ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ

ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⵃⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵙⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴱⵏ ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⴼⵉⵀⵔⵉ (10 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1910 –13 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1974) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ.ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉⵢⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ. ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴽⵏⵏⴰⵙ/ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵓⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏ/ⴰⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ .
 ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ 
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴳ 10 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1910 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ. ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵃⵙⴰ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1912 .ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ 
ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵚⵉⵕⵉⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⵇⵉⵀ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ, ⴷ  ⵓⵍ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵅⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵉ ⵛⵄⵉⴱ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵊⵄⴼⵕ ⵍⴽⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ.

ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄⴰ/ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵅⴰⵍⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⴰⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ/ⴰⵎⵏⴳⵉⴷⴷⵉ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵇⵀⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵙⵙⵖⵥⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ.

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ 
ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ, ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵥⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵣⵓⵡⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1931, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵍ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ .

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1955, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ  ⴳ ⵍⵇⴰⵀⵉⵕⴰ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ,ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1962. ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1961.

 ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ/ⵜⵔⵏⴰ.ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
 ⴰⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍ.
 ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ.
 ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵖⴼ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄⴰ.
 ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴽⴽⴰ.
 ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ.
 ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ.
 ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ?
 ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ.
 ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ.

 ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ 13 ⵎⴰⵢⵓ 1974 .

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ
 ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ
 ⴼⴰⵙ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ