Danh sách trạng thái oxy hóa của các nguyên tố

Đây là danh sách các trạng thái oxy hóa được biết đến của các nguyên tố hóa học, ngoại trừ các giá trị không nguyên. Các trạng thái phổ biến nhất được in đậm. Bảng này dựa trên cơ sở của Greenwood và Earnshaw, với các bổ sung ghi nhận. Trạng thái oxy hóa 0, xảy ra ở tất cả các  nguyên tố, được ngụ ý bởi cột có biểu tượng của các nguyên tố đó. Định dạng của bảng do Dmitri Mendeleev đưa ra năm 1889 cho thấy sự tuần hoàn của các trạng thái oxy hóa của các nguyên tố.

 Danh sách 

Đậm: Trạng thái oxy hóa phổ biến

 Z  Nguyên tố  Trạng tháioxy hóa âm      Trạng tháioxy hóa dương Nhóm  Ghi chú −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9  1  Hydro      −1  H  +1          1  2  Heli       He           18  3  Lithi       Li  +1          1   4  Beryli       Be  +1  +2         2  Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see  5  Bor  −5     −1  B  +1  +2  +3        13 B(−1) has been observed in magie diboride (MgB2), see B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see  6  Carbon   −4  −3  −2  −1  C  +1  +2  +3  +4       14  7  Nitơ    −3  −2  −1  N  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5      15  8  Oxy     −2  −1  O  +1  +2         16  9  Fluor      −1  F           17  10  Neon       Ne           18  11  Natri      −1  Na  +1          1  Na(−1), K(−1), Rb(−1), and Cs(−1) are known in alkalides; the table by Greenwood and Earnshaw shows −1 only for Na and also erroneously for Li; no lithides are described. 12  Magiê       Mg  +1  +2         2  Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see  13  Nhôm     −2  −1  Al  +1  +2  +3        13  Al(II) has been observed in aluminium(II) oxit (AlO); see , and in dialanes (R2Al—AlR2); see Uhl, Werner "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds" Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in Zintl phases, see: , p. 259 and  (both in German).Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see  14  Silic   −4  −3  −2  −1  Si  +1  +2  +3  +4       14  15  Phosphor    −3  −2  −1  P  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5      15  16  Lưu huỳnh     −2  −1  S  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6     16  17 Chlor      −1  Cl  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6  +7    17  The equilibrium Cl2O6⇌2ClO3 is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see , and Cl2O6 is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO3 has been observed, see  18  Argon       Ar           18  19  Kali      −1  K  +1          1   20  Calci       Ca  +1  +2         2  Ca(I) has been observed; see  21  Scandi       Sc  +1  +2  +3        3 Sc(I) has been observed; see Sc(II) has been observed; see  22  Titan     −2  −1  Ti  +1  +2  +3  +4       4 Ti(I) has been observed in [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2); see Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls; see , p. 4 (in German); , pp. 97–100; , p. 239Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)3]−, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see  However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C6H6]− and [Ti(η-C6H5CH3)]−, see  23  Vanadi    −3   −1  V  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5      5   24  Crom   −4   −2  −1  Cr  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6     6   25  Mangan    −3  −2  −1  Mn  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6  +7    7  26  Sắt   −4   −2  −1  Fe  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6  +7  +8   8  Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO4]−; see Fe(VIII) has been reported; see  However, its existence has been disputed.Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn6−xSnx]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2− for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, and Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See  and  27  Cobalt    −3   −1  Co  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5      9   28  Nickel     −2  −1  Ni  +1  +2  +3  +4       10  Ni(−2) has been observed in Li2[Ni(1,5-COD)2], see  and  29  Đồng     −2   Cu  +1  +2  +3  +4       11   30  Kẽm     −2   Zn  +1  +2         12  Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn2(η5–C5Me5)2); see  31  Gali  −5  −4   −2  −1  Ga  +1  +2  +3        13 Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg2Ga, and Mg5Ga2, respectively; see  32  Germani   −4  −3  −2  −1  Ge  +1  +2  +3  +4       14  Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in germanides; see . 33  Arsen    −3  −2  −1  As  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5      15  As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)4) and ; see  34  Seleni     −2  −1  Se  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6     16  Se(−1) has been observed in diselenides(2−) (Se22−).Se(I) has been observed in selenium(I) chloride (Se2Cl2); see Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see Se(V) has been observed in  and ; see  35  Brom      −1  Br  +1   +3  +4  +5   +7    17  36  Krypton       Kr   +2         18  37  Rubidi      −1  Rb  +1          1  38  Stronti       Sr  +1  +2         2 Sr(I) has been observed in stronti monofluoride (SrF); see  39  Ytri       Y  +1  +2  +3        3  Y(I) has been observed in ytrium(I) bromide (YBr); see Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]; see  40  Zirconi     −2   Zr  +1  +2  +3  +4       4  Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)3]− (see  and ), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see  41  Niobi    −3   −1  Nb  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5      5  Nb(I) and Ta(I) occur in CpNb(CO)4 and CpTa(CO)4, see  and  42  Molypden   −4   −2  −1  Mo  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6     6   43  Techneti    −3   −1  Tc  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6  +7    7  44  Rutheni   −4   −2   Ru  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6  +7  +8   8   45  Rhodi    −3   −1  Rh  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6     9   46  Paladi       Pd  +1  +2  +3  +4       10  Pd(I) has been observed; see Pd(III) has been observed; see  47  Bạc     −2  −1  Ag  +1  +2  +3        11  The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see  48  Cadmi     −2   Cd  +1  +2         12  Cd(I) has been observed in cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see  49  Indi  −5    −2  −1  In  +1  +2  +3        13 In(–5) has been observed in La3InGe, see In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see , p. 69. 50  Thiếc   −4  −3  −2  −1  Sn  +1  +2  +3  +4       14 Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn2]6−, e.g. in (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (with square (Sn2−)n sheets), see Sn(I) and Sn(III) have been observed in organotin compounds 51  Antimon    −3  −2  −1  Sb  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5      15 Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb2]4−, e.g. in RbBa4[Sb2][Sb][O], see Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Sb(IV) has been observed in , see  52  Teluri     −2  −1  Te  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6     16 Te(I) has been observed in tellurium iodide (TeI), see Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe3)2)2]+, see .Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te2F10) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F5TeOTeF5: see  However, Te(V) has been observed in , , , and ; see  53  Iod      −1  I  +1   +3  +4  +5  +6  +7    17  I(IV) has been observed in iodine dioxide (IO2); see I(VI) has been observed in IO3, IO42−, H5IO6−, H2IO52−, H4IO62−, and HIO53−; see  54  Xenon       Xe   +2   +4   +6   +8   18  Xe(I) has been reported in xenon hexafluoroplatinate và xenon hexafluororhodate (see ), however these compounds were later found to contain Xe(II). 55  Caesi      −1  Cs  +1          1  56  Bari       Ba  +1  +2         2 Ba(I) has been observed in bari monofluoride (BaF); see  57  Lanthan       La  +1  +2  +3        3 La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see  58  Xeri       Ce   +2  +3  +4        59  Praseodymi       Pr   +2  +3  +4  +5       Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO2]+; see  60  Neodymi       Nd   +2  +3  +4        Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see  61  Promethi       Pm   +2  +3         All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see ) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and . Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−). 62  Samari       Sm   +2  +3         63  Europi       Eu   +2  +3         64  Gadolini       Gd  +1  +2  +3         65  Terbi       Tb  +1  +2  +3  +4         66  Dysprosi       Dy   +2  +3  +4        Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see  67  Holmi       Ho   +2  +3          68  Erbi       Er   +2  +3          69  Thuli       Tm   +2  +3         70  Ytterbi       Yb   +2  +3         71  Luteti       Lu   +2  +3          72  Hafni     −2   Hf  +1  +2  +3  +4       4  Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see  73  Tantali    −3   −1  Ta  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5      5   74  Wolfram   −4   −2  −1  W  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6     6   75  Rheni    −3   −1  Re  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6  +7    7  76  Osmi   −4   −2  −1  Os  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6  +7  +8   8  Os(−1) has been observed in ; see  and  77  Iridi    −3   −1  Ir  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6  +7  +8  +9  9  Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)33−; see Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η2-O2)IrO2]+; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines .Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxit (IrO4); see Ir(IX) has been observed in ; see  78  Platin    −3  −2  −1   Pt  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6     10  Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the bari platinides Ba2Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see  79  Vàng    −3  −2  −1  Au  +1  +2  +3   +5      11   80  Thủy ngân     −2   Hg  +1  +2         12  Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF4); see  However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see Is mercury a transition metal?  81  Tali  −5    −2  −1  Tl  +1  +2  +3        13  Tl(−5) has been observed in Na23K9Tl15.3, see Tl(−1) has been observed in caesi thallide (CsTl); see Tl(+2) has been observed in tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium ([(Me3Si)Si]2Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe3)]2), see . 82  Chì   −4   −2  −1  Pb  +1  +2  +3  +4       14 Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see  and Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in organolead compounds, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb2(CH3)6; for Pb(I), see . 83  Bismuth    −3  −2  −1  Bi  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5      15 Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca2+)22[Bi4]4−([Bi2]4−)4[Bi3−]8; see Bi(I) has been observed in bismuth monobromide (BiBr) and bismuth monoiodide (BiI); see Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R2Bi—BiR2), see Bi(IV) has been observed; see  84  Poloni     −2   Po   +2   +4  +5  +6     16  Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (); see  85  Astatin      −1  At  +1   +3   +5   +7    17  86  Radon       Rn   +2     +6     18  Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF2); see  and Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Rn(VI) is known in radon trioxit (RnO3); see  87  Franci       Fr  +1          1  88  Radi       Ra   +2         2  89  Actini       Ac    +3        3  90  Thori       Th  +1  +2  +3  +4        Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [ThII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3]− and [ThIII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3], see  91  Protactini       Pa    +3  +4  +5        92  Urani       U  +1  +2  +3  +4  +5  +6      U(I) has been observed in uranium monofluoride (UF) and uranium monochloride (UCl), see U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C5H4SiMe3)3U], see  93  Neptuni       Np   +2  +3  +4  +5  +6  +7     Np(II) has been observed, see  94  Plutoni       Pu   +2  +3  +4  +5  +6  +7     Pu(II) has been observed in {Pu[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3}−; see  95  Americi       Am   +2  +3  +4  +5  +6  +7     Am(VII) has been observed in ; see Americium, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved ngày 28 tháng 11 năm 2010 and  96  Curi       Cm    +3  +4   +6      Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxit (CmO3) and dioxidocurium(2+) (); see Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxit (CmO4); see  However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence:  97  Berkeli       Bk    +3  +4         98  Californi       Cf   +2  +3  +4        99  Einsteini       Es   +2  +3  +4        Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF4); see  100  Fermi       Fm   +2  +3          101  Mendelevi       Md   +2  +3         102  Nobeli       No   +2  +3          103  Lawrenci       Lr    +3          104  Rutherfordi       Rf     +4       4   105  Dubni       Db      +5      5  Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl5); see  106  Seaborgi       Sg       +6     6  Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO2(OH)2); see  107  Bohri       Bh        +7    7  Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO3Cl); see "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)" , Eichler, GSI Annual Report 2000. Truy cập 2008-02-29 108  Hassi       Hs         +8   8  Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO4); see  109  Meitneri       Mt           9  110  Darmstadti       Ds           10  111  Roentgeni       Rg           11  112  Copernici       Cn   +2         12  Cn(II) has been observed in copernicium selenide (CnSe); see  113  Nihoni       Nh           13  114  Flerovi       Fl           14  115  Moscovi       Mc           15  116  Livermori       Lv           16  117  Tennessine       Ts           17  118  Oganesson       Og           18 
Một hình với một định dạng tương tự (được hiển thị dưới đây) đã được Irving Langmuir sử dụng vào năm 1919 trong một trong những bài báo ban đầu về quy tắc octet.  Sự tuần hoàn của các trạng thái oxy hóa là một trong những bằng chứng cho thấy Langmuir có thể áp dụng quy luật này.

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Thể loại:Hóa học
Thể loại:Danh sách các nguyên tố hóa học
Thể loại:Danh sách nguyên tố hóa học