ⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⵊⵕⴰ

ⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⵊⵕⴰ (1933-2014) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ. ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ/ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ , ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ "ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵊⵉⵊⵊⵓⵜ" ⴷ ⵜⵚⵉⵀⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ.ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ)

 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵏⴰⵎ, ⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵢⵢⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵡⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵊⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ.

 ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ 
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ  ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵉⵍ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ , ⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ.

 ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ 
ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ , ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ  ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ  ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⴳ "ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ". ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ" ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ "ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ-ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ  ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵉⵔ(ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ).ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⴹⴰⵚ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙⴰⴽⵙⵓⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵖⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ  ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ "ⵎⵉⴳⴰ-ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ", ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵯⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ  "ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵊⵉⵊⵊⵓⵜ". ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⵉⵖ  ⵏ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉ ⵏ "ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ" ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵚⴰⵎⵡⵉⵍ ⵀⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⴳⵜⵓⵏ. ⵉⴼⵍⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵛⴱⴱⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ.

 ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ" 
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽ(ⵢⵓⴷⴷ) ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ,ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵄⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ .

 ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ:

 ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ (1973).
 ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (1991).
 ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵔⴳⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴳⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴽⵕⵓⵇⴼⵍⵜ (2004).
 ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ (2007).ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴱⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ : ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵍⴼ(ⴰⵙⴼⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ) ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ .

 ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ 
ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ:

    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ (1976).
    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ (1986) .
    ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1990 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ.

 ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 13 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2014 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ .

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵎⵓⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ
 ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ
 ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ