ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷ

ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷ ⵜⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷ.

ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷ.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 12/13 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵉⵀⴰⵏⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵟⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵎⴱⴰⵕⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵎⴱⴰⵕⴷ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ.

ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵏⵙⴼⵉⵍⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 18 ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⴽⴷ, ⵢⵓⵙⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⵅⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 19, ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵡⵉⴷⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵡⵉⴷⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ 1904 ⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⴽⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1906.Samuel Marshall, Treatise on the Law of Insurance (3rd edition, 1823), Vol 1, p. 23

ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷ

 ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ .
 ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷⵜ.
 ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕⵜ.
 ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ.
 ⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ.
 ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵔⴰⵣ.
 ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
 ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ.
 ⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ.ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴽⵉⴷ, https://ila.io/5vg5r

ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ