Nobel sengleixhag hoh ywhag ciengj

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YearLaureate Country Rationale190175pxEmil Adolf von BehringDwzgoz"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"190275pxSir Ronald RossUnited Kingdom"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"190375pxNiels Ryberg FinsenDanhmai(Faroe Islands)"[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"190475pxIvan Petrovich PavlovNgozlozswh"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"190575pxRobert KochDwzgoz"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"190675pxCamillo GolgiEiqdaihleih"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"75px Santiago Ramón y CajalSihbanhyaz190775pxCharles Louis Alphonse LaveranFazgoz"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"190875pxIlya Ilyich MechnikovNgozlozswh"in recognition of their work on immunity"Paul EhrlichDwzgoz190975pxEmil Theodor KocherNyeiqswq"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"191075pxAlbrecht KosselDwzgoz"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"191175pxAllvar GullstrandNyeiqdenj"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"191275pxAlexis CarrelFazgoz "[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"191375pxCharles RichetFazgoz"[for] his work on anaphylaxis"191475pxRobert BárányAudeihleih"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"1915Not awarded191619171918191975pxJules BordetBijliswz"for his discoveries relating to immunity"192075pxSchack August Steenberg KroghDanhmai"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"1921Not awarded192275pxArchibald Vivian HillUnited Kingdom"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"75pxOtto Fritz MeyerhofDwzgoz"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"192375pxFrederick Grant BantingGyahnazda"for the discovery of insulin"75pxJohn James Rickard MacleodGyahnazda192475pxWillem Einthoven"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"1925Not awarded192675pxJohannes Andreas Grib FibigerDanhmai"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"192775pxJulius Wagner-JaureggAudeihleih"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"192875pxCharles Jules Henri NicolleFazgoz"for his work on typhus"192975pxChristiaan EijkmanThe Netherlands"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"75pxSir Frederick Gowland HopkinsUnited Kingdom"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"193075pxKarl LandsteinerAudeihleih"for his discovery of human blood groups"193175pxOtto Heinrich WarburgDwzgoz"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"193275pxSir Charles Scott SherringtonUnited Kingdom"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"75pxEdgar Douglas AdrianUnited Kingdom193375pxThomas Hunt MorganMeijgoz"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"193475pxGeorge Hoyt WhippleMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"75pxGeorge Richards MinotMeijgoz75pxWilliam Parry MurphyMeijgoz193575pxHans SpemannDwzgoz"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"193675pxSir Henry Hallett DaleUnited Kingdom"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"75pxOtto LoewiAudeihleih193775pxAlbert Szent-Györgyi von NagyrapoltYunghyazleih"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"193875pxCorneille Jean François HeymansBijliswz"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"193975pxGerhard DomagkDwzgoz"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"1940Not awarded19411942194375pxCarl Peter Henrik DamDanhmai"for his discovery of vitamin K"75pxEdward Adelbert DoisyMeijgoz"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"194475pxJoseph ErlangerMeijgoz"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"75pxHerbert Spencer GasserMeijgoz194575pxSir Alexander FlemingUnited Kingdom"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"75pxSir Ernst Boris ChainUnited Kingdom75pxHoward Walter FloreyAudaliya194675pxHermann Joseph MullerMeijgoz"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"194775pxCarl Ferdinand CoriMeijgoz"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"75pxGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz Meijgoz75pxBernardo Alberto HoussayAhgwnhdingz"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"194875pxPaul Hermann MüllerNyeiqswq"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"194975pxWalter Rudolf HessNyeiqswq"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"75pxAntónio Caetano Egas MonizBuzdauzyaz"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"195075pxPhilip Showalter HenchMeijgoz"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"75pxEdward Calvin KendallMeijgoz75pxTadeusz ReichsteinNyeiqswq195175pxMax TheilerUnion of South Africa"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"195275pxSelman Abraham WaksmanMeijgoz"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"195375pxSir Hans Adolf KrebsUnited Kingdom"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"75pxFritz Albert LipmannMeijgoz"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"195475pxJohn Franklin EndersMeijgoz"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"75pxFrederick Chapman RobbinsMeijgoz75pxThomas Huckle WellerMeijgoz195575pxAxel Hugo Theodor TheorellNyeiqdenj"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"1956André Frédéric CournandMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"75pxWerner ForssmannFederal Republic of Germany75pxDickinson W. RichardsMeijgoz195775pxDaniel BovetEiqdaihleih"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"195875pxGeorge Wells BeadleMeijgoz "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"75pxEdward Lawrie TatumMeijgoz75pxJoshua LederbergMeijgoz"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"195975pxArthur KornbergMeijgoz"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"75pxSevero OchoaSihbanhyazMeijgoz196075pxSir Frank Macfarlane BurnetAudaliya"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"75pxSir Peter Brian MedawarUnited Kingdom196175pxGeorg von BékésyMeijgoz"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"196275px Francis Harry Compton CrickUnited Kingdom"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"75pxJames Dewey WatsonMeijgoz75pxMaurice Hugh Frederick WilkinsSaen SaelanzUnited Kingdom1963Sir John Carew EcclesAudaliya"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"75pxSir Alan Lloyd HodgkinUnited Kingdom75pxSir Andrew Fielding HuxleyUnited Kingdom196475pxKonrad BlochMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"Feodor LynenFederal Republic of Germany196575pxFrançois JacobFazgoz"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"75pxAndré LwoffFazgoz75pxJacques MonodFazgoz1966Peyton RousMeijgoz"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"75pxCharles Brenton HugginsMeijgoz"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"196775pxRagnar GranitFinland/Sweden"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"75pxHaldan Keffer HartlineMeijgoz75pxGeorge WaldMeijgoz196875pxRobert W. HolleyMeijgoz"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"75pxHar Gobind KhoranaIndia75pxMarshall W. NirenbergMeijgoz196975pxMax DelbrückMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"75pxAlfred D. HersheyMeijgoz75pxSalvador E. LuriaMeijgoz197075pxJulius AxelrodMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"Ulf von EulerNyeiqdenjSir Bernard KatzUnited Kingdom1971Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.Meijgoz"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"1972Gerald M. EdelmanMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"Rodney R. PorterUnited Kingdom197375pxKarl von FrischFederal Republic of Germany"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"75px|Nikolaas Tinbergen (left), Konrad Lorenz (right)Konrad LorenzAudeihleihNikolaas TinbergenUnited Kingdom1974Albert ClaudeBijliswz"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"Christian de DuveBijliswzGeorge E. PaladeRomania197575pxDavid BaltimoreMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"75pxRenato DulbeccoEiqdaihleihMeijgozHoward Martin TeminMeijgoz1976Baruch S. BlumbergMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"D. Carleton GajdusekMeijgoz1977Roger GuilleminMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"75pxAndrew V. SchallyMeijgozRosalyn YalowMeijgoz"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"197875pxWerner ArberNyeiqswq"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"Daniel NathansMeijgoz75pxHamilton O. SmithMeijgoz1979Allan M. CormackMeijgoz"for the development of computer assisted tomography"Sir Godfrey N. HounsfieldUnited Kingdom1980Baruj BenacerrafVenezuela"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"Jean DaussetFazgozGeorge D. SnellMeijgoz1981Roger W. SperryMeijgoz"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"David H. HubelMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"75pxTorsten N. WieselNyeiqdenj1982Sune K. BergströmNyeiqdenj"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"Bengt I. SamuelssonNyeiqdenjSir John R. VaneUnited Kingdom198375pxBarbara McClintockMeijgoz "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"198475pxNiels K. JerneDanhmai"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"Georges J.F. KöhlerFederal Republic of GermanyCésar MilsteinAhgwnhdingzUnited Kingdom198575pxMichael S. BrownMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"75pxJoseph L. GoldsteinMeijgoz198675pxStanley CohenMeijgoz"for their discoveries of growth factors"75pxRita Levi-MontalciniEiqdaihleihMeijgoz1987Susumu TonegawaNyiedbonj"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"1988Sir James W. BlackUnited Kingdom"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"Gertrude B. ElionMeijgozGeorge H. HitchingsMeijgoz198975pxJ. Michael BishopMeijgoz"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"75pxHarold E. VarmusMeijgoz1990Joseph E. MurrayMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"E. Donnall ThomasMeijgoz199175pxErwin NeherFederal Republic of Germany"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"Bert SakmannFederal Republic of Germany1992Edmond H. FischerNyeiqswqMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"Edwin G. KrebsMeijgoz1993Sir Richard J. RobertsUnited Kingdom"for their discoveries of split genes"Phillip A. SharpMeijgoz1994Alfred G. GilmanMeijgoz"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"Martin RodbellMeijgoz1995Edward B. LewisMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"75pxChristiane Nüsslein-VolhardFederal Republic of Germany75pxEric F. WieschausMeijgoz1996Peter C. DohertyAudaliya"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"Rolf M. ZinkernagelNyeiqswq199775px Stanley B. PrusinerMeijgoz"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"199875pxRobert F. FurchgottMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"75pxLouis J. IgnarroMeijgoz75pxFerid MuradMeijgoz199975pxGünter BlobelMeijgoz"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"200075pxArvid CarlssonNyeiqdenj"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"75pxPaul GreengardMeijgoz75pxEric R. KandelMeijgoz2001Leland H. HartwellMeijgoz"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"75pxSir Tim HuntUnited Kingdom75pxSir Paul M. NurseUnited Kingdom2002Sydney BrennerUnited Kingdom"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"H. Robert HorvitzMeijgoz75pxSir John E. SulstonUnited Kingdom2003Paul LauterburMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"75pxSir Peter MansfieldUnited Kingdom200475pxRichard AxelMeijgoz"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"75pxLinda B. BuckMeijgoz200575pxBarry J. MarshallAudaliya"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"75pxJ. Robin WarrenAudaliya200675pxAndrew Z. FireMeijgoz"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"Craig C. MelloMeijgoz200775pxMario R. CapecchiMeijgoz"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."75pxSir Martin J. EvansUnited Kingdom75pxOliver SmithiesMeijgoz200875pxHarald zur HausenDwzgoz"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"75pxFrançoise Barré-SinoussiFazgoz"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"75pxLuc MontagnierFazgoz200975pxElizabeth H. BlackburnMeijgozAudaliya"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"75pxCarol W. GreiderMeijgoz75pxJack W. SzostakMeijgoz2010Sir Robert G. Edwards United Kingdom"for the development of in vitro fertilization"201175pxBruce A. BeutlerMeijgoz"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"75pxJules A. HoffmannFazgozRalph M. SteinmanGyahnazdaMeijgoz"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously)