ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⴷ

**ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⴷ** ⵏⵉⵖ **ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ; ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⵍⵓⵎⵕ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⵊⵔ ; ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵀⵡⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴰⴷⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ .

ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ : ⵜⵉⵎⴱⵓⴽⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴹⵖⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴱⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⴰⵔ 60% ⴳ ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ . ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵚⵚⵓ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⵊⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ; ⵉⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ .

ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⴱⵓⴽⵜⵓ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ . ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⴽ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ; ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⴷⵉⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵖ.

ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ
ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ(2 million) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ (ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ),

ⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵏ
ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ
ⵣⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ
1325:ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ
1433:ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ
1591:ⵓⴷⴼⵎ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ
1893:ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ (ⴰⵡⴰⴹ)ⵉⵔⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ(ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ) ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵔⴳⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵅ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ
1960:ⵜⵓⵛⴰ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ  ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ,ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ  ⵏ ”ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉ” ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ
1961: ⵜⴼⴼⵖ  ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ “ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉ” ⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ “ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ” ⵖⵔ  ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ, ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⴳⵙ .
1963: ⵜⵟⵟⵉⵇⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⴼⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ 
1991: ⴰⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⴰⴼⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ 
1996:ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵔ(ⴰⴽⵎⵍ) ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ
2005: ⵉⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ  ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ  ⵉ ⵓⴱⴷⵍ ⴳ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ  ⵖⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ
2009:ⵉⴼⴽⴰ  ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ  ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ  ⵉ ⵓⴱⴷⵍ  ⵉⵍⴰⴼⵏ(ⵙⵍⴰⵃ) ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ   ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ  ⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵎⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵟⵟⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ 
2010: ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ
2012: ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵉ  ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ ,ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ  ⵎⴰⵍⵉ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ