ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍ

ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ (ⵙ ; ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵜ", ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵖ 7 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ 1059 ⴷ.ⵍ ⵖ "ⴽⵔⵉⴼⵍⴰ", ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉ, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ) ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ, ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹ.

 ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵉ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ 

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ (ⵙ ) ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴰⵙⴰⴱⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⵓ ⵣⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⴹⵉⵢ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ, ⵉⵖⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵔⵉⴱⴰⵟ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ "ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵍ-ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜⵉⵏ" (ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵓ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ). ⵖ 1046, ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵉⴱⴰⵟ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ), ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⵓ ⵣⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ. ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵉ, ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵛⴱⴱⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵔⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵜⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵯⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ, ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵜⵓⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ.

ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵜⵓⵏⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉ. ⵖ 1054, ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ - ⴳⵔ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵏⵥⵉⵥ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ, ⴹⵕⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴽⴽⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ (1/5) ⵏ ⵜⵡⴱⴱⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ. ⴰⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⵓ ⵖ 1055.

 ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ 
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵃⴰ ⵓ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵖ 1056 ⵖ ⵜⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵓⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⴰ ⴰⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⴽⵔ ⵓ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ (1056-1087) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ. ⵉⵅⵯⵍⴰ ⴰⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⴽⵔ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹ ⵙ ⵛⵛⵉⵍ. ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵜ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵖⵎⴰⵜ (ⵜⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ) ⵖ 1058.

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⵖⵡⴰⵟⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ 1059. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵓⵍⴰⵢⵎⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵃⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵅⵍⴼⵏ.Abdallah Laroui, L'histoire du Maghreb, 1982, p.151, . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ.

 ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ 
 ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ (ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ)
 ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⵓ ⵣⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⴹⵉ

 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 Norris, H.T.  1971. New evidence on the life of ‘Abdullah B. Yasin and the origins of the Almoravid movement. The Journal of African History, Vol. 12, No. 2 (1971), pp. 255–268.

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ  

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴰⵇⵇⴰ, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 11
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 1059