Peru

I  Peru, ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhlikhi yasePeru ( , ngesiQuechua : iPiruw Ripuwlika, e Aymara : iPiruw Suyu ), lilizwe elikuMzantsi Melika . Icande emntla yi Ecuador, emantla mpuma yiColombia, ngasempuma yiBrazil, emazantsi mpuma yiBolivia, emazantsi yiChile nasentshona kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki . IPeu lilizwe elinommandla obanzi, elineendawo zokuhlala ukusuka kumathafa akunxweme lwePasifiki ukuya kwincopho yeAndes enabela emantla ukuya kumzantsi-mpuma, kunye namahlathi ashinyeneyo ommandla weAmazon ngasempuma, noMlambo iAmazon . Nge-1.28 yezigidi zeekhilomitha, iPeru lilizwe leshumi elinesithoba ngobukhulu emhlabeni, kunye nelesithathu ngobukhulu eMzantsi Melika.

Ummandla wasePeru ube likhaya leenkcubeko ezininzi zakudala, ukusuka kwimpucuko yeCaral, eyona mpucuko indala eMelika kunye nenye yeendlela ezintlanu zempucuko, ukuya kwi- Inca Empire, elona lizwe likhulu kwi- pre-Columbian America . Ummandla oquka iPeru ngoku uneyona mbali yempucuko inde kulo naliphi na ilizwe, elanda ilifa layo emva kwenkulungwane yesine BC.C.

UBukhosi baseSpain bawuthimba lo mmandla ngenkulungwane ye-16 baza baseka i- Viceroyalty apho, equka uninzi lwamathanga aseMzantsi Melika, nekomkhulu lawo eLima. I-Peru yafumana inkululeko ngo-1821, kwaye isiphelo sokugqibela solawulo lwaseSpain kulo mmandla satywinwa kwi- Battle of Ayacucho kwiminyaka emithathu kamva.

I-Peru yiriphabliki emele idemokhrasi yedemokhrasi eyahlulwe yangamacandelo angamashumi amabini anesihlanu olawulo. Lilizwe eliphuhlayo elinomlinganiselo ophezulu wophuhliso lwabantu  kunye nenqanaba lengeniso ephakathi  kunye nezinga lentlupheko malunga ne-19% . Lelinye lawona mazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho kulo mmandla, anesantya sokukhula esiphakathi kwe-5.9% , kwaye inomlinganiselo okhawulezayo wokukhula kwamashishini ehlabathini, umyinge we-9.6% . Eyona misebenzi yayo yoqoqosho yimigodi, ezolimo, ukuloba kunye nokuveliswa kwamalaphu; Okufanelekile ukuba kuqatshelwe amanye amacandelo ohlumo, afana nelothungelwano ngefowuni kunye ne-biotechnology.  I-Peru ithathwa njengelizwe "elikhululekile" yi-Freedom House , lilungu elisebenzayo le- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, i -Pacific Alliance kunye ne- World Trade Organization ; igqalwa njengamandla aphakathi .  I-Peru lelinye lawona mazwe angalinganiyo kwihlabathi, kunye ne-1% yabemi ephethe i-30% yobutyebi. 

Abemi basePeru, abaqikelelwa malunga nezigidi ezingama-32.5, banezizwe ezininzi kwaye baquka ama-Amerindians, amaYurophu, amaAfrika, nama -Asiya. Olona lwimi luthethwayo sisiSpanish, nangona abantu abaninzi basePeru bathetha isiQuechua okanye ezinye iilwimi zomthonyama, njengesiAymara