Bolivia

IBolivia,  ngokusemthethweni i- Plurinational State yaseBolivia,    lilizwe elivaliweyo elikwintshona-mbindi yoMzantsi Melika. Umda weBrazil ukuya emantla nasempuma, iParaguay ukuya emazantsi-mpuma, iArgentina emazantsi, iChile kumazantsi-ntshona, kunye nePeru ngasentshona. Isihlalo sikarhulumente kunye nenkunzi yolawulo yiLa Paz, equlethe i-executive, umthetho, kunye namasebe onyulo karhulumente, ngelixa i-capital-constitutional capital yi-Sucre, isihlalo senkundla. Esona sixeko sikhulu kunye neziko eliphambili lemizi-mveliso yiSanta Cruz de la Sierra, ekwiLlanos Orientales (imimandla ephantsi yetropiki), ubukhulu becala ummandla othe tyaba empuma yelizwe.

Ilizwe laseBolivia lilizwe elimanyeneyo ngokomgaqo-siseko, lahlulwe yangamasebe alithoba. Ijografi yayo iyahluka ukusuka kwiincopho zeAndes eNtshona, ukuya kumazantsi aseMpuma, emi phakathi kweAmazon . Isinye kwisithathu selizwe siphakathi kweentaba ze-Andean. Nge-    yendawo, iBolivia lilizwe lesihlanu ngobukhulu eMzantsi Melika, emva kweBrazil, iArgentina, iPeru, neColombia (kwaye ecaleni kweParaguay, lelinye lawona mazwe mabini avalelweyo eMelika), elona lizwe likhulu emhlabeni, elona lizwe likhulu emhlabeni. Ilizwe elivaliweyo kuMazantsi eHemisphere, kunye nelizwe lesixhenxe ngobukhulu emhlabeni elivaliweyo, emva kweKazakhstan, Mongolia, Chad, Niger, Mali ne Ethiopia.

Abemi beli lizwe, baqikelelwa kwi-12 izigidi,  ngabantu beentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka amaIndiya aseMerika, amaMestizo, amaYurophu, amaAsia namaAfrika . ISpanish lolona lwimi lusemthethweni nolusetyenziswayo, nangona iilwimi zomthonyama ezingama-36 nazo zisemthethweni, ezona lwimi zithethwa kakhulu sisiGuarani, isiAymara nesiQuechua.

Phambi kobukoloniyali baseSpain, ummandla wase-Andean eBolivia wawuyinxalenye yoBukhosi be-Inca, ngelixa iindawo ezisemantla nasempuma zazihlala zizizwe ezizimeleyo. Abathiyisi baseSpeyin abafika bevela eCusco naseAsunción bawulawula lo mmandla ngenkulungwane ye-16. Ngexesha lobukoloniyali baseSpain iBolivia yayilawulwa yi- Real Audiencia yaseCharcas . ISpeyin yakha ubukhosi bayo ubukhulu becala phezu kwesilivere eyayifunyenwe kwimigodi yaseBolivia . Emva kwekhwelo lokuqala lokuzimela kwi-1809, iminyaka eyi-16 yemfazwe yalandela ngaphambi kokusekwa kweRiphabhlikhi, ebizwa ngokuba nguSimón Bolívar .  Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasebutsheni benkulungwane yama-20 iBolivia yaphulukana nolawulo lwemimandla emininzi esecaleni kumazwe angabamelwane kubandakanya ukuthinjwa konxweme lwayo yiChile ngo-1879 kunye nommandla waseAcre ukuya eBrazil.

IBolivia yafumana uthotho lomkhosi kunye noorhulumente basemkhosini de kwangowe-1971, xa uHugo Banzer wayekhokela ubhukuqo-mbuso olwaluxhaswa yiCIA olwathatha indawo yorhulumente wobusoshiyali kaJuan José Torres ngolawulo lobuzwilakhe lomkhosi . Ulawulo luka-Banzer lwabetha i-left-wing kunye ne-socialist inkcaso kunye nezinye iindlela zokuchasana, ezikhokelela ekuthuthunjisweni nasekufeni kwenani labemi baseBolivia. UBanzer wagxothwa ngo-1978 kwaye kamva wabuya njengomongameli onyulwe ngedemokhrasi waseBolivia ukusuka kwi-1997 ukuya kwi-2001. Phantsi komongameli we -Evo Morales ka-2006-2019 ilizwe labona ukukhula koqoqosho olubalulekileyo kunye nozinzo lwezopolitiko.

IBolivia yanamhlanje lilungu le-charter ye- UN, IMF, NAM,  OAS, ACTO, Bank of the South, ALBA, kunye ne-USAN. IBolivia isasele ililizwe lesibini elihlwempuzekileyo eMzantsi Melika, nangona iwathobile amazinga entlupheko kwaye inoqoqosho olukhula ngokukhawuleza eMzantsi Melika (ngokweGDP). Lilizwe elisakhasayo . Eyona misebenzi iphambili yezoqoqosho ibandakanya ezolimo, amahlathi, ukuloba, imigodi, kunye nokuvelisa iimpahla ezinje ngamalaphu, iimpahla, iintsimbi ezisulungekileyo, kunye nepetroleum esulungekileyo . IBolivia ityebile kakhulu kwiiminerali, kubandakanya i-tin, isilivere, i-lithium kunye nobhedu. IBolivia yaziwa nangokuvelisa amagqabi ecoca kunye necocaine esulungekileyo.