ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ

ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵛⴰⵛ ⴷ ⴽⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ "ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵜ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1972 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ (ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ). ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷⵏⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴼⴼⵉ/ⵓⵣⴼⵣⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ.ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ

ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵔⵓⴳⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ  ⵉⵣⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵇⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ.

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ 
ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵔⵅⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ "ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵇⵎⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ/ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵍⴱⵚⵕⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ/ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵥ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴱ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1981, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⵉⵍⵜ/ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵜⵡⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ" ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵡⴼⴰⵍⴰⵚⵟⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵔ ⵄⴰⵕⴰⴼⴰⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⴷⴰⴽⴰⴹ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵍⵓⵍⵜ "ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵚⵟⵉⵏ".ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ

 ⴰⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ 
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵍⵄⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⵍⵎⵔⴰⵏⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵜ/ⵜⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡⵜ, ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵅⵜⵉ, ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ. ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ, ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⴷⵉ, ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ ⵛⵛⴰⴷⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⴱⵓⵎⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ "ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰ" ⴷ "ⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏⵉ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ :ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ, ⵉⵍⵀⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ" ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵃ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵃⴹⵓ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴼⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵕⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2001, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵍⵎⵔⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2004, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴹⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵜ.ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ)

 ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ 

 1972: ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵍⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏⵉ (ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⵉⵏ) 
 1972: ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷⴰ ⴱⵉⵔⵓⴽ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵜ) 
 1974: ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ (ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ) 
 1975: ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⴷⵉ (ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ) 
 1975: ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ ⵛⵛⴰⴷⵍⵉ (ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ) 
 1976: ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉ (ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ) 
 1974: ⵍⴱⵅⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ)

 ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ 

 1973: ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰ/ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙⵜ .
 1974: ⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏⵉ/ⵙⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵉⵢⵉ .
 1978: ⵅⵍⵉⵍⵉ/ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ .
 1981: ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
 1984: ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴳⵉ.
 1986: ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ .
 1988: ⴰⵎⵅⵍⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ .
 1990: ⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⵉⴷ ⴷⵉⵜⵉ . 
 1996: ⵉⵍⵍ .
 2000: ⵚⴰⵍⴰⵃ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ .
 2002: ⴰⵎⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵖⴰⵔⵜ .ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵜⵓⴱ

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ
 ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ
 ⴰⵔⵛⴰⵛ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ