ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ ⴱⵏ ⵊⵍⵍⵓⵏ

ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ ⴱⵏ ⵊⵍⵍⵓⵏ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1944) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ-ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴽⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵉⴹ ⵉⴼⵓⵥⵕⵏ".

 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ ⴱⵏ ⵊⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⴳ 1 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1944 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1955, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966 ⴰⴽⴷ 94 ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ 1965, ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵄⵕⵕⴱ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜⴰ. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ  ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴳ  ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ "ⵍⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷ" ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ.

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ 
ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ "ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵙ" ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ  ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ: "ⵃⵔⵔⵓⴷⴰ" ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵓⵏⵓⵡⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1973, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ "ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⴰⵎⵅⵍⴰⵡ, ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⴳⵔⵉ" ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵓⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1981, ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢ" ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵓⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1981, "ⴰⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ" ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵓⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1985, "ⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴷⴰⵔ" ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵓⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1987, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴽⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⵙⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ: "ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1976, ⴰⴱⵔⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ "ⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ" ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1980, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ "ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ" ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1995. ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ, "ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ"2024, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ "ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵊⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ", ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ "ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵓⴳⵉ".ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ "ⵍⵓⵎⵓⵏⴹ" ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙ", ⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⴹ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ "ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉ ?" ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵙ "ⵓⵀⵓ", ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵢⵓⵥⵉⵎ ⵉⵙⵓⵏⵖⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⵛⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⵏⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵏⵖ  ⵉⵏⴽⴽⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵜⵛⵓ ⴰⴱⵔⵙⵉⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.

 ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⴰⵙⵎ ⴳ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ. 2011.
 ⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ. 1996.
 ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵡⴷ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 2017.
 ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵕⵥⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ,201.
 ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⴻⵔ. ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ , 2017.
 ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵊⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ . ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ 2024.

 ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ 

 2010: ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ .

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵛⵛⵕⴰⵢⴱⵉ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ
 ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ