ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵄⵔⵇⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴱⴰⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ , ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ.
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ
ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1794  ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵜⵙⴷⴼ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1820. ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ 19 ⵢⵓⵔⴰ "ⵜⵓⴽⴼⵉⵍ" ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ  ⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ  ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ.  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1863 ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴱⵉⵇⵓⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉ " ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⴱⵍⵓⴽ"  ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ " ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ"  ⵉ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵕⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ( ⵡⴰⴹⴰⵉⴼ  ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ) , ⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ 19 ⴷ 20 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ. ⵉⵔⵏⴰ "ⵜⵓⴽⴼⵉⵍ" ⴳ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ << ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ  ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵔⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ>> ⴱⵉⵢⵉⵔ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼ(1865-1809).ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ " ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ". ⴱⵉⵢⵉⵔ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⴱⵔⵓⴷⵓⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 220-230. ⵜⴰⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖⵜ 1861.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1983 ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ  ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ "ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ" ⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵖⵉⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ 1999: ⵜⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ. ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⵟⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ, ⴰⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ, ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ, ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ.ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ 1999.
ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ
ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ:
 ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
 ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
 ⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ.
 ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
 ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ.
 ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ.
ⵜⵓⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ 

ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 

ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ  ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵉⴷ ⵅⴼ "ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ  ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ 2011, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ,  ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵅⵓⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ.ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵔ 2011. ⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉ, ⴱⵓⵛⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ  ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ. 2018.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ