ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ

ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱhttps://www.ircam.ma/amz/edition/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1 ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵛ; ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ: ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, «ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: المملكة المغربية». ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ.

 ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ 
 ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ.
 ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ 
ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ 1956 ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⵙⴳ 1958 ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰⴷ ⴳ 1959 ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴳ 1969 ⴷ, ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ 1981 ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ ⴳ 1989 ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴳ 1995 ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴰ (77) ⵣⵉ 2003 ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵉ 2004 ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵣⵉ 2008 ⵎⴰⵎⵛ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2012 ⴰⵔ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2013 .

 ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ 
ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ  ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵢⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 40 ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ
ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵓⵔⵉⵜ ( 700.000 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ), ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ (120.000 40.000 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ), ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ( 20.000 40.000 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ), ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴱⵔⵓⵎⵓⵔⵉⵣⵉⵜ (21.000 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ).

ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉ
ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ) , ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ), ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ) , ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ( ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ) .
 ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ 
01  : ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵊⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ02  : ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ03  : ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ04  : ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵙⵍⴰ ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵕⴰ

 ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ 
ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵙⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵚⵕⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵏ, ⵉⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵉ ⴰⵛⴰⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⵡⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ:
ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵓⵍⵉⵏⵉⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵓⵎⵓⵔⵉⵣⵉⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍⵉⵢⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⴱⵚⵉⵜ
ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ
ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜ
ⵉⴱⴰⴽⴰⵡⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ
ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
ⵉⴱⵓⵔⵖⵡⴰⵟⵏ
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴽⴽⵓⵕ
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ
ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ
ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ
ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵃⵃⴷⵉⵢⵏ
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵔⵉⵏ
ⵉⵡⵟⵟⴰⵚⵏ
ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵢⵏ
ⵉⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ