Izimbiwa

Kwi-geology kunye ne-mineralogy, i-mineral okanye i-minerals yeentlobo ze-mineral, ngokuthetha ngokubanzi, into eqinileyo enemichiza echazwe ngokufanelekileyo kunye ne-crystal structure eyenzeka ngokwemvelo kwifom ecocekileyo.John P. Rafferty, ed. (2011): Minerals; p. 1. In the series Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks. Rosen Publishing Group. 

Inkcazo yokwakheka komhlaba yeminerali ngokuqhelekileyo ayibandakanyi iikhompawundi ezenzeka kuphela kwizinto eziphilayo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iiminerali zihlala zi-biogenic (ezifana ne-calcite) okanye i-organic compounds ngengqiqo ye-chemistry (efana ne-melite). Ngaphezu koko, izinto eziphilayo zihlala zidibanisa iiminerali ezingaphiliyo (ezifana ne-hydroxylapatite) eyenzeka ematyeni.

Ingqikelelo yeminerali yahlukile etyeni, nto leyo nasiphi na isambuku semathiriyeli eyomeleleyo yejologic elinganayo ngokwentelekiso kwisikali esikhulu ngokwaneleyo. Ilitye lisenokuba luhlobo olunye lweminerali okanye libe yinxalenye yezimbiwa ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezahlukeneyo, zahlulwe ngokwazo ngokwezigaba ezahlukeneyo.

Ezinye izinto eziqinileyo zendalo ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esicacileyo se-crystalline, njenge-opal okanye i-obsidian, ngokufanelekileyo kuthiwa yi-mineraloids. Ukuba ikhompawundi yemichiza yenzeka ngokwemvelo kunye nezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zekristale, isakhiwo ngasinye sithathwa njengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaminerali. Ngaloo ndlela, umzekelo, i-quartz kunye ne-stishovite ziiminerali ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya ikhompawundi enye, i-silicon dioxide.

I-International Mineralogical Association (IMA) liqumrhu eliqhelekileyo elamkelwayo eliqhelekileyo lenkcazo kunye nokubizwa kwamagama eentlobo zezimbiwa. Ukusukela ngoJulayi 2024, i-IMA ibona i-6,062 yeentlobo zezimbiwa ezisemthethweni.

 Ukuqina 
Ubunzima beminerali buchaza ukuba inokumelana kangakanani nokukrwela okanye ukujiya. Le propati ebonakalayo ilawulwa yi-chemical composition kunye ne-crystalline structure ubume beminerali.

Esona sikali siqhelekileyo sisetyenziswa sisikali sobunzima se-ordinal Mohs, esilinganisa ukuxhathisa ekukrweleni. Ichazwa zizibonakaliso ezilishumi, iminerali enesalathisi esiphezulu ikhuhla abo bangaphantsi kwayo. Uluhlu luvela kwi-talc, i-phyllosilicate, ukuya kwidayimane, i-carbon polymorph eyona nto inzima yendalo. Isikali sinikwe ngezantsi:
Mohs ubulukhuni Izimbiwa Ifomula yemichiza 1 iTalc Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 2 Gypsum I-CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O 3 Calcite CaCO 3 4 I-Fluorite I-CaF 2 5 Apatite ICa 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH,Cl,F) 6 I-Orthoclase KAlSi 3 O 8 7 Iquartz ISiO 2 8 iTopazi Al 2 SiO 4 (OH,F) 2 9 Corundum Kunye 2O3 10 Idayimani C
alt=Mohs Scale versus Absolute Hardness|right|frameless| Isikali seMohs ngokuchasene noBulukhuni obupheleleyo
Ubulukhuni beminerali ngumsebenzi wesakhiwo sayo. Ubunzima abusoloko buzinzile kuzo zonke izikhokelo zecrystallographic; Ubuthathaka becrystallographic zenza ezinye izikhombisi zibe thambile kunezinye. Umzekelo wobu bunzima bukhona kwi kyanite, enobulukhuni be-Mohs be-5 ngqamene no-[001] kodwa isi-7 siyahambelana no-[100].

Ezinye izikali ziquka ezi; 

 Uvavanyo lobunzima be-Shore, olulinganisa ukunyamezela kweminerali ngokusekelwe kwi-indentation ye-spring-loaded contraption.
 Isikali seRockwell
 Uvavanyo lobulukhuni beVickers
 Isikali seBrinell

 Luster kunye ne-diaphaneity 
I-Luster ibonisa indlela ukukhanya okubonakala ngayo ukusuka kumphezulu weminerali, ngokumalunga nomgangatho kunye nobukhulu bayo. Kukho amagama amaninzi asemgangathweni asetyenziselwa ukuchaza le propati, eyahlulahlulwe ngokweendidi zentsimbi nezingezizo ezentsimbi. Iiminerali zesinyithi kunye ne-sub-metallic zinokubonakala okuphezulu njengentsimbi; imizekelo yeeminerali kunye nale luster yi-galena kunye ne-pyrite. Iiluster ezingezizo ezentsimbi zibandakanya: i-adamantine, efana nedayimani; i-vitreous, i-glassy luster ixhaphake kakhulu kwiiminerali ze-silicate; iperile, njenge-talc kunye ne-apophyllite; i-resinous, njengamalungu eqela le-garnet; i-silky eqhelekileyo kwiiminerali ezine-fibrous ezifana ne-asbestiform chrysotile.;

I-diaphaneity ye-mineral ixhomekeke kubukhulu besampulu. Xa iminerali ibhityile ngokwaneleyo (umzekelo, kwicandelo elibhityileyo lepetrografi), inokucaca nokuba loo propati ayibonwa kwisampulu yesandla. Ngokwahlukileyo, ezinye iiminerali, ezifana ne-hematite okanye i-pyrite, zi-opaque nakwicandelo elincinci.

 Bona kwakho 


 Iimbekiselo 

Uluhlu:Izinto zendalo
Uluhlu:Izimbiwa