ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ

ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵙ . ⵜⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ . ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ  (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 80%).
ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵔⵓⴱⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ .
 ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ" ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⴷ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ:
 Sterculia apetala (ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ): ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ Sterculia apetala, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ "ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ". ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ 371 ⴳ 26 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ, 1969.
 "ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ": ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ" ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ  ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵣⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ.
 "ⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰⴱⴰ" ⵙ : ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ "ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ" ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵙⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵏⴰⵜ "ⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰⴱⴰ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ "ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ" ⵏⵖ "ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ".

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ "ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ (ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵢⵓⵍⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵄⴰⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ "ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ". ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⴷ, ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵏ, ⴳ 1515, ⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵜⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵢⵓⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴱⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⴼⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵖ 1519.

 ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ 
ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ , ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ 1980. ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵅⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⴷⵉⵍ ⵟⵓⵕⵓⵚ ⵢⴰⵏ  ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏⵜⵉ. ⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 350 ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⴰⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 160 ⴽⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ.
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panama_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png|thumb|Population pyramid, 2020

 ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ 
 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ 
ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵄⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ.
ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⴳⵓⵍⵓⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉⵢⵏ. ⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⵉⵍⵍⵓ, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2500-1700 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ).
ⴱⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵜⵍⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⴽⵉ (500-900 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ), ⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ.
ⴷⴷⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴱⵛⴰⵏ, ⴽⵓⴽⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵡⵉⴼⴰ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵡⴹⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⴹⴽⴽⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴳⵔ 200,000 ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ. 
ⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⵉⵡⵜ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵏⵊⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ.

 ⴰⵍⴽⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵓⵢⵏⵏ (1501-1821) 

ⵕⵓⴷⵔⵉⴳⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵙⵜⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ 1501, ⵢⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ.
ⴳ 1513, ⵉⵣⵣⴳⵔ ⴼⴰⵙⴽⵓ ⵏⵓⵏⵉⵣ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵍⴱⵡⴰ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ.
ⴳ 1519, ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴱⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⴼⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ. ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵥⵔⴼ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵖⵔ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ.
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⴰⴹ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵓ, ⵜⴳ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ (ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ).
ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵣⴳⵉⵣ ⵜⵜⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵇⵕⵚⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵔⵡⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ. ⴳ 1671, ⵉⴽⵎⴹ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ.
ⵓⵔⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ" ⵏ ⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵖ 1698, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ.
ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ 17, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⴷⵓⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ.

 ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ 

ⵖ 1821, ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵚ ⵚⴰⵏⵟⵓⵚ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ  ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ. ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ.
ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ "ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵎⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ" (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ). ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ.
ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵜⵓⵍⵙ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ (1855) ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ 1886 ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ.
ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 80 ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19. ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ (1899-1902) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.

 ⴰⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ (1903-1968) 

ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⵏⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ, ⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 3 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ, 1903, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵃⵚⵔⵏ ⵉⵄⵚⴽⵕⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ. ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵉ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵢ-ⴱⵓⵏⴰⵡ-ⴼⴰⵔⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ. ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴹⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ.
ⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ 1914, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.
ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴽⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵣⴳ 1903 ⴰⵔ 1968, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ.
ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ 1960, ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉ. ⴳ 1964, ⵊⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵔⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⵕⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ 20 ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⵜⵏ, ⵉⵙⵅⵙⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉ (1968-1989) 
ⴳ 1968, ⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼⵏ  ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵔⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⵙ. ⵖⴰⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵅⵓⵙ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ. ⵉⵙⵔⴽ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ, ⵉⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵇⵓⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ.
ⴳ 1977, ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵅⵓⵙ ⵜⵢⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵊⵓⵙ-ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵎ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴽ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵎⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎ ⵙⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2000.
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵅⵓⵙ ⴳ 1981 ⴳ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⵏⵓⵔⵉⴳⴰ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⵀⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⴰⵙⵙⵔⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵀⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴳ 1989, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵔ ⵏⵓⵔⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵏⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴳⵓⵢⵉⵔⵎⵓ ⵉⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⴹ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ (1989-2000) 
ⴳ 20 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ, 1989, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ "ⵜⴰⵎⵀⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜ ⴽⵓⵥ (Just Cause)" ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵉⴳⴰ.
ⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴽⵉⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵣⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏⵓⵔⵉⴳⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵀⴷⵓⵜⵏ.
ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵓⵢⵉⵔⵎⵓ ⵉⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.
ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ 1990, ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴱⵏⵏⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵇⵓⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ.
ⴳ 31 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ, 1999, ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵊⵓⵙ-ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ (2000-ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰ) 
ⴳ 1999, ⵜⵓⵍⵉ ⵎⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ.
ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵟⵓⵕⵉⵅⵓⵙ, ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵅⵓⵙ, ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2004, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵢ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ.
ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵔⵉⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏⵉⵍⵍⵉ (2009-2014) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⵀⴰⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.
ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⵙ ⴼⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰ (2014-2019) ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵛⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵇⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ.
ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓ ⴽⵓⵔⵜⵉⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⴳ 2019, ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ.
ⴳ 2024, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵔⴰⵡⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵍⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ 2022-2023, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵍⴽⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19.

 ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ 
ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵜⴳ  ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ: ,  ⴷ .  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ  ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 71 ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ  ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⴰⵏ.  ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵣⵔⴼ. ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵀⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.

ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵓ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ  ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⵥ ⴰⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵏ. ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ ⵉⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ. 

 ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ 
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ  ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ  (comarcas). ⴱⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ  (corregimientos). ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵢⵉⵏ—Guna Yala, Ngäbe-Buglé, Emberá-Wounaan, Madugandí, ⴷ Wargandí— ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵢⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵏⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ. ⵉⵣⵔⵓ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ 2015, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ.
 ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ 
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ  ⴳ 1972, ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵡⵉⵏ 1983 ⴷ 2004 ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ: ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵣⵔⴼ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ 71 ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵢⵢⵉⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⴳⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.

ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵣⵔⴼ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴰ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⴹⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵣⵔⴼ.

ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⵚⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ.
ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ
ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 70%. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ.  

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⴽ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⵣⴳⴰⵎⵏ. ⵉⴽⴰⵛⴰⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ. ⵙⵓⵉⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ  ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ.

ⵜⵎⴹⴰⵕⴰ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ  ⴳ 1989. ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ, ⵙⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ.
 ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ 
ⴷⴰ ⵜⵀⵟⵟⵓ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵕⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ  (OAS), ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ (UN) ⴷ  (SICA).

ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵕⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵟⵓⵕⵉⵅⵓⵙ-ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵔ.

ⴰⵥⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵢⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵣⵉⵜ. ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵀⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵏ.

ⵜⵓⴽⵣ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ (ⵜⴰⵢⵡⴰⵏ) ⴰⵔ 2017, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⴽⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ. ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵓⵊⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ

ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ  ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ, ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ, ⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ. ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⴰ ⵏ  ⴳ 1990, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⵏⵓⵔⵉⴳⴰ.

ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ , ,  ⴷ  ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵢⵉⵏ.

ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵎⵀⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ.
ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ
ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴹⵎⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ, ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ. 

ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓ  ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⵉⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ  ⴷ  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.

ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ, ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴹⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ

 ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵉⵖⵓⵔⴰⴼⵜ 

ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ 4,337,768 ⴳ 2022. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔⵏ 15 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ 2010 ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 29%. 64.5% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ 15 ⴷ 65, ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ 6.6% ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 65 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ-ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ 75%, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ.

 ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ 
ⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ.
ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ1ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ430,2992ⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⵉⴳⵉⵍⵉⵟⵓⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ315,0193ⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⵔⵉⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ127,4404ⵜⵓⴽⵓⵎⵉⵏⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉ118,5215ⴼⴰⴽⵓⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ113,1746ⴰⵔⴰⵢⵅⴰⵏⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ103,9607ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉ96,6768ⵍⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⵎⴱⵔⵉⵙⵛⵉⵔⵉⴽⵉ81,9579ⴼⵉⵙⵜⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉ55,11410ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵢⴰⴳⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴼⵉⵔⴳⴰⵙⴼⵉⵔⴰⴳⵡⴰⵙ51,236
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panama-demography.png|thumb|Panama's population, 1961–2003
 ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵜⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ 
ⴳ 2010, 65% ⵣⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⵉⵣⵓⵜⵏ (ⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵚⵉⵢⵏ), 12.3 ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ, 9.2 ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ (ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ), 6.8% ⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵜⵓⵜⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ 6.7 ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵏⵙⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵜⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ: ⵏⴳⴰⴱⵉ, ⴳⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰ, ⴱⵓⵍⴳⵉ, ⵡⵓⵏⴰⵏ, ⵏⴰⵙⵄ ⵜⵊⵉⵔⴷⵉ (ⵜⵉⵔⵉⴱⵉ) ⴷ ⴱⵔⵉ ⴱⵔⵉ.

 ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ 
ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 93% ⵣⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ. ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ. ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 14% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⴰⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⴳⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400,000 ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵔⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ 4% ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ 1% ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵉⵢⵓⵍ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴳⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⵉⵢⵓⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵏⵖⵓⴱⴰ ⴷⵖⵉ.

 ⴰⵙⴳⴷ 
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ 2015, ⵉⴹⴽⴹ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ 63.2% ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⵏⵖ 2,549,150 ⴷⴰ ⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ 25% ⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵊⵉⵍⵏ, ⵏⵖ 1,009,740.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵀⴰⵢⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵏⵖ 60,000, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ 10% ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⴼⵔ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵡⴰⵢⵎⵉ.

 ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ 1.4% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵏⴰ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵜⵔ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵙ 0.6%. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ, ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵀⵏⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵢⵓⵔⴳⵓⵏ (ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵜⴰ (ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵏⴳⴰⴱⵉ). ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵙⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ.

 ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ 
ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 16, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ. ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ 1903. ⵉⵥⵎⵎⴰⵥⵥⵍⵏ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⴱⴱⴰⵜ, ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, "ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ, ⵏⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵅⵉⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵅⵅ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ." ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.Kluck, Patricia (December 1987). Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty (ed.). Panama: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Education. 

ⴳ 2010, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ 94.1% ⵣⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⵏ, (94.7 ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ 93.5 ⴳⵔ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ). ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ 6 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ 15. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵔⵓ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⵏⵉⵖⵕⴹ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵔ 2018. 

 ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ 
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ  ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ 2.7% ⴳ 2012. G , ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 60 ⴳ 2015. ⴳⵔ 2006 ⴷ 2008, GDP ⵜⴳⵎ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 10% ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ.

 ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ, ⵉⴽⴽⵙ  ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ.Sullivan M. P. 2011 February 2. Panama: Politics and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service.  ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ , ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ. ⴰⵥⵍⴰⴹ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ $5.5 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⵣⵖ 15.4% ⴳ 2015 ⴰⵔ 14.1% ⴳ 2017.

ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⴽⴽⵓ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⴹ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵍⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵇⴱⵍⵏ ⴳ 22 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕⵏ, 2006. ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ $5.25 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴷⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ 1999, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ 85 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.

ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵏⵛ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴼⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⴷⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.Oancea, Dan (January 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516031334/http://magazine.mining.com/Issues/0901/MiningCentralAmerica.pdf
 Mining in Central America]. Magazine.mining.com, pp. 10–12. ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵓⵊⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ.

 ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ 

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⴷⵖⵉ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ  ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ  ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ.  Banking employs over 24,000 people and contributes about 9 percent of GDP.

ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉ, ⵢⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵢⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵣⵍ 3.  ⴷⴰ ⵜⵚⵚⵉⴼⵉⴹ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵀⵓⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵙⵉⵏⴳⴰⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ. ⵎⵏⵛⵜ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ , ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ FAF ⴳ 2016, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ 2018.  ⵜⵙⵓⵍ IMF ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.
 ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ 
 ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ Copa Airlines. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 20 ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵀ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴰⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏ.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⴱⵔⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵣⴳ ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 150 ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵓⴱⵉⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ "diablo rojos" (ⵉⵟⵓⴱⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ; ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢ 2022, ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵉⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⴽⵉ ⵏ  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵍⵍⵡⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ.

 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ 
ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵕⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴼⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴼⵏ. ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵜ.   
ⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ ⵙ 23% ⴳ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ 2008. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵣⴳ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⴳ 2012, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ $4.585 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 11% ⵏ GNP ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ 2.2 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵔⵣⴰⴼ.
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵣⴰⴱⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴱⵉⵍⵉ-ⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵣⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ 80 (2012) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⵛⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵕⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵉ 15 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.Juan José Espino Sagel. Panama enacts new Tourism Law: Law 80 of 2012. pardinilaw.com

 ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ 
 ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵇⵇⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵍⵡⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⵉⴳⵯⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵍⵡⴰ ⵣⴳ 1903. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎ, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⵇ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴰⴱⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ  ⵜⵣⴷⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏ  ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵜ 2.0% ⴳ 2006. ⵉⵅⵍⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵍⵡⴰ  ⴳ 1904 ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵔⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵇⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵍⵡⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ, ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ". ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵇⵏ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵊⵊⵓⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ; ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵇⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ.
ⴳ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 2022, ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ  ⴷ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⴳⵉ  ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵏ 2023. 

 ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ 
ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ , ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ . ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏ  ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 92% ⵏ ⵜⵏⵚⵉⴼⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ 64% ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. 
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ  (BIT) ⴳ 1982 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵎ. ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ (BIT) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ ⴳ 2007  (TPA), ⵙⵙⵉⵖⵥⵉⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ 2011, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⴳ 21 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ, 2013. ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵜⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏ, ⵜⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.
 ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ 
ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ. , ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⴽⴰⵣ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ.

ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ , , haitiano (compas), ⴷⵊⴰⵣ, ⴱⵍⵓⵣ, , ⵔⵉⴳⴳⴰⵢ, ⴷ .

ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ
ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵎⴰⵙ El desfile de Navidad ⴳ 25 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ **Floats** ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵍⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ Pollera, ⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ montuno. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⵡⵉⵍ..

ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ
ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 1535, ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19 ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢ ⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴹⵉ
ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴽⴰⵣ. ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵢ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ, ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵥⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⵏ. 

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴰ ⵙ Molas ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ "reverse appliqué". ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴰ.
 ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ