ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ

ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴹ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: أحمد عصيد, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Ahmed Assid) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ."Ahmed Assid, un militante de los ‘hombres libres’ del Magreb", El Pais, 9 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2013Zahiri, Ahmed. "Ahmed Assid…a Free Thinker in a Country Controlled by Dogmatic Ideology", Amazigh World News, 21 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2016.. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1984, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1979, ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ. 

ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ, ⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ. ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ. ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ.

ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1961. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵏⵉⵟⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1965 ⴰⵔ 1980, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵏⵉⵟⵔⴰ ⵜⴼⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988.

 ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ 
ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ: 

 ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ 2002-2006
 ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ 1996-2002
 ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ 1996-1998
 ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 1999-2001.
 ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⴳⴳⴰ.
 ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ "ⴰⵏⵓⴳⴳⴰ" ⴷ "ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ" ⴷ "ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ" ⴷ "ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ". 

ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ 2014-2017, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵓⵜⵢⵓⴱ ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵓ  ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ
ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ:
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ-ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, 1998.
ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ  ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, 2002.
ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, 2009.

ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, 2010.
ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ "ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20", 2012.
ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, 2015.
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, 2017.

 ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ 
ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ:

 ⴰⵏⵄⵉⴱⴰⵕ, 1996

 ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ 
ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ:

ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, 2009.
ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, 2010.
ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, 2011.
ⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵙⵏⴰ 1995-1996.
ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ 1999.
ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ 1999.
ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ 2002.

 ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ 
ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ:

 ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵉⵔ, 1999.
 ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴳⵎⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵉ, 2005
 ⵉⵣⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵛⵛⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵢⵓⵍⵜ, 2005

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵕⴰⵅⴰ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ