ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵜ

ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ, (ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ: ⵉⴳⵉⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ: ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⵓⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: ⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵜ: ⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⵢⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ. ⵇⵇⵏⴻⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ Gétulesⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵓⵙ, Lew; ⴱⵔⴰⵓⵏ, Rubert; Pory, John: Amezruy ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵀⵎ ⵏ Tefriqt: ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳⵙ. ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ Cambridge, 2010,  .. ⵛⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ Voilés, ⵍⵎⵜⵓⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ..

ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵕⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⴰ[Léopold ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⴰⵔⴷ: ⵔⴱⵄⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ: ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⴰⵔⴷ (ⴰⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵏⵜ, Léopold Victor), ⵔⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⵔⵓⵔ, ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵛⵀⵏ, 2007, ⵙ.62]..

ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵜⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵊⵀⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ, ⵏⵖ ⵎⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵛ, ⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⵏⴰⵏⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉⵟⴰⵏ, ⴷⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵔⴳⵔⴳ (Sala, ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ).

ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ
ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵃⵔⵣⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵜⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⴳⵡⴰ (steppes) ⴷⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ..

ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ (ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ) ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⵉⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ. ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⵏⵉⴳ. ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵄⵉⵙⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⵉⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ “ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰ”..

ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴳⵣⵓⵍ", ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ​​ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍⵏ, "ⴳⵣⵓⵍ", ⵉⴼⴼⵖⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵀⴰⵔⵜ/ⵜⵉⵀⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙ: ⵊⴱⵍ ⴳⵣⵓⵍ2004, 90, 92, (ⴰⴹⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⵉⵔ) / 38 (ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ).

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ) ⵉⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⴰ / ⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⴰ:

 ⵖⴼ ⵍⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵏ V. Wycichl, ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ “Gaetulus” ⴰⴷ ⴷⵢⴽⴽ ⵙⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔ ⴰⵢⴷⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⵜⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ Gudâla ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ..
 ⵛⵀⵔⵉⴳⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰⵢⴷ ⴰⵇⵔⵔⴱ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵔ Gétule ⴷ Guedalla, Gueddala ⴷ Aguellid (ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⵍⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ), “ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ” ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⴱⵔⵜ« ⴱⵓⵓⴳⵣⵓⵍ ⵉ ⴷⵜⵏⵏⵉⴹ? | ⵍ Watan", ⴷⴳ ⵓⵡⵡ.ⵍⵡⴰⵜⴰⵏ.com (ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⵙⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 27 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2020),.
 ⵏⴰⵉⵜ ⵣⵔⵔⴰⴷ, ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ-ⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ (1998), ⵉⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⵣⴼ ⴰⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵔ ⴳⵣⵍ (ⵛⵍⵓⵀ, ⵎⵓⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ ⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉ, ⴰⵜⴳ.) ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰ: “ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍ, ⴳⵣⵓⵍ, ⴳⵣⵍ, ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ”, ⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ “ⴰⵇⵛⵉⵛ, ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵇⵛⵉⵛ, ⵙ ⵍⵇⴷⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ.” ⵖⵔ ⵛⴰⴽⵔ, ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽⵉⵙ "ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ <ⵉⴳⵣⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍ, ⵉⵡⵣⵉⵍ>" ⵉ ⴷⵢⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵥⴰⵔ ⴳⵣⵍ.
 ⴳⵓⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵥⴰⵔ ⴳⵣⵍ, “ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵔ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵉⴼ” ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⵜ (foucauld, 1920, 1. 1, ⵙⴹ. 350),.
 ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴰⴳⵣⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵣⵓⵍ, “ⴰ” ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⴷⵢⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴷⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⴷⵎ ⵙ ⴽⵙ: “ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⴹ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵇⴱⵔⵜ” ⴷ ⵓⵍⵍⵉ: “ⵉⵖⴰⴹⵏ, ⵍⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.» ⴽⵙⴳⵣ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⵉⵡⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵍⵉⵓⵍ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵖⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵓⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ “ⵉ” ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ “ⵍⵍ”; ⴽⵙⴳⵣ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⵉⵡⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵏ “ⵓ”; ⵓⵍⵍⵉⵓⵍ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ Antiatlas. ⴰⴷ ⴷⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴳⵣⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵏⵔⵏⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵜ. ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏⵏⵉ : “ⵉⵇⴷⴷⴰⵛⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ.»ⴼⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⴱⵏⵔⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ, “ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ Seg ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⵍⴽⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ”, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵓⵟⵓⵏ 4344, ⵛⵜⵎⴱⵔⵟⵓⴱⵔ 2000 (ⵖⵔ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵏⵜⵔⵏⵜ).
 ⴰⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍ, ⴰⵙⴳⵜ Iguzulen, ⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷⴳ Souss, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⴷⵎ ⵙ ⴰⴳ, “ⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ...”, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵔⵏⵉ, ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ; ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵓ ⴷⴳ Souss, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ: ⵉⵖⵔⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵉⵅⵓⵚⵚⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵥⴳⵡⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵍⵉⵃ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴱⵖⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴹⴳⴳⵔⵏⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵇⴱⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⵍⵇⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⴰⵙ. « Isoulal ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵇⴱⴰⵍⵏ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ, ⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵄⵉⵡⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴳⵡⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴹⴼⵔⵏⵜ ⵍⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴳⵡⴰ, ⴷⵖⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜⴵⴵ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵙⴼⵀⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴳⵡⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⵉⵎⵉ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵇ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴳ ⵜⵜⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵥⴳⵡⴰ.". ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴳ + ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵖⵛⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ “ⵉ” ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ “ⵓ”, ⵍⵃⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵃⵜⵜⵉⵎ. ⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵜⵜⴰⴽⵏ ⵙⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵙⵓⵍⴰⵍⴰⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⴰⵍ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ “ⵙ”, ⴰⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵔ ⵏ “ⴰⵍ” ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ..

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⴱⴱⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵇⵔⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ 11. ⴰⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ (ⵙⴰⵃⵔⴰ).

ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⴷ
ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⵡⵉⵜ: ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ. ⴷⴳ ⵍⵇⵔⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ 11 ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ 12, ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵍⵃⵇⵇ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ, ⴰⵢ ⴷⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵎⴰⵅⵣⵏⵙⵏ.. ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⴷ. ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵓⴷⴷⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷⵢⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵣⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴳⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵄⵙⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⴷ. ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵇⴷⵛⵎ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ Fes ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜⴰ.

ⵖⴼ ⵍⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⵜⵀⵉⵔ, ⵎⵓⵀⴰⵎⴷ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵍⴷⵊⵣⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵙⵉⵜ (ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴰⵏⵛ) ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ. ⵎⵉ ⴷⵢⵙⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⴹⴱⴱⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜⴰ, ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵉ. ⵉⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵢⵙⵙⵎ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⴹ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵀⵎⵏⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵡⴹ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵓⵙⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴵⴵⴰⵜ ⵓⵃⴷⵙ.ⵎⴰⵔⵉ-ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵜⵡⴰ, ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ: ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵍⴰⵚⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵣⵣⵣⵉⵍ ⵏ 29 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1960, ⴽⵓⵔⵙⵉⵍⵍⵙ, 2008 (ISBN 978-2-916569-30-7, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⵔⵏⵜ).

ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⴷ, ⵄⵍⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵢⵓⵎⵕ ⵉ ⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵢⵉⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵀⴰⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⴷⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵣⵓⵍⴰ. ⵔⵔⴱⵃ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵟⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴹⴱⴱⵔⵏⵙⵏ ⵔⵡⵍⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵢⴷⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵜⵜⵇⴰⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⵙⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵎⵓⵃⴰⴷⵏⴰⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ Tezrawin ⵏ Getti, 13321406 (1852). ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ. ⵍⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ: ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴱⴰⴹ.,ⴼⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ), ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⴰⵔⴷ (ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵏⵜ, Léopold (1933) (ⵉⵏ ⴼⵔ)..

ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵀⴰⴷ

ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
ⵖⴼ ⵍⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ, ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ, ⴷⴳ ⵍⵇⵔⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⵙⵄⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵎⵟⵓⵏⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ, ⵙⴰⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵄⵇⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⴷⵀⵓⵡⵓ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ..

ⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ

 ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ
 ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ
 ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵍⵊⵉⵣⵓⵍⵉ
 ⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⵍⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ
 ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵍⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ
 ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴱⵓ ⴷⵎⵉⴰ
 ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴰⵃⵎⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ
 ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⴰⵛⵉⵎ ⴱⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖⵉ
 ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵛⵉⵎ
 ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵃⴷⴷⵓ
 ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵍⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ
 ⵄⴱⴷⴰⵍ ⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵍⵊⵣⵣⴰⵕⴰ

ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ

 ⵊⴱⵍ ⴳⵣⵓⵍ
 ⴱⵓⴳⵣⵓⵍ
 ⵙⴱⵜ ⴳⵣⵓⵍⴰ
 ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⴷ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ,13321406 ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵜⵜⵢ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵛⴳⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴱⵔⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵍⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ: ⵜⴰⵥⵔⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴱⴰⴹ, 1852
 ⴰⵍⵛⴰⵍⴰ de ⵍⵓⵙ ⴳⴰⵣⵓⵍⵙ (ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ)

ⵜⵉⴳⵏⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵛⵓⵀⴰ