ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ

ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ : مُقدِّمَةِ ٱبْنِ خَلْدُونَ / ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵓⵇⴷⴷⵉⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ "Prolegomena" ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵓ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ 1377, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ/ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵜ (ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ), ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ.

ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ (théologie) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ (historiographie) ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ (écologie)Wallace 2009، ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 303.. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ "ⵜⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ" ⴷ "ⵜⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏⵉⵜ" ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴳ 1377 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ "ⴽⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⵍ-ⵄⵉⴱⴰⵕ" (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ),." ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ: (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵡⵏ...). ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.

 ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ 
ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ "ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ" (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ: "العصبية", ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ: "ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ", "ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ", ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ "ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ", "ⴰⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ" ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵏⵚⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵓⵇⵇⴷⵉⵎⴰⵜ". ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ; ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ.Tibi, Bassam. Arab nationalism. 1997, page 139Zuanna, Giampiero Dalla and Micheli, Giuseppe A. Strong Family and Low Fertility. 2004, p. 92

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ (ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ) ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ(ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵙⵍⵉⵡ ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⵊⵖⵍⵓⵍⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ.

 ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ 
ⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵓⵇⵇⴷⵉⵎⴰⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ), ⵉⵙⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ "ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ" ⴷ ⵜⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵍ ⵜⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵙ [ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ], ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ, ⵔⵏⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ(ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ) ⵏⵏⴰ  ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ  ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.

 ⵖⴼ ⵓⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹ 
ⵉⵔⵎⵙ (ⵓ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴼⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵡⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜ/ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ(ⴰⵣⴰⵍ). ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ, ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ. ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵉ.

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ