ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵣⴰⵀⵓⵔ

ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵣⴰⵀⵓⵔ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: الحسن زهور) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⵖⵍ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1958 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵄⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1983. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1994, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  ‘’ⵎⵓⵣⵢⴰ’’, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵕⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴳⵓⴳⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ.ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵣⴰⵀⵓⵔ, ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ. ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵍⵡⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵜⴱⴰⵖⴰ. ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2022. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴳ 20 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023.

ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵣⴰⵀⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛ  ⵉⴱⴷⴷ  ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵛⴽ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ (ⵉⴷ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ)  ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ  ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵛⴽ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵥⵕⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵍⴰⵛⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼ ⴽⵓ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵣⴰⵀⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ, ⵓⵢⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵢⵍ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵙⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵃⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵊⵊⴰⵡⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⴽⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵣⴰⵀⵓⵔ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ.

ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ  ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⴰⵃⵙⵏ ⵣⴰⵓⵔ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴼⵉ ⴽⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴽⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ. ⴰⵣⴰⵖⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵜⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵔⵜⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵣⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ.

ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ‘’ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ’’ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008, ⵣⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⴳ ⵙⴰⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵖⴰⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⴼ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⵓⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⵡⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⴰⵃⵙⵏ ⵣⴰⵀⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⴼⵜⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ, ⵄⴰⵢⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏⴰ, ⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ. ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵖⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵣⴰⵀⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵉⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ:
 ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵣⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1994, ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ.
 ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008, ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ.
 ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009, ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ.
 ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2010, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
 ⴰⵕⵚⵎⵉⴹ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴳⵓⴳⵓⵍ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012.
 ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵍⵉⴹ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014, ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ, ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ, ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ.
 ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴷⵉ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016, ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
 ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⴽⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽⵉ 2018, ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ.
 ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵢⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ, 2018, ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
 ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⴼⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ, 2020, ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
 ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ: ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ, 2021, ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵉⴳⵏ:

 ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ: ''ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ’’ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, 2013.
 ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ‘’ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ’’ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, 2014.
 ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ‘’ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍ’’, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, 2014.
 ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ‘’ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ: ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ’’ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, 2016.
 ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ  ‘’ⵉⵎⵔⵉⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ’’ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ.
 ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵕⵕⴰⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉⵢⵜ).
 ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ.

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