ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ

ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Calcium), ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: Ca, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ 20. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ. ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵏⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ.

 ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ 

 ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ 

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⴳⴰ 1.55 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ 842 °C ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ 1484 °C, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵏⵙⵢⵓⵎ. ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⵓⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵎⵎ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵚⴹⵉⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ 450 °C.

 ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ 

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵖⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⴰⴼⴰ. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ +2. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ, ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵏⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⵢⵓⵎ  ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

 ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ 
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⴳⵕⴰⵎ. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (99%) ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⵎⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵜⵉⵜ Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH).

ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵓⵎⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (Ca²⁺) ⵙ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵕⵓⵟⵉⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵓⵎⵉⵏ. ⵉⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵉⵎⵏ.

 ⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ 

ⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ. ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⵜⵏ (ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ, ⵢⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵍⵜ), ⵉⵛⴰⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⵣⵎⵎⵓ, ⴰⴱⵕⵓⴽⵓⵍⵉ), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵛⵓⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵥⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ.

ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵜⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵏⵓⵙ. ⵉ ⵉⵎⵜⵔⵓⴳⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵜⵔⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ 1000 ⴷ 1200 ⵎⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ. ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ, ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ 1300 ⵎⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 50 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵜⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵔⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ.

 ⵜⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ 
 ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ 
ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ", ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢⵏ. ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ, ⵉⴽⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴽⵙⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵡⵣⵡⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ, ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵔⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ.

 ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ 
ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ", ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴹ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕ. ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵥⴰⴹ, ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵕⵎⵎⵓⵢ. ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵢ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

 ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ 
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ.
 ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (CaCO₃): ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⴽⵏⴽⵉⵍ, ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
 ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (CaO): ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⴽⵏⴽⵉⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ". ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ.
 ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (Ca(OH)₂): ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⴽⵏⴽⵉⵍ ⵉⵅⵙⵉⵏ", ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ CaO. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴰⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ.
 ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴼⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (CaSO₄): ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⴱⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ.

 ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ 
ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ "ⴰⴽⵏⴽⵉⵍ" (CaO) ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1808. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ ⵀⴰⵎⴼⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴽⵉⵍ (CaO) ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ (HgO). ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (calcium) ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ "calx", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ "ⴰⴽⵏⴽⵉⵍ".

 ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ 
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (CaCl₂) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ. ⵜⵎⵔⴰ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ CaCl₂ ⵜⵓⵍⵉ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵔⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵕⴰⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵢⵓⵎ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ