科普特语

科普特语（），是晚期階段的古埃及語，形成于纪元前。纪元伊始，人们开始借鉴希臘字母，創制出了科普特語的子音字母；又照古埃及文的世俗體文字，創制出了母音字母，由此設計完成了一套科普特語字母。公元3世纪，出现大量用科普特语誊抄的希腊文献，尤其是基督教经文。迦克墩公會議后，亚历山大学派反对确立耶稣「一位二性」的信经，与罗马天主教分道扬镳，出现了科普特教派。科普特语言文字在科普特教派的信徒的使用中得到继承发扬。科普特语曾在埃及各地广泛使用，但后来逐渐被埃及阿拉伯語取代。现在，科普特语只在埃及科普特人的教會中使用。

 文字 

科普特文使用一種基本上完全從希臘字母衍生出來的書寫系統，外帶有著世俗體埃及文起源的一些字母。

 音系 

 元音 
+單元音音位  前元音 央元音 後元音 閉元音     半閉元音     中元音      開元音  

 輔音 
+ 輔音 IPA 表 雙唇音 唇齒音 齒齦音 齦後音 硬腭音 軟腭音 咽音 聲門音 鼻音   塞音                  塞擦音 (   ) 擦音            近音   顫音  邊音 

 文法 

科普特語有主語-動詞-賓語詞序，但當有正確的前置詞在主語之前時可以是動詞-主語-賓語詞序。數、性、時態和語氣都用來自新埃及語的前綴指示。更早期的埃及語階段通過後綴來完成。一些後綴屈折的痕跡存留於科普特語中，主要用來指示不可轉讓所有關係和用在一些動詞中，比較中古埃及語形式 “he chooses”(在象形文中寫為 stp.f)與科普特語 f.sotp “he chooses”。

 参考文献 
 引用 

 一般研究 
 Emmel, Stephen. 1992. "Languages (Coptic)". In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 4 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 180–188.

 Gignac, Francis Thomas. 1991. "Old Coptic". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 169—188.
 Rodolphe Kasser. 1991. "Dialects". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 87—96.
 Wolfgang Kosack Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische  Lesestücke, Graz 1974.
 Loprieno, Antonio. 1995. Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Hans Jakob Polotsky. 1971. "Coptic". In Afroasiatic: A Survey, edited by Carleton Taylor Hodge. (Jana Linguarum: Series Practica; 163). 's Gravenhage and Paris: Mouton. 67–79.

 文法 
  Henry Tattam, A compendious grammar of the Egyptian language as contained in the Coptic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric Dialects (London 1863) 
 Marius Chaîne. 1933. Éléments de grammaire dialectale copte: bohairique, sahidique, achmimique, fayoumique. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
 Eberle, Andrea, & Regine Schulz.  2004.  Koptisch - Ein Leitfaden durch das Saïdische.  LINCOM Languages of the World/Materials 07.  Munich:  LINCOM Europa.
 Lambdin, Thomas Oden. 1983. Introduction to Sahidic Coptic. Macon: Mercer University Press.
 Layton, Bentley. 2000. A Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect): With a Chrestomathy and Glossary. (Porta linguarum orientalium; N.S., 20). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
 Layton, Bentley. 2007. Coptic in 20 Lessons: Introduction to Sahidic Coptic with Exercises and Vocabularies.  Peeters Publishers, ISBN 90-429-1810-1.
 Mallon, Alexis. 1956. Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire. 4th edition. Beyrouth.
 Mattar, Nabil. 1990. A Study in Bohairic Coptic. Pasadena: Hope Publishing House.
 Hans Jakob Polotsky. 1987. Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus. American Studies in Papyrology 28. Decatur, Ga.: Scholars Press.
 Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1988. Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy: a course for academic and private study. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 30. Leuven: Peeters.
 Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1986. Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic. Analecta Orientalia 53. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. ISBN 88-7653-255-2.
 Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 2007. Topics in Coptic Syntax: Structural Studies in the Bohairic Dialect. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 160. Leuven - Paris - Dudley, MA: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1875-7.
 Till, Walter C. 1994. Koptische Dialektgrammatik. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
 Jozef Vergote. 1973–1983. Grammaire copte. Leuven: Peeters.
 Younan, Sameh. 2005. So, you want to learn Coptic? A guide to Bohairic Grammar . Sydney: St.Mary, St.Bakhomious and St.Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church.

 詞典 
 Černý, Jaroslav. 1976. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
 Wolfgang Kosack: Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974.
 Wolfgang Kosack: Koptisches Handlexikon des Bohairischen. Koptisch - Deutsch - Arabisch. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-9-7.
 Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
 Vycichl, Werner. 1983. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Éditions Peeters.
 Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.

 語音 
 Depuydt, Leo. 1993. "On Coptic Sounds." Orientalia 62 (new series): 338–375.
 Loprieno, Antonio. 1997. "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology". In Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus), edited by Alan S. Kaye. Vol. 1 of 2 vols. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 431–460.
 Peust, Carsten. 1999. Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language. (Monographien zur ägyptischen Sprache; 2). Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt.

 書目 
 Kammerer, Winifred (compiler), A Coptic Bibliography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1950. (Reprint New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969)
 Wolfgang Kosack: Der koptische Heiligenkalender. Deutsch - Koptisch - Arabisch nach den besten Quellen neu bearbeitet und vollständig herausgegeben mit Index Sanctorum koptischer Heiliger, Index der Namen auf Koptisch, Koptische Patriarchenliste, Geografische Liste. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-9524018-4-2.
 Wolfgang Kosack: Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale. Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-5-9.

 參閲 

科普特學
埃及语
埃及阿拉伯語

 外部連結 

 By Alin Suciu, a blog on Coptic literature and manuscripts 
 France-copte.net By Mikhail David, French coptic site.
 Copticsounds – a resource for the study of Coptic phonology 
 http://sites.google.com/site/pisakho/Home : Coptic language internet links  and bibliography 
 Coptica.ch  Online library of Coptic texts at University of Geneva (site text in French)
 New Athena Unicode font; includes the new Coptic range
 Online Coptic tutorial 
 A comprehensive Coptic language resource (Remenkimi)
 Coptic block in the Unicode 4.1 standard 
 Heike Behlmer, Selected Bibliography on the Coptic Language 
 Coptic texts and manuscripts at Leiden University Library
 Ifao N Copte  – A professional Coptic font for researchers.
 a set of Coptic fonts
 GNU FreeFont —FreeSerif face includes a Coptic range.

Category:古埃及文化
Category:科普特基督教
Category:埃及语族
Category:罗马时代埃及