ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ 3:2, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ.Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. (2006). Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and the Outer Solar System. New York: Chelsea House. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8160-5197-7. ⵜⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵍⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ, ⵙⴳ -173 °C (100 ⴽ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵔ 427 °C (700 ⴽ) ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ.Prockter, Louise (2005). Ice in the Solar System (PDF). Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest. 26 (2): 175–188.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵍⴻⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 60% ⴷ 70% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷⵜ. ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1% ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.Russell, C. T.; Baker, D. N.; Slavin, J. A. (1988). "The magnetosphere of Mercury". In Vilas, F.; Chapman, C. R.; Matthews, M. S. (eds.). Mercury. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 514–561. ISBN 978-0-8165-1085-6. ⵉⵎⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ. ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ: ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏⵔ 10 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ 2004 ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 4,000 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵙⴳ 2011 ⴰⵔ 2015. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⴱⵉⴱⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025.""MESSENGER"". NASA. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

 ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ 
ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵍⴻⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎⵏ 2,439.7 ⴽⵎ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴹ."Mercury Fact Sheet". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 30 November 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2008. ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵎⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ, ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ (5.427 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³), ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (5.515 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³).


ⴷⴰ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 55% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ, ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2007 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ, ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵓⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ.Margot, J. L.; Peale, S. J.; Jurgens, R. F.; Slade, M. A.; Holin, I. V. (2007). "Large Longitude Libration of Mercury Reveals a Molten Core". Science. 316 (5825): 710–714. Bibcode:2007Sci...316..710M. doi:10.1126/science.1140514. PMID 17478713. S2CID 17211059. ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵣⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ 500–700 ⴽⵎ. ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⵙⴷⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵣⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ 100-300 ⴽⵎ.Padovan, Sebastiano; Tosi, Nicola; Plesa, Ana-Catalina; Ruedas, Thomas (November 2015). "The viscous relaxation of Mercury's topography". Planetary and Space Science. 117: 295–309. Bibcode:2015P&SS..117..295P. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2015.06.014.

 ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ 

ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏⵔ 10 ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⴰⵢⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⵢⴰⴽⵎⵓⵔ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴱⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.Dzurisin, D. (1978). "The tectonic and volcanic history of Mercury as inferred from studies of scarps, ridges, and other lineaments". Journal of Geophysical Research. 83 (B10): 4883–4906. Bibcode:1978JGR....83.4883D. doi:10.1029/JB083iB10p04883.


ⵜⴰⴳⵯⴹⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ (ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⴱⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎⵏ 1,550 ⴽⵎ.Shiga, David (29 January 2008). "Bizarre spider scar found on Mercury's surface". NewScientist.com news service. ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⵜⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⴰⵥⵡⴰⵕ ⴰⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⴼⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⴹⵉⵜ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ.

 ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ 
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴹ 427 °C ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ -173 °C ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ. ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ 6.2 ⴷ 10.6 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.Lewis, John S. (2004). Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-446744-6.

ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⴼⵖⵡⵊⵊⴰ) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⵕⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵉⵣⵔⵉⵜⵏ.Killen, Rosemary M.; Cremonese, G.; Lammer, H. et al. (2007). "Processes that Promote and Deplete the Exospheres of Mercury and the Moon". Space Science Reviews. 132 (2–4): 433–509. Bibcode:2007SSRv..132..433K. doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9232-0. S2CID 121944548. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ (O₂), ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (Na), ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ (H₂), ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ (He) ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ (K). ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ (H₂O) ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ.McClintock, William E.; Bradley, E. Todd; Vervack Jr., Ronald J.; et al. (2009). "MESSENGER Observations of Mercury's Exosphere: Detection of Magnesium and Distribution of Constituents". Science. 324 (5927): 610–613. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..610M. doi:10.1126/science.1172535. PMID 19407194. S2CID 206519117.

 ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ 
ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ 0.21. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳⵔ 46 ⴷ 70 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵏ.Williams, David R. (25 November 2020). "Mercury Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 19 April 2021. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵜ ⴽⵓ 87.969 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵕⵜ 47.36 ⴽⵎ/ⵙⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ. ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ (ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ) ⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 176 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ."Space Topics: Compare the Planets". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2007.

 ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ 
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵥ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ (48 ⴽⵎ/ⵙⵏ). ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ.

 ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏⵔ 10 

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏⵔ 10 ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰ. ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ 1974 ⴷ 1975.Dunne, J. A.; Burgess, E. (1978). "Chapter 7". The Voyage of Mariner 10: Mission to Venus and Mercury. NASA History Office. SP-424. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏⵔ 10 ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ (ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 10,000 ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 45% ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⴷ  ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ."Mariner 10". NASA. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

 ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ 

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ (ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ, ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴳⵙⵖⵍⵜ). ⵜⵓⵣⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2004. ⵜⵓⵢⵍⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ 2005, ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2006 ⴷ 2007, ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴳ 2008 ⴷ 2009 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.Murchie, Scott L.; Stephens, Kenneth L.; Turner, F. Samuel (June 2007). "The MESSENGER Mission to Mercury". Acta Astronautica. 61 (1–6): 1–11. Bibcode:2007AcAau..61....1M. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2007.01.001. ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 18 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2011, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ. ⵜⵎⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⴳ 2012, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵜⵕⵥⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴳ 30 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2015."NASA Completes MESSENGER Mission with Expected Impact on Mercury's Surface". NASA. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2015. ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵖⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵟⵟⵕⵏ. ⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ.

 ⴱⵉⴱⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓ 
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴱⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ (ESA) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ (JAXA). ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴳ 20 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2018. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ: ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ (MPO) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵡⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ (MMO) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵊⴰⴽⵙⴰ."BepiColombo Factsheet". European Space Agency. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⴱⵉⴱⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓ ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴳ 5 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⵓ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ