ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ

ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ (15 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 1858 - 15 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1917) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ. ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵖⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⴰⵎⵉ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴷⵓ ⴱⵡⵉⵣ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴽⵙ ⴼⵉⴱⵔ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.

ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴰⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵃⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.  ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ(1893),. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1895 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ", ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1898 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ "ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ". ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "Le Suicide/ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ" (1897), ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ "ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. 

ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ  ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ  ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⴱⴰⵣⵜ. 

ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ  ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1917. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⴼ ( ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ). ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⴰⵏⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ" ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ.  

 ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵅⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⵕⵛⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1879 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵊⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⴱⵉⵔⵖⵙⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ "ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ"( ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ). ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵃⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴱⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ  ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ; ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

 ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⵉ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ 15 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1917 ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙ.

 ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, 1893.
 ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, 1895.
 ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, 1897.
 ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ, 1912
 ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ (1922) 
 ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ  ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ (1925) 
 ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵜ(ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏ) ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ (1938) 
 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ( 1970).

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⴽⴰⵔⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ
 ⴳⴰⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⵍⴰⵕ
 ⵊⵓⵏ ⴷⵉⵡⵉ
 ⵎⴰⴽⵙ ⴼⵉⴱⵔ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ