ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔ

ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ, ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵇⵇⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵡⴳⴳⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵉⴼ ⴽⵉⴼ.
ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ:
ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ, ⵍⵇⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵡⵇⵇⵔⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ.
ⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ
ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔ
ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ  ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ : ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ...
ⵉⴱⴹⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴳⴳⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ.
ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⵉⵎⴰ .
ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ  , ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ . ⴷ ⵉⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ  ,ⴽⵓ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴱⴹⵉ  ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵇⵇⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ  ⵓⴹⴽⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ .ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ , ⵉⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ, ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵇⵓⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⵊⴰ ,ⵉⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⴰⵏ. 
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵛⵔⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ/ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵥⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵜhttps://web.archive.org/web/20240901110859/https://journalaswat.com/2021/03/24/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86/.

ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵣⵔⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⵜ ,ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵏⴼⵓⵍ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ  , ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ .ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ,ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵉ,ⴰⴽⴰⵎ ⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ.

ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ,ⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⴱⵄⵉⵏ  ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ , ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ  ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ  ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵀⵢⵢⵓⴼ.
ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔ
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵙhttps://books.google.co.ma/books?id=g1_5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A&hl=fr&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfwZu0rKCOAxUtgf0HHWpwBCgQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A&f=false:

 ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ.
 ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵔⵎ.
 ⴰⵡⵇⵇⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ.

ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ:

 ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ.
 ⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⵣⵎⵉⵎ.
 ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)