Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date

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 Àmi ìdánimọ̀ Orúkọ Ìgbà àkọ́kọ́ tí wọ́n lòó Àkọ̀wé tí ó kọ́kọ́ lòó + plus sign ca. 1360 (abbreviation for Latin et resembling the plus sign) Nicole Oresme − minus sign 1489  Johannes Widmann √  radical symbol (for square root) 1525  Christoff Rudolff (…) parentheses (for precedence grouping) 1544 (in handwritten notes) Michael Stifel 1556 Niccolò Tartaglia =  equals sign 1557 Robert Recorde ×  multiplication sign 1618 William Oughtred ±  plus-minus sign 1628 ∷  proportion sign n√
   radical symbol (for nth root) 1629 Albert Girard <
> strict inequality signs (less-than sign and greater-than sign) 1631 Thomas Harriot xy
   superscript notation (for exponentiation) 1636 (using Roman numerals as superscripts) James Hume 1637 (in the modern form) René Descartes √ ̅    radical symbol (for square root) 1637 (with the vinculum above the radicand) René Descartes %  percent sign ca. 1650 unknown ÷  division sign (a.k.a. obelus) 1659 Johann Rahn ∞  infinity sign 1655 John Wallis ≤

≥  unstrict inequality signs (less-than or equals to sign and greater-than or equals to sign) 1670 (with the horizontal bar over the inequality sign, rather than below it) 1734 (with double horizontal bar below the inequality sign) Pierre Bouguer d  differential sign 1675 Gottfried Leibniz ∫  integral sign :  colon (for division) 1684 (deriving from use of colon to denote fractions, dating back to 1633) ·  middle dot (for multiplication) 1698 (perhaps deriving from a much earlier use of middle dot to separate juxtaposed numbers)⁄  division slash (a.k.a. solidus) 1718 (deriving from horizontal fraction bar, invented by Arabs in the 12th century) Thomas Twining ≠  inequality sign (not equal to) unknown Leonhard Euler ∑  summation symbol 1755 ∝  proportionality sign 1768 William Emerson ∂  partial differential sign (a.k.a. curly d or Jacobi's delta) 1770 Marquis de Condorcet x′   prime symbol (for derivative) Joseph Louis Lagrange ≡  identity sign (for congruence relation) 1801 (first appearance in print; used previously in personal writings of Gauss) Carl Friedrich Gauss [x]  integral part (a.k.a. floor) 1808 ∏  product symbol 1812 !  factorial 1808 Christian Kramp ⊂
⊃ set inclusion signs (subset of, superset of) 1817 Joseph Gergonne 1890 Ernst Schröder |…|  absolute value notation 1841 Karl Weierstrass determinant of a matrix Arthur Cayley ‖…‖  matrices notation 1843 ∇  nabla symbol (for vector differential) 1846 (previously used by Hamilton as a general-purpose operator sign) William Rowan Hamilton ∩
∪  intersection 

union  1888 Giuseppe Peano ∈  membership sign (is an element of) 1894 ∃  existential quantifier (there exists) 1897 ℵ  aleph symbol (for transfinite cardinal numbers) 1893 Georg Cantor {…} braces, a.k.a. curly brackets (for set notation) 1895 ℕ  Blackboard bold capital N (for natural numbers set) Giuseppe Peano ·  middle dot (for dot product) 1902 J. Willard Gibbs? ×  multiplication sign (for cross product) ∨ logical disjunction (a.k.a. OR) 1906 Bertrand Russell (…)  matrices notation 1909 Gerhard Kowalewski […]
   1913 Cuthbert Edmund Cullis ∮ contour integral sign 1917 Arnold Sommerfeld ℤ  Blackboard bold capital Z (for integer numbers set) 1930 Edmund Landau ℚ  Blackboard bold capital Q (for rational numbers set) ∀  universal quantifier (for all) 1935 Gerhard Gentzen ∅ empty set sign 1939 André Weil / Nicolas BourbakiWeil, André (1992), The Apprenticeship of a Mathematician, Springer, p. 114, ISBN 9783764326500 . ℂ  Blackboard bold capital C (for complex numbers set) 1939 Nathan Jacobson → arrow (for function notation) 1936 (to denote images of specific elements) Øystein Ore 1940 (in the present form of f: X → Y) Witold Hurewicz ∎ end of proof sign (a.k.a. tombstone) 1950 Paul Halmos ⌊x⌋
⌈x⌉  greatest integer ≤ x (a.k.a. floor)  

smallest integer ≥ x (a.k.a. ceiling) 1962Kenneth E. Iverson (1962), A Programming Language, Wiley, retrieved 20 April 2016  Kenneth E. Iverson

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