past participle: PP(e)(s)

The following table gives principal parts for a number of irregular verbs.  There are a number of fair-sized groups of verbs that are conjugated alike; these are listed first.  There are some additional irregularities in the present indicative, which are listed below.  Nearly all irregularities affect the singular, and are purely issues of spelling. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)

+Table of principal parts of irregular (and -ir) French verbs (7 principal parts)INF: Infinitive Meaning FUT: Future Present IndicativePP: Past Participle  PAST: Simple Past Notes Similar verbs 1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing)  1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur)  3P: 3rd Plur chois-ir  "to choose"  choisir-ai  choisi-s  choisiss-ons  choisiss-ent  choisi  choisi-s  How a regular -ir verb would be represented by its principal parts  About 300 verbs in -ir "haïr"  "to hate"  haïr-ai  hai-s / haï-s1  haïss-ons  haïss-ent  haï  haï-s  The same as a regular -ir verb but in Sing. pres. indic. the diaeresis drops out vend-re  "to sell"  vendr-ai  vend-s, vend-s, vend2  vend-ons  vend-ent  vendu  vendi-s  So-called "regular -re" verbs; all end in -dre, but not -indre  attendre "wait", défendre "defend", descendre "go down", entendre "hear", étendre "extend", fondre "melt", pendre "hang", perdre "lose", prétendre "pretend", rendre "return, give back", répandre "spill", répondre "respond", etc. craind-re  "to fear"  craindr-ai  crain-s  craign-ons  craign-ent  craint  craign-is   All verbs in -aindre, -eindre, -oindre, e.g. contraindre "compel", plaindre "complain"; atteindre "reach", ceindre "gird", empreindre "stamp", éteindre "turn off", étreindre "hug", feindre "pretend", geindre "whine", peindre "paint", restreindre "restrict", teindre "dye"; joindre "join", oindre "anoint", poindre "dawn", rejoindre "rejoin" part-ir  "to leave"  partir-ai  par-s  part-ons  part-ent  parti  parti-s  Sing. pres. indic. stem drops last consonant of basic stem: je pars, dors, mens, sens, sers, sors   se départir "divest", repartir" "leave again", dormir "sleep", s'endormir "fall asleep", se rendormir "fall back asleep", mentir "lie (tell lies)", démentir "contradict", sentir "feel", consentir "agree", pressentir "foresee", ressentir "feel", servir "serve", desservir "clear away", resservir "serve again", sortir "go out", ressortir "come back"
|-
|vêt-ir
|"to dress"
|vêtir-ai
|vêt-s
|vêt-ons
|vêt-ent
|vêtu
|vêti-s
|The same as partir, except for the past participle
|dévêtir "undress", revêtir "cover"|-
|requér-ir
|"to require, demand"
|requerr-ai
|requier-s
|requér-ons
|requièr-ent
|requis
|requi-s
|
|
|-
| ouvr-ir || "to open" || ouvrir-ai || ouvr-e, ouvr-es, ouvr-e || ouvr-ons || ouvr-ent || ouvert || ouvri-s || Sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs  || couvrir "cover", "découvrir" "discover", offrir "offer", souffrir "suffer"
|-
| condui-re || "to lead" || conduir-ai || condui-s || conduis-ons || conduis-ent || conduit || conduisi-s || || All verbs in -uire e.g. construire "build",  cuire "cook", détruire "destroy", instruire "instruct", réduire "reduce", produire "produce", traduire "translate", etc.
|-
| recev-oir || "to receive" || recevr-ai || reçoi-s || recev-ons || reçoiv-ent || reçu || reçu-s || || Other verbs in -cevoir, e.g. apercevoir "perceive", concevoir "conceive", décevoir "disappoint"
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
| envoy-er || "to send" || enverr-ai || envoi-e3 || envoy-ons3 || envoi-ent3 || envoyé || envoy-ai || ||
|-
| voir || "to see" || verr-ai || voi-s || voy-ons || voi-ent3 || vu || vi-s || || revoir "see again"
|-
| choir || "to fall" || choir-ai || choi-s || choy-ons || choi-ent3 || chu || chu-s || || échoir "befall"
|-
| dev-oir || "to owe, must" || devr-ai || doi-s || dev-ons || doiv-ent || dû || du-s || Very similar to recevoir, but adds a circumflex to du to distinguish it from the partitive article du - due, dus and dues remain unchanged||
|-
| mouv-oir || "to move" || mouvr-ai || meu-s || mouv-ons || meuv-ent || mû || mu-s || Adds a circumflex to mu to distinguish it from the Greek letter mu (μ) - mue, mus and mues remain unchanged||
|-
| émouv-oir || "to move, affect" || émouvr-ai || émeu-s || émouv-ons || émeuv-ent || ému || ému-s || || promouvoir "promote"
|-
| pleuv-oir || "to rain" || pleuvr-a || pleu-t || (stem pleuv-) || (stem pleuv-) || plu || plu-t || Impersonal (3rd-singular only) ||
|-
| asseoir || "to sit" || assiér-ai; assoir-ai || assied-s, assied-s, assied;2 assoi-s || assey-ons; assoy-ons || assey-ent; assoi-ent || assis || assi-s || Notice that there are two sets of conjugations. ||
|-
| cueill-ir  || "to gather" || cueiller-ai || cueill-e, cueill-es, cueill-e || cueill-ons || cueill-ent || cueilli || cueilli-s || Like ouvrir except the future; sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs ||
|-
| ven-ir || "to come" || viendr-ai || vien-s || ven-ons || vienn-ent || venu || vin-s || Note simple past plural vînmes, vîntes, vinrent  || revenir "return", devenir "become", se souvenir "remember", parvenir "reach", prévenir "tell beforehand"; tenir "hold", retenir "memorize", contretenir "talk", soutenir "sustain", maintenir "maintain", appartenir "belong", etc.  
|-
| mour-ir || "to die" || mourr-ai || meur-s || mour-ons || meur-ent || mort || mouru-s || ||
|-
| cour-ir || "to run" || courr-ai || cour-s || cour-ons || cour-ent || couru || couru-s || ||
|-
| di-re || "to say, tell" || dir-ai || di-s || dis-ons, dites || dis-ent || dit || di-s || Note the 2nd pl. dites || contredire "contradict", interdire "forbid"
|-
| li-re || "to read" || lir-ai || li-s || lis-ons || lis-ent || lu || lu-s || ||
|-
| écri-re || "to write" || écrir-ai || écri-s || écriv-ons || écriv-ent || écrit || écrivi-s || || décrire "describe", inscrire "inscribe"
|-
| ri-re || "to laugh" || rir-ai || ri-s || ri-ons || ri-ent || ri || ri-s || || sourire "smile"
|-
| suffi-re || "to suffice" || suffir-ai || suffi-s || suffis-ons || suffis-ent || suffi || suffi-s || || confire "pickle", circoncire "circumcise", frire "fry"
|-
| boi-re || "to drink" || boir-ai || boi-s || buv-ons || boiv-ent || bu || bu-s || ||
|-
| croi-re || "to believe" || croir-ai || croi-s || croy-ons3 || croi-ent3 || cru || cru-s || ||
|-
| conclu-re || "to conclude" || conclur-ai || conclu-s || conclu-ons || conclu-ent || conclu || conclu-s || || Other verbs in -clure|-
| plai-re || "to please" || plair-ai || plai-s, plai-s, plaît || plais-ons || plais-ent || plu || plu-s || Note the 3rd sg. plaît || 
|-
| clo-re || "to close" || clor-ai || clo-s, clo-s, clôt || clos-ons || clos-ent || clos || (missing) || Also missing the imperfect; note the 3rd sg. clôt ||
|-
| prend-re || "to take" || prendr-ai || prend-s, prend-s, prend2 || pren-ons || prenn-ent || pris || pri-s || ||  comprendre "understand", apprendre "study", reprendre "take again", etc. 
|-
| viv-re || "to live" || vivr-ai || vi-s || viv-ons || viv-ent || vécu || vécu-s || || revivre "come alive again", survivre "survive"
|-
| suiv-re || "to follow" || suivr-ai || sui-s || suiv-ons || suiv-ent || suivi || suivi-s || || poursuivre "pursue"
|-
| naît-re || "to be born" || naîtr-ai || nai-s, nai-s, naît || naiss-ons || naiss-ent || né || naqui-s || Note the 3rd sg. naît || 
|-
| connaît-re || "to know" || connaîtr-ai || connai-s, connai-s, connaît || connaiss-ons || connaiss-ent || connu || connu-s || Note the 3rd sg. connaît || reconnaître "recognize", paraître "seem", apparaître "appear", reparaître "reappear", disparaître "disappear" 
|-
| mett-re || "to put" || mettr-ai || met-s, met-s, met2 || mett-ons || mett-ent || mis || mi-s || || promettre "promise", permettre "permit", compromettre "compromise, damage", soumettre "submit, subdue", transmettre "transmit"
|-
| batt-re || "to beat" || battr-ai || bat-s, bat-s, bat2 || batt-ons || batt-ent || battu || batti-s || Close to vendre ||
|-
| romp-re || "to break" || rompr-ai || romp-s || romp-ons || romp-ent || rompu || rompi-s || Very close to vendre ||
|-
| vainc-re || "to conquer" || vaincr-ai || vainc-s, vainc-s, vainc || vainqu-ons || vainqu-ent || vaincu || vainqui-s || Essentially same as vendre, except for c/qu variation || convaincre "convince"
|-
| trai-re || "to milk" || trair-ai || trai-s  tray-ons3  trai-ent3  trai-t   (missing)   contraire "contract", extraire "extract", soustraire "subtract", retraire "withdraw" coud-re  "to sew"  coudr-ai  coud-s, coud-s, coud2  cous-ons  cous-ent  cousu  cousi-s   moud-re  "to grind, mill"  moudr-ai  moud-s, moud-s, moud2  moul-ons  moul-ent  moulu  moulu-s   résoud-re  "to solve, resolve"  résoudr-ai  résou-s || résolv-ons || résolv-ent || résolu || résolu-s  || ||
|-
| absoud-re || "to solve, absolve" || absoudr-ai || absou-s  absolv-ons  absolv-ent  absous   absolu-s  The same as résoudre, except for the past participle 
1 Only in Quebec French

2 The ending -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).

3 Alternation of "-ai-" and  -oi- before consonant or unstressed e, "-ay-" and -oy- before other vowels is automatic in all verbs.

The following table shows an example paradigm of one of these verbs, recevoir "to receive".

+Recevoir "to receive"   Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative Present  Simple Past  Imperfect  Future  Present  Imperfect  Present  Present je  reçoi-s  reçu-s  recev-ais  recevr-ai  reçoiv-e  reçu-sse  recevr-ais  tu  recevr-as  reçoiv-es  reçu-sses  reçoi-s il  reçoi-t   reçu-t  recev-ait  recevr-a  reçoiv-e  reçû-t  recevr-ait  nous  recev-ons  reçû-mes  recev-ions  recevr-ons  recev-ions  reçu-ssions   recevr-ions  recev-ons vous recev-ez   reçû-tes  recev-iez  recevr-ez  recev-iez  reçu-ssiez  recevr-iez  recev-ez ils  reçoiv-ent   reçu-rent  recev-aient  recevr-ont  reçoiv-ent  reçu-ssent  recevr-aient 

Non-finite forms:
 Infinitive: recevoir
 Present participle: recevant
 Gerundive: en recevant
 Verbal adjective: recevant(e)(s)
 Past participle: reçu(e)(s)

Verbs with eleven principal parts

Nine verbs also have an irregular subjunctive stem, used at least for the singular and third plural of the present subjunctive.  These verbs can be said to have 11 principal parts, because the subjunctive stem may or may not be used for the first and second plural present subjunctive, the imperative and/or the present participle, in ways that vary from verb to verb.

The following table shows how the paradigm of an 11-principal-part irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts.  Note that these verbs are generally the most irregular verbs in French, and many of them construct the present indicative (especially the singular) in an idiosyncratic fashion.  The verb aller also constructs its past participle and simple past differently, according to the endings for -er verbs.

+Paradigm for the highly irregular verbs (11 principal parts)   Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative Present  Simple past  Imperfect  Future  Present  Imperfect  Present  Present je  1S+s  PAST+s  1P+ais  FUT+ai  SUBJ+e  PAST+sse  FUT+ais  tu  1S+s  PAST+s  1P+ais  FUT+as  SUBJ+es  PAST+sses  FUT+ais  (same as pres. indic. 2nd. sg.; but use 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel) or SUBJ+e il  1S+t  PAST+t  1P+ait  FUT+a  SUBJ+e  PAST+ˆt  FUT+ait  nous  1P+ons  PAST+ˆmes  1P+ions  FUT+ons  SUBJ+ions or 1P+ions  PAST+ssions  FUT+ions  (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) or SUBJ+ons vous 1P+ez  PAST+ˆtes  1P+iez  FUT+ez  SUBJ+iez or 1P+iez  PAST+ssiez  FUT+iez  (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) or SUBJ+ez ils  3P+ent  PAST+rent  1P+aient  FUT+ont  SUBJ+ent  PAST+ssent  FUT+aient 

Non-finite forms:
 Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
 Present participle: 1P-ant or SUBJ-ant
 Gerundive: en 1P-ant or en SUBJ-ant
 Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s) or SUBJ-ant(e)(s)
 Past participle: PP(e)(s)

The following table gives the principal parts for the 11-principal-part verbs. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)

+Table of principal parts of the highly irregular French verbs (11 principal parts)INF: Infinitive Meaning FUT: Future Present IndicativePresent Subjunctive Imperative Present ParticiplePP: Past Participle  PAST: Simple Past Notes Similar verbs 1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing)  1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur)  3P: 3rd Plur SUBJ:1st Sing  1st Plur pouv-oir  "to be able"  pourr-ai  peux/puis, peux, peut (puis是pouvoir旧的第一人称直陈式现在时，现一般仅用于正式的倒装疑问句)  pouv-ons  peuv-ent  puiss-e  follows subj.   follows indic.  follows 1P   pu  pu-s (reg.)  alternate 1st sing. puis required in questions, use elsewhere is mannered; note that old pres. part. puiss-ant is attested as an adjective "powerful"   sav-oir  "to know"  saur-ai  sai-s  sav-ons  sav-ent  sach-e  follows subj.   follows subj.   follows subj.   su  su-s   voul-oir  "to want"  voudr-ai  veux, veux, veut  voul-ons  veul-ent  veuill-e  follows indic.   follows subj.   follows 1P   voulu  voulu-s   val-oir  "to be worth"  vaudr-ai  vaux, vaux, vaut  val-ons  val-ent  vaill-e  follows indic.   follows indic.   follows 1P   valu  valu-s   fall-oir  "to be necessary"  faudr-a  fau-t  (stem fall-)  –  faill-e  –  –  –  fall-u  fallu-t  Impersonal (3rd-singular only)  fai-re  "to do"  fer-ai  fai-s  fais-ons, faites  font  fass-e  follows subj.   follows indic.  follows 1P   fait  fi-s  2nd pl. pres. indic. faites (also in imperative)  défaire, refaire, satisfaire av-oir  "to have"  aur-ai  ai, as, a  av-ons  ont  ai-e, ai-es, ai-t; ai-ent  ay-ons, ay-ez  follows subj.   follows subj.   eu   eu-s   êt-re  "to be"  ser-ai  suis, es, est  sommes, êtes; stem ét-  sont  soi-s, soi-s, soi-t; soi-ent  soy-ons, soy-ez  follows subj.   follows 1P   été  fu-s   all-er  "to go"  ir-ai  vais/vas1, vas, va  all-ons  vont   aill-e  follows indic.   follows indic.  follows 1P   allé  all-ai  2nd. sg. imperat. va, but vas-y "go there"  s'en aller "leave"

Aller
The verb aller means "to go" and is sufficiently irregular that it merits listing its conjugation in full.  It is the only verb with the first group ending "er" to have an irregular conjugation. It belongs to none of the three sections of the third group, and is often categorized on its own.
The verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: past all-  (simple past, imperfect, past subjunctive);  present subjunctive aill- ; conditional and future ir- . The inflections of these tenses are completely regular, and pronounced as in any other -er verb. However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:

+ Aller "to go"   Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative Present  Simple past  Imperfect  Future  Present  Imperfect  Present  Present je  vais, vas1 ,   allai   allais   irai   aille   allasse   irais   tu  vas   allas  allais  iras  ailles  allasses  irais  va il/elle/on  va   alla  allait  ira  aille  allât  irait  nous  allons  allâmes  allions  irons  allions  allassions  irions  allons vous allez   allâtes  alliez  irez  alliez  allassiez  iriez  allez ils/elles  vont   allèrent  allaient  iront  aillent  allassent  iraient 

The non-finite forms are all based on all- :
 Infinitive: aller
 Present participle: allant
 Gerundive: en allant
 Verbal adjective: allant(e)(s)
 Past participle: allé(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: être

1 In Classical French and even in certain dialects (like in Cajun and some Quebec dialects) je vas is used.

三種類型動詞的詞尾變化

   第一組 第二組 第三組   第一組 第二組 第三組 Indicatif (Présent)   Subjonctif (Présent) je  e1  is  s (x3)  e5     e  isse  e2.1 tu  es  es5     es  isses  es2.1 il  e  it  t (d,c4)  e5     e  isse  e2.3 nous  ons  issons  ons2.1  ons     ions  issions  ions vous  ez  issez  ez (es2.2)  ez     iez  issiez  iez ils  ent  issent  ent (nt2)  ent     ent  issent  ent        Indicatif (Imparfait)   Subjonctif (Imparfait) je  ais  issais  ais     asse  isse  isse6  usse tu   asses  isses  isses6  usses il  ait  issait  ait     ât  ît  ît6  ût nous  ions  issions  ions     assions  issions  issions6  ussions vous  iez  issiez  iez     assiez  issiez  issiez6  ussiez ils  aient  issaient  aient     assent  issent  issent6  ussent        Indicatif (Passé simple)   Impératif (Présent) je  ai  is  is6  us       tu  as     e  is  s  e5 il  a  it  it6  ut       nous  âmes  îmes  îmes6  ûmes     ons  issons  ons  ons vous  âtes  îtes  îtes6  ûtes     ez  issez  ez  ez ils  èrent  irent  irent6  urent              Indicatif (Futur simple)   Conditionnel (Présent) je  erai  irai  rai     erais  irais  rais tu  eras  iras  ras  il  era  ira  ra     erait  irait  rait nous  erons  irons  rons     erions  irions  rions vous  erez  irez  rez     eriez  iriez  riez ils  eront  iront  ront     eraient  iraient  raient

1. 在疑問句中，這個 e 會被寫成 é (傳統拼法) 或 è (修正拼法)，並且發做半開母音 è 。另外，je 的 e 會變成無聲。例如 je marche  （我走）； marchè-je?  （我走嗎？）

2. 這些動詞的結尾是 -ont： ils sont （他們是）、 ils ont （他們有）、 ils font （他們做）、  ils vont （他們去）。

2.1. 只有動詞 être 在這些地方會有例外： nous sommes （我們是）、 que je soi-s （～我是）, que tu soi-s （～你是）。

2.2. 這些動詞與它們的派生詞的結尾是 -es： vous êtes （你們/您是）、 vous faites （你們/您做）, vous dites （你們/您說）。

2.3. 只有動詞 être 和 avoir 的結尾有 t： qu'il/elle/on soi-t （～他/她/我們是）、 qu'il/elle/on ai-t （～他/她/我們有）。

3. 只有 je/tu peux （我/你能夠）、 je/tu veux （我/你想要） 和 je/tu vaux （我/你值得）。

4. 以 -dre 結尾的動詞在第三人稱單數時結尾為 d ，除了以 -indre 和 -soudre 結尾的動詞是以 t 結尾。動詞 vaincre （打敗）和 convaincre （說服） 第三人稱單數的結尾分別為 vainc 和 convainc。

5. 只有這些動詞是這樣變化的： assaillir （攻擊）、 couvrir （覆蓋）、 cueillir （採集）、 défaillir （昏厥）、 offrir （提供）、 ouvrir （開啟）、 souffrir （承受）、 tressaillir （顫抖），以及命令式的 avoir （有）、 savoir （知道）、 vouloir （想要）。

6. 例外有 je vins （我來到了）、 je tins （我拿了）等等，以及 que je vinsse （～我來）、 que je tinsse （～我拿）等等。

現代法語口語的第一人稱複數
第一人稱複數結尾 -ons 以及相應的主格代詞 nous （我們）在現代法語口語中十分少見。但受格的代詞 nous 仍然很常用。 代詞 on 除了做為無人稱代詞之外，也普遍用以取代主格的 nous。例如， nous chantons （我們唱歌）在幾乎所有的口語中都可以被 on chante 取代，除非是特別謹慎的場合。這導致了法語一些動詞形式的消失。然而，動詞詞尾 -ons 仍然可以在命令式中見到： Chantons ! （我們唱歌吧！），而此句在某些情況下也可被 On chante ! 取代。

註解

參考資料

 参见 

 法语语法
 法语动词

參考文獻

Larousse de la conjugaison, 1980.

外部連結
Verb2Verbe - French/English verb conjugation with translations 
A two-page PDF reference guide of the 681 most common French/English verbs 
Le Conjugueur - online conjugation for all French verbs 
Bescherelle - conjugation & conjugation books. 
WordReference - French conjugation (Beta) 
Conjugation-FR - French conjugation 
Open source XML database of French verb conjugation rules. RegEx based. 
French verb practice at UT Austin 
schoLINGUA - Conjugation trainer - over 12,000 French verbs 
Comment-conjuguer.fr - online conjugation for all French verbs and conjugation rules 

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