ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ

ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ (ⵙ ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ  ⴷ . ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ , ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵏ . ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ  ⵉ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵖⴼ . ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ  . ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴳ 1859. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ . ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ) ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ 1989. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 21, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ, ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ ⵖ 1 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 2007.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵙ 19 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ) ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ (ⵙ ) ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 1.6 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵏⴰⵟⵓ ⴷⴳ 29 ⵎⴰⵔⵙ, 2004.

ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ Român ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ Romanus ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ "ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ".

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

 ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ 
ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ, 42,000 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 5300 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴼⵍ  ⴽⵔⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴹⵜ. , ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ , ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵊⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 101 ⴷ 106 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ . ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰⵔ 271 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ  ⴷ ⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

 ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵓⵥⵓⵏⵏ 
ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ, ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ  ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 14, ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴷ  ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ  (1457-1504) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ, ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵛ-ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 18 ⴷ 19.

 ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⴽⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵙⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵜⵔⵓ-ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴳ 1848 ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵙ. ⴳ 1859, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ  ⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓ ⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵣⴰ.  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵓ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ-ⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ 1879. ⴳ 1881, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴽⴰⵕⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.

 ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20: ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ 
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ 1916 ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳ 1918, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴱⵓⴽⵓⴼⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⴳ "ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ". ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ 1930, ⵜⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⵉⵜ, ⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵜⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ.http://www.levandehistoria.se/book/export/html/2661 ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ 1944, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1944. ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ; ⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ: ⴰⴱⵓⴳⵔⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⵉ, ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵙⵙⴰ).

 ⵣⴳ ⵜⵊⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ 
ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ 1947. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴽⵢⴰⵡⵛⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ, ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⵉⵇⵇⵙⵃⴰ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵜⵓⵇⵎⴰⵄⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ 1989, ⵜⵕⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵏⴰⵜⵓ ⴳ 2004, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ ⴳ 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 2007.

ⵜⴰⵊⵢⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵏⵜ.
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵎⵎⵓⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ 238,391 km², ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵙ 12 ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵙⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵉⵕⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ. ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵔⵓⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵛⵎ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜ, ⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵛ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵓⵍⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰ. ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵢⵍⴼⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.

ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ. ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ. ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ 11°C ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ 8°C ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷⴼⵍ. ⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵣⴷⵉⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 60 cm.

ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ 38.5°C ⴷⴳ ⴱⵔⴰⵛⵓⴼ ⴳ 1944. ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ 44.5°C ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ 1950.

ⴰⵎⵓⵏ
 ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ 
ⵜⵉⴷ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ:
 ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏ
 ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ
 ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ
 ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
 ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ
 ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ
 ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ-ⵉⵍⴼⵓⴱ
 ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ

 ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ 

+ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011 ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ 16,463,000 82% ⵉⵎⴰⵊⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ 2,500,000 12.45% ⵉⵊⵉⵟⴰⵏⵏ 620,000 3% ⵉⵡⴽⵕⴰⵏⵏ 300,000 1.5%"The Ukrainians: Engaging the 'Eastern Diaspora'". By Andrew Wilson. (1999). In Charles King, Neil Melvin (Eds.) Nations Abroad. Wesview Press, pp. 103-132.  ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ 135,000 0.6%Archived ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉⵢⵢⵏ, ⵉⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵏ, ⵉⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵏ, ⴰⵜⴳ.) 50,000 0.2% ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ 20,068,000 100%

+ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011 ⴰⵙⵔⵜⵓ (Genre)ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ 49.28% ⵜⵉⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ 50.72% ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011 100%

 ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ 
ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵎⵏⵉⴳⴳⵉⵔⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ: ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵇⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴼ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ,  ⴷ .. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ , ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ  ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⵯⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⴰⵔ, ⴷ , ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵓⵚⵉⵙ, d  ⴷ  ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ. ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴼ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⵛⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳ  ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵔⵟⵟⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵉⵙⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ  ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵙⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ 
ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ).

 ⴰⵙⴳⴷ 
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵍⴰⵢⴽⵉ, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ. ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ 86,7% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ 4.7%, ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ 3.7%, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ 1.5, ⴰⵢⴽⵓⵣⵏ (ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ) ⵙ 1%, ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ 0.9%.

 ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ 
ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 2 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ."Preliminary Data for 2011 census" (PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2012.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ 300,000. ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⵉ, ⴽⵍⵓⵊ-ⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰ, ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵛⵡⴰⵔⴰ, ⴽⵓⵏⵙⵜⴰⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵓⴼⴰ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 200,000: ⴳⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉ, ⴱⵔⴰⵙⵓⴼ, ⴱⵍⵓⵢⵛⵜⵉ, ⴱⵔⴰⵢⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⴷⵢⴰ. ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 100,000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ.

 ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ 
ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⴳ 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 2007. ⴳ 2024, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ (PIB) ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 894 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ $47,203. ⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳⵔ 2007 ⴷ 2022, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵙ 44%, ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ.

 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ 
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 15,7 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ 2018.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19 ⴳ 2020, ⵜⴹⵕ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ 68.7% ⴳ 2020, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵊⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ 2022.

ⵜⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ (, , , , , , , , ), ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⵉ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⵜⴳ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵊⵊⴰⵊⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⵎⵎⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

 ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ 
ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ. ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵔⴰⵡⴹ ⴳⵔ 3 ⴷ 6 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ, ⵎⴽ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 40 ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⴰⴱⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵜⵉⴷⵔⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵥⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵣⵖ 1989, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ.

 ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ 
 ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ 
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ, 1991 ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜ. ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ 73 ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴳ ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ ⵏ 2003 ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ, ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 140 ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 346 ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ.

ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⵜⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

 ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ 
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⴼ 41 ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵎⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵎⵜⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴱⴹⵓ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ 319 ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ 2,686 ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ. ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ.

 ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ 
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ. 90,000 ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ 2003: 15,000 ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ 75,000 ⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵢⵏ. ⵣⴳ 75,000 ⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵢⵏ, 45,800 ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, 13,250 ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ, ⵍⵉⵏ 6,800 ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⴷ 8,800 ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ.

 ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵉ 

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ