ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ

ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ : 238 BCEⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ  :   ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵓⵏⵜ: 148 BCE

ⵜⴰⵡ,ⵊⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ :    ⴳⴰⵢⴰⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ : :      ⵙⵓⵏⵓⴼⵓⴱⵢⴰ 

ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ   ⵏⵏⵙ:     ⴳⵓⵍⵓⵙⴰ  ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵊⵉⵏⵙ 
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ, ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵉⵍⴰ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵙⵉⴼⴰⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵓⴳⵔⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵣⵉⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵓⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⴽ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⴽ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 200 ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵛⵍⵃ ⴳ ⵍⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵣⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴳⴰⵢⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ " ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ " , ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⴱⵍⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵍⵡⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ . ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵟⴰⵊⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ " ⴰⴽⵍⵉⴷ " (ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ), ⴷ ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ.ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 238 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵢⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵄⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴳ ⵅⵏⵛⵍⵃⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉ. ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵙⵉⴼⴰⴽⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵓⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵟⵓⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴱⵉⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 148 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 202 ⴰⵔ 148 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ. ⵎ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵔⵓⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ.ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ, ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵉⵍⴰ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵙⵉⴼⴰⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵓⴳⵔⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵣⵉⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵓⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⴽ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⴽ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ

ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ