ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ

ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵙⵓⵙ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: المختار السوسي) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ, ⴷ ⵜⵚⵡⵡⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ. 
ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1900 ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ "ⵉⵍⵉⵖ" ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵣⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵚⵡⵡⴰⴼⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ (ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵓ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ" ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵕⵇⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵕⵇⵢⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⵙⵙⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵍⵇⵕⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵓⵖ ⵙⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1914 ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ ⵍⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1918 ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1924 ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵕⴰⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1928.
ⵜⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ
ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ (ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ 07 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1955 ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⴱⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ 29 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1956 ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵊ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ), ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ 14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1960 ⴷ ⴰⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ.
ⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵢ
ⵉⵍⵜⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⵍⵓⵖⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937 ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ 1945, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1952 ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵜ, ⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1954, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙⴳ 1960 ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵉⴳⵏ.
ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
 ⵍⵎⵄⵙⵓⵍ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ 8 ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ, ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ, ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴷ ⴳⵔ 1960 ⴷ 1963.
 ⴳ ⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⴰ: ⵉⴳⴰ 4 ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⵜⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ.
 ⵉⵍⵖⵉⵢⴰⵜ: ⵉⴳⴰ 3 ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴽⵜⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ.
 ⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ: ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵄⵙⵓⵍ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ.
 ⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 11 ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ.
 ⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ: ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵏⵣⵔⵉⴼ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ.
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 17 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1963 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ