ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ

+ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜthumbⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ
 ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ
 ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵣⵡⵉⵜⵖⵔⵙ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏclimate zone (en)
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵣⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ: ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵀⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ. ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ 1948, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵚⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ. ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴳⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴹⵓⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⴳⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⴰⵎⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ

ⵢⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ "climate" (ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ) ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜ "klima" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⴰⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖ", ⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ.http://glossary.ametsoc.org/glossary/search?id=climate1 ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ (ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ), ⴰⵎ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵡⵉⵢⴰⴹ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ:

ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ
ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵄⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ.

ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴳⵉⵔⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵔⵅⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴳⵉⵔⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ.https://books.google.com/books?id=nqQXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA50 ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ; ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵎ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ c ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖⵉⵏ). ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵎ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ m ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜⵉⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖⵉⵏ). ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵎ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵜ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ T ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ P ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ A ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⴰⵏⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ M ⴰⴹⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ E ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴷ D ⴰⴹⵓ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ (ⴰⴹⵓ ⵢⵓⵣⵖⵏ). ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵎⵎⴹⴰⵕⵓ. ⵎⵛ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵜ ⵜⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ k. ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⵛ ⵜⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ w.http://glossary.ametsoc.org/glossary/search?id=airmass-classification1

ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴱⵏ

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴱⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵖⵏⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴱⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ A ⴰⵔ E.

ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ A: ⴰⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔ, B: ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖ, C: ⴰⵎⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, D: ⴰⵚⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, E: ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴹ. ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖ ⴰⵣⵓⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵣⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴹ.

 ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵕ: ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ 1,750 ⵎⵍⵎ ⴷ 2,000 ⵎⵍⵎ. ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ 18° ⴳ ⵇⴰⵃ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/rainforest/rainfrst.html
 ⴰⴹⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ: ⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵉⵎⴰ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ.http://glossary.ametsoc.org/glossary/search?p=1&query=monsoon ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵇⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵢⴰ.http://caos.iisc.ernet.in/faculty/bng/IWM-III-BNG_overview.pdf
 ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴹ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵣⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵓⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵔ 18° ⵇⴰⵃ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵯⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ 750 ⵎⵍⵎ ⴷ 1270 ⵎⵍⵎ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵍⵉⵣⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ.http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/savanna/savanna.html

 ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵣⵓⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷⴼⵍ ⴷⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵊⴰⴳⴳⵯⵊⵏ ⵉⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔⵏ.https://www.britannica.com:443/eb/article-53358/climate
 ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖ: ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ 10 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ -3 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ.http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html
 ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵡⴰⵏ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵇⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵇⴰⵃ.
 ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ: ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵛⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵍⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵉⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵣⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵚⵎⵎⴹⵏ.
 ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰⵖ: ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵣⵖⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵙ 40° ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ 40° ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ.https://web.archive.org/web/20080422233231/http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe_climate_page.htm
 ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵣⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⴹ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ 10° ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.https://web.archive.org/web/20080525080242/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/subarctic.html
 ⵜⵓⵏⴷⵔⴰ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴳⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ.http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html
 ⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴹ: ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴹ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵎⵎⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ.

ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜⵓⵢⵜ

ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵡⵉ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜⵓⵢⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⴳⴳⵜ.http://glossary.ametsoc.org/glossary/search?p=1&query=Thornthwaite&submit=Search ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ.

ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ