ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ (27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1935 - 3 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2010) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵡⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ/ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵜ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ  ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴱⵏ ⵕⵓⵛⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ.

 ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵍⴰ/ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1935, ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴳⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵥⵏⴰⴳⴰ ⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵉⴷ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⵙ.ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵊⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵟⵟⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵖⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ,ⴷ ⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ .ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜ    ⵜⴰⴱⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵖⵉⵏ .

ⵍⵀⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵔⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ  ⵉ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⴳⴳⵉ ⴰⵡⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚ . ⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ  .

ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵃⴰⵊ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵕⴰⵊ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,ⴰⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴽⵯⵥⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵉⴳⵉⴳ. ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵜ/ ⵏⵏⵀⴹⴰ ⵍⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵢⴰ" ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴹⴼⵉⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1949 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ.

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⴷ  ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵊⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⵕⵕⴰⴱⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ  ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⵍⵃⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ/ⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1951-1952. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1955, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ.

ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ  ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1961. 

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ 
ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ 1967, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ 1970 ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⵍⵃⴱⴰⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ.  ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1968, ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⵕⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ.

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ 
ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1959. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ  ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ 1963 ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1965 ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ  ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1962, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ  ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ 1975, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ 1981.

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ 
ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ 

ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ "ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ .ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ "ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵜⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ  ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ : " ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ".

 ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ 
ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ  ⵉⴷ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ "ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵙⵓⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴱⴰⵣⵜ" ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵇⵀⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ/ⵎⴰⴷⵀⴰⴱ) ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ (ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ) ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ/ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⴹⵉⵚ ⵓⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ  ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ.

 ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 1973.
 ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ 1976 .
 ⵏⴽⴽⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ :ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ 1980.
 ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ 1986 .
 ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ : ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ..ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ 1988.
 ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ : ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵕⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰ 1995.
 ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ 2006 .
 ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵉⵥ ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⴳⵣ 2008 .

 ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⴰⵙ 03 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2010 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ/ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ . 

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵖⵔⵏⵉ
 ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ
 ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⵓⵎⵏ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ