ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍ

ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ  ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ  ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⵜ , ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ . ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ,ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵖ , ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵖⵏⴱⵓ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴷⴰⴷ  ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ  ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴰⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⴰⴱⵕⴽⴰⵏ , ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⵜⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵖⵣⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ 25 ⴰⵔ 31 ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵎ ,

ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴳⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⵔ ⴰⵍⵡⵡⴰⵖ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ، ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⵖⵣⴼⴰⵏ. ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵊⴰⵔ 21 ⴰⵔ 23 ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵎ , ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵖⵣⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 8.8 ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ . ⵉⵏⵊⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴹⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵎ ⵙ  ⵓⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵄ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵔⵔⵉⵛ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⴰⴱⵕⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵎⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ,ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⵜⵎ ⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ  ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⵜ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵥⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵖⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵇⵀⵡⵉ  ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⴹⴰⵕ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ  ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵏ. ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵄⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵚⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵉⵏⵚⴳ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ، ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⵢⵓⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴳ ⴰⴳⴹⴼ (ⵍⵄⵛⵛ) , ⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵖⵣⴼ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵊⵏⵏⵉⵊ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ , ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⵜⵎ. ⵉⵜⵛⴰⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵔⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵉⵏⵅⴰⵍⴼⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ :  ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵊⴷⵊⵉⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴼⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵅⵅⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ  ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵣⵣⴱⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⴼⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ . ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵙⵓⴽ ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵅⵅⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ ,ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴹⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ 2 ⴰⵔ 6 ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⵯⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⵅⴰⵍⴼⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵥⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⴰⴽⵔⵉⵎⵉ ⴰⴱⵕⴱⴰⵛ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ 11 ⴰⵔ 13 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵡⵜⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⵉ  ⵜⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ 12 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡⵏ  ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ,ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⵏⵏⵓ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⴰⴳⴹⴼ ⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵃⵢⵢⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⵢ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ.   ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵙⴹⵕⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ، ⵎⴽ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵎ  ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ  ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ . ⵉⴳ  ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ  ⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ  ⴷⴰ  ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ  ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ. ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵖⵏⴱⵓ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ  .

References
 Stiles and Skutch,  A guide to the birds of Costa Rica  ISBN 9780801496004
 Hilty, Birds of Venezuela, ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
  ffrench, Birds of Trinidad and Tobago ISBN 0-7136-6759-1
 "National Geographic" Field Guide to the Birds of North America  ISBN 0792268776
 Klicka, Burns & Spellman. Defining a monophyletic Cardinalidae: a molecular perspective. . p. 36
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ