Olóṣèlú

Olóṣèlú jẹ ènìyàn tí n ṣiṣẹ́ nínú iṣelu ẹgbẹ́ olóṣèlú, tàbí ènìyàn tí ó ní tàbí tí ó n wá ipò nínú ijọba. Awọn oloselu gbero, ṣe atilẹyin ati ṣẹda awọn ofin tabi awọn ilana imulo ti o ṣe akoso ilẹ ati, nipa itẹsiwaju, awọn eniyan rẹ. Ni fifọ, “oloselu” le jẹ ẹnikẹni ti o nwa lati ṣe aṣeyọri agbara iṣelu ni ile-iṣẹ iṣejọba eyikeyi. 
Awọn oloselu jẹ awọn eniyan ti n ṣiṣẹ ni iṣelu, pataki ni iṣelu ẹgbẹ. Awọn ipo wa lati awọn ọfiisi agbegbe si adari, isofin, ati awọn ọfiisi idajọ ti awọn ijọba ilu ati ti orilẹ-ede.   Diẹ ninu awọn oṣiṣẹ aṣofin ti a yan, gẹgẹ bi awọn Sheriff, ni a ka si oloselu.   

Awọn oloselu mọ fun aroye wọn, gẹgẹbi ninu awọn ọrọ tabi awọn ipolowo ipolowo. Wọn jẹ olokiki paapaa fun lilo awọn akori ti o wọpọ ti o gba wọn laaye lati ṣe idagbasoke awọn ipo oloselu wọn ni awọn ofin ti o mọ si awọn oludibo. Jonathan Charteris-Black, Politicians and rhetoric: The persuasive power of metaphor (Palgrave-MacMillan, 2005) Awọn oloselu ti iwulo di awọn olumulo iwé ti media. Ofer Feldman, Beyond public speech and symbols: Explorations in the rhetoric of politicians and the media (2000). Awọn oloselu ni ọrundun kẹrindilogun ṣe lilo lile ti awọn iwe iroyin, awọn iwe iroyin, ati iwe kekere, ati awọn iwe ifiweranṣẹ. Robert J. Dinkin, Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices (1989) online  Ni ọdun 20, wọn ṣe idapọ sinu redio ati tẹlifisiọnu, ni ṣiṣe awọn ikede awọn tẹlifisiọnu jẹ apakan ti o gbowolori julọ ti ipolongo idibo kan. Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Keith Spillette, The Press Effect: Politicians, Journalists, and the Stories that Shape the Political World (2014) Ni ọrundun 21st, wọn ti ni ilowosi pọ pẹlu awọn media awujọ ti o da lori Intanẹẹti ati awọn fonutologbolori. Nathaniel G. Pearlman, Margin of Victory: How Technologists Help Politicians Win Elections (2012) online  

Agbasọ ọrọ nigbagbogbo ṣe ipa pataki ninu iṣelu, pẹlu awọn agbasọ ọrọ odi nipa alatako kan ni aṣeyọri diẹ sii ju awọn agbasọ ọrọ rere nipa ẹgbẹ tirẹ. David Coast and Jo Fox, "Rumour and Politics" History Compass (2015), 13#5 pp. 222–234. 

 Bureaucracy ati ikogun 
Ni kete ti o dibo, oloselu naa di oṣiṣẹ ijọba kan ati pe o ni lati ṣe pẹlu ilana ibẹwẹ titilai ti awọn ti kii ṣe oloselu. Itan-akọọlẹ, rogbodiyan arekereke ti wa laarin awọn ibi-afẹde gigun ti ẹgbẹ kọọkan. Joel D. Aberbach, Robert D. Putnam, and Bert A. Rockman, eds.,  Bureaucrats and politicians in western democracies (Harvard University Press, 1981) Ni awọn ọna ṣiṣe ti patronage, gẹgẹ bi Amẹrika ati Ilu Kanada ni ọrundun kẹrindilogun, awọn oloselu ti o bori gba rọpo iṣẹ iṣe pẹlu awọn oloselu agbegbe ti o ṣe ipilẹ atilẹyin wọn, “ eto ikogun ”. Atunṣe atunṣe iṣẹ ilu ni ipilẹṣẹ lati yọkuro ibajẹ ti awọn iṣẹ ijọba ti o kopa. David A. Schultz, and Robert Maranto, eds., The politics of civil service reform (1998). Sibẹsibẹ, ni ọpọlọpọ awọn orilẹ-ede ti ko ni idagbasoke, eto ikogun wa ni iṣẹ ni kikun loni. Morris Szeftel, "Political graft and the spoils system in Zambia—the state as a resource in itself." Review of African Political Economy 9.24 (1982): 4–21. 

 Awọn iṣẹ 
Mattozzi ati Merlo jiyan pe awọn ipa ọna akọkọ meji lo wa eyiti eyiti igbagbogbo tẹle nipasẹ awọn oloselu ni ijọba ilu tiwantiwa. Akọkọ, wa awọn oloselu iṣẹ. Wọn jẹ awọn oloselu ti n ṣiṣẹ ni eka iṣelu titi ti ifẹhinti lẹnu iṣẹ. Keji, ni awọn “oloselu ti iṣelu”. Iwọnyi ni awọn oloselu ti o jèrè orukọ fun expertrìr in ni ṣiṣakoso awọn bureaucracies kan, lẹhinna fi iṣelu silẹ fun iṣẹ oore ti o san daradara ni agbegbe aladani lilo awọn olubasọrọ oselu wọn. Andrea Mattozzi and Antonio Merlo, "Political careers or career politicians?." Journal of Public Economics 92#3 (2008): 597–608. 

 Awọn abuda 
Ọpọlọpọ awọn ọjọgbọn ti ṣe iwadi awọn abuda ti awọn oloselu, ṣe afiwe awọn ti o wa ni awọn ipele agbegbe ati ti orilẹ-ede, ati ifiwera awọn ti o ni ilara diẹ sii tabi awọn ti o ni itọju diẹ sii, ati ṣe afiwe aṣeyọri diẹ ati aṣeyọri diẹ ninu awọn ofin ti awọn idibo. Timothy S. Prinz, "The career paths of elected politicians: a review and prospectus." in Shirley Williams and Edward L. Lascher, eds. Ambition and beyond: career paths of American politicians (1993) pp: 11-63. Ni awọn ọdun aipẹ, akiyesi pataki ti dojukọ lori ọna iṣẹ iyasọtọ ti awọn oloselu obinrin. Elina Haavio-Mannila and Torild Skard, eds. Unfinished Democracy: women in Nordic politics (2013) Fun apẹẹrẹ, awọn ẹkọ-ẹrọ wa ti awoṣe “Supermadre” ninu iṣelu Latin America. Elsa M. Chaney, Supermadre: Women in Politics in Latin America (University of Texas Press, 2014). 

Ọpọlọpọ awọn oloselu ni apopọ lati ranti awọn ẹgbẹẹgbẹrun awọn orukọ ati awọn oju ati ranti awọn aiṣedeede ti ara ẹni nipa awọn oludari wọn-o jẹ anfani ninu iṣẹ, dipo bii gigun ẹsẹ meje fun bọọlu inu agbọn. Awọn Alakoso Amẹrika George W. Bush ati Bill Clinton ni olokiki fun iranti wọn.   

 Ibawi 
Ọpọlọpọ awọn ti o ṣofintoto kọlu awọn oloselu nitori pe wọn ko ni ifọwọkan pẹlu ita. Awọn agbegbe ti ija laarin ọna ti eyiti awọn oloselu sọrọ, eyiti o ti ṣe apejuwe bi o ti jẹ aṣeju ati ti o kun fun ọpọlọpọ awọn ọrọ ikigbe ati afiwe ọrọ afiyesi ti a wọpọ si bii igbiyanju lati “ṣe aibikita, ṣiṣan, ati adaru”. Invitation to Critical Thinking - Page 319, Vincent E. Barry - 2007 

Ni aworan olokiki, awọn oloselu ni a ro bi alailoye, amotaraenọ, alainiṣẹ ati ibajẹ, mu owo ni paṣipaarọ fun awọn ẹru tabi awọn iṣẹ, dipo ki o ṣiṣẹ fun rere gbogbogbo. Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston, eds. Political corruption: Concepts and contexts (2011). Awọn oloselu ni ọpọlọpọ awọn orilẹ-ede ni a gba bi “awọn akosemose ti o korira julọ”. Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston, eds. Political corruption: Concepts and contexts (2011). 

 Wo eyi naa 

 Ipolongo oloselu 
 Ẹgbẹ oloselu 

 Awọn itọkasi 

 Siwaju kika 

 Awọn ọna asopọ ita