Meksika adabiyoti

Meksika adabiyoti – ispan tilidagi eng sermahsul va taʼsirli adabiyotlardan biri boʻlib, Ispaniya va Argentina adabiyotlari bilan bir qatorda turadi. Bu adabiyotning eng muhim va xalqaro miqyosda tan olingan yozuvchilari orasida Octavio Paz, Alfonso Reyes, Carlos Fuentes, Sergio Pitol, José Emilio Pacheco, Rosario Castellanos, Fernando del Paso, Juan Rulfo, Amado Nervo, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Ramón López Velarde va Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora kabi ijodkorlar bor. Ularning asarlari Meksikaning boy tarixiy tajribasi, madaniy xilma-xilligi va ijtimoiy oʻzgarishlarini chuqur ifoda etib, ispan tilidagi jahon adabiyotiga beqiyos hissa qoʻshgan.

 Meksika adabiyotining shakllanishi 
Meksika adabiyotining ildizlari Mesoamerikaning mahalliy xalqlari adabiyoti hamda Ispaniya adabiy anʼanalariga borib taqaladi. Ispanlar kelgach, mestizaje (madaniy aralashuv) jarayoni orqali yangi adabiyot vujudga keldi va bu jarayon Yangi Ispaniya vitse-qirolligida adabiyotning kreolizatsiya davrini boshlab berdi. Yangi Ispaniya adabiyoti oʻsha davrda butun Ispaniya adabiyotida hukmron boʻlgan Ispan Uygʻonish davri gʻoyalari taʼsirida rivojlandi. Shu bilan birga, mahalliy yozuvlar vitse-qirollikdagi xalq tilidan olingan koʻplab iboralarni oʻzlashtirdi. Oʻsha davr asarlarida koʻtarilgan mavzular ispan adabiyotining Meksikaga xos oʻzgacha variantini shakllantirishda muhim rol oʻynadi.

Mustamlaka davrida Yangi Ispaniyada barokko uslubidagi yozuvchilar ijod qildi. Ular orasida Bernardo de Balbuena, Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Francisco de Castro, Luis Sandoval Zapata, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Diego de Ribera va Rafael Landivar bor edi.

Mustaqillik arafasida esa yangi avlod yozuvchilari ispan yarimoroli adabiyotidan milliy adabiyotni ozod qilish gʻoyasini ilgari surdilar. Bu harakatning ilk namoyandalari – Diego José Abad, Francisco Javier Alegre va Friar Servando Teresa de Mier edi. Yangi Ispaniya mustamlaka boshqaruvining soʻnggi yillarida José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi kabi muhim yozuvchilar yetishib chiqdi. Uning mashhur asari El Periquillo Sarniento Meksika adabiyotining ramziga aylangan boʻlib, Amerika qitʼasida yozilgan birinchi zamonaviy roman sifatida eʼtirof etiladi.

XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmiga kelib, Los mexicanos pintados por sí mismos kabi asarlar paydo boʻldi. Bu kitob oʻsha davr ziyolilarining oʻz vatandoshlarini qanday tasavvur qilganini, ularning turmush tarzini va jamiyat haqidagi qarashlarini aks ettirgan odob-axloq va turmush manzaralarini tasvirlovchi toʻplam edi. XIX asr oxiriga borib, Porfirio Díaz hukumati davrida Meksika yozuvchilari oʻsha paytda Yevropada hukmron boʻlgan adabiy oqimlarga moyillik bildira boshladilar. Shu tariqa Meksika adabiyoti asta-sekin mahalliy ildizlardan chiqib, Yevropa modernizmi va estetik tamoyillari taʼsiriga oʻta boshladi.

Meksika mustaqilligining yuz yilligi (1910) munosabati bilan Antología del Centenario nomli adabiy loyiha yoʻlga qoʻyildi. Ushbu loyiha Meksikaning birinchi yuz yillik adabiyotini oʻz ichiga olgan mualliflarni jamlashni maqsad qilgan edi. Biroq loyiha toʻliq yakunlanmay, faqat birinchi jildi nashr etildi. U ikki tomdan iborat boʻlib, asosan toʻplangan sheʼriy asarlarni oʻz ichiga olgan. Ushbu toʻplamga oʻsha davrning taniqli shoirlari – Friar Manuel de Navarrete, Fernando Calderón va Ignacio Rodríguez Galván kiritilgan. Shu davrda modernizm oqimining yetakchi vakillari sifatida Amado Nervo va Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera tanilgan. Shuningdek, oʻsha davrning boshqa mashhur yozuvchilari qatorida Luis G. Urbina, Efren Rebolledo, José Juan Tablada, Enrique González Martínez va Ramón López Velarde ham Meksika adabiyotiga oʻzining sezilarli hissasini qoʻshgan.

 Kolumbgacha bo‘lgan adabiyot 
Mesoamerika xalqlari yozuv tizimlarini ishlab chiqqan bo‘lsa-da, ular bu tizimlardan o‘z adabiyotlarini saqlash uchun kamdan-kam foydalanganlar. Meksikaning mahalliy xalqlari afsonalari va adabiy asarlarining aksariyati og‘zaki an’ana orqali avloddan-avlodga yetkazilgan.

Bizga ma’lumki, meksikaliklar orasida yosh ruhoniylarning asosiy faoliyatlaridan biri o‘z xalqining she’riy asarlari yoki afsonalarini yod olish edi.

 Mustaqil Meksika yozuvchilari (XIX asr) 

 Essechilar 
 Lucas Alamán (1792–1853)
 Serapio Baqueiro Barrera (1865–1940)
 Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera (1859–1895).
 Antonio Menendez de la Peña (1844–1912).
 Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña (1850–1928).
 Justo Sierra Méndez (1848–1912).
 José Vasconcelos (1882–1959).

 Romannavislar va hikoyanavislar 
 Ignacio Manuel Altamirano (1834–1893).
 Angel del Campo (1868–1908).
 Florencio María del Castillo (1828–1863).
 José Tomás de Cuellar (1830–1894).
 Rafael Delgado (1853–1914).
 Federico Gamboa (1864–1939).
 Gregorio López (1897–1966).
 Manuel Payno (1810–1894).
 Guillermo Prieto (1818–1897).
 Vicente Riva Palacio (1832–1896)
 José Rubén Romero (1890–1952).
 Victoriano Salado Alvarez (1867–1931).
 Justo Sierra O'Reilly (1814–1861).
 Francisco Javier Moreno (1895–1961).

 Shoirlar 
 Manuel Acuña (1849–1873).
 Manuel Carpio (1791–1860).
 Salvador Díaz Mirón (1853–1928).
 Enrique González Martínez (1871–1952).
 Enrique González Red (1899–1939).
 Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera (1858–1895).
 Renato Leduc (1898–1986).
 Rafael Lopez (1873–1943).
 Ramón López Velarde (1888–1921).
 Amado Nervo (1870–1919).
 Manuel Jose Othon (1858–1906).
 Juan de Dios Peza (1852–1910).
 Efren Rebolledo (1877–1929).
 Alfonso Reyes (1889–1959).
 José Juan Tablada (1871–1945).
 Luis G. Urbina (1864–1934).
 Granade Miriam (1995)
 Arianna Alvarez (2001)

 Zamonaviy yozuvchilar (XX va XXI asrlar) 
Meksika inqilobi boshlanishi jurnalistika janrining oʻsishiga yordam berdi. Fuqarolik mojarosi tugagach, inqilob mavzusi Mariano Azuela va Rodolfo Usigli qalamiga mansub romanlar, hikoyalar va pyesalarda koʻrinish bera boshladi. Bu tendensiya keyinchalik Rosario Castellanos va Juan Rulfo kabi yozuvchilar asarlarida shakllangan milliy adabiyotning gullab-yashnashini oldindan belgilab berdi.

Shuningdek, sahnaga „tubjoy adabiyoti“ deb atalgan yoʻnalish ham chiqdi; u Meksikaning mahalliy xalqlari hayoti va tafakkurini tasvirlashga harakat qilgan. Biroq qiziq tomoni shundaki, bu harakat vakillarining birortasi ham aslida tubjoy vakili emas edi. Bu yoʻnalish vakillari orasida Ricardo Pozas va Francisco Rojas Gonzalez alohida ajralib turadi.

 Essechilar 

 Jorge Cuesta (1903–1942)
 Germán Dehesa (1944–2010)
 Ricardo Garibay (1923–1999)
 Margo Glantz (1930–)
 Manuel Hernández Gómez (1950–)
 Hugo Hiriart (1942–)
 Carlos Monsivais (1938–2010)
 Octavio Paz (1914–1998)
 Óscar René Cruz Oliva (1933–)
 Sergio Pitol (1933–2018)
 Elena Poniatowska (1932–)
 Vicente Quirarte (1954–)
 Alfonso Reyes (1889–1959)
 Guillermo Samperio (1948–)
 Sara Sefchovich (1949–)
 Carlos J. Sierra (1933–)
 Gabriel Zaid (1934–)

 Romannavislar va hikoyanavislar 

 Abraham Nissan (1969–)
 Andres Acosta (1964–)
 José Agustín (1944–)
 Homer Aridjis (1940–)
 Inés Arredondo (1928–1989)
 Juan José Arreola (1918–2001)
 René Avilés Fabila (1940–)
 René Avilés Rojas (1911–1979)
 Mariano Azuela (1873–1952)
 Mario Bellatín (1960–)
 Carmen Boulton (1954–)
 Juan de la Cabada Vera (1901–1986)
 Nellie Campobello (1900–1986)
 Rosario Castellanos (1925–1974)
 José de la Colina (1934)
 Alberto Chimal (1970)
 Leonardo Da Jandra (1951–)
 Amparo Dávila (1928)
 Guadalupe Dueñas (1920–2002)
 Salvador Elizondo (1932–2006)
 Beatriz Mirror
 Laura Esquivel (1950–)
 William Fadanelli (1963–)
 J. M. Servin (1962)
 Bernardo Fernández
 Jorge Ferretis (1902–1962)
 Heriberto Frías (1870–1925)
 Carlos Fuentes (1928–2012)
 Sergio Galindo (1926-1993)
 Juan García Ponce (1932–2003)
 Parmenides García Saldaña (1944–1982)
 Jesus Gardea (1939–2000)
 Ricardo Garibay (1923–1999)
 Elena Garro (1916–1998)
 José Luis González (1926)
 Martin Luis Guzman (1887–1977)
 Andrés Henestrosa (1906–2008)
 Yuri Herrera (1970–)
 Jorge Ibargüengoitia (1928–1983)
 Xavier Icaza (1892–1969)
 Patricia Laurent Kullick (1962–)
 Monica Lavin (1955–)
 Alfredo Lèal (1985)
 Vicente Leñero (1933–2014)
 Valeria Luiselli (1983–)
 Mauricio Magdaleno (1906–1986)
 Ángeles Mastretta (1949–)
 Elmer Mendoza (1949–)
 Miguel Angel Menendez Reyes (1904–1982)
 Thomas Mojarro (1932)
 Rafael Muñoz (1899–1972)
 Gilberto Owen (1904–1952)
 José Emilio Pacheco (1939–2014)
 Fernando del Paso (1935–2018)
 Sergio Pitol (1933-2018)
 Gerardo Horacio Porcayo (1966–)
 Maria Luisa Puga (1944–2004)
 Rafael Ramírez Heredia (1942–2006)
 Cristina Rivera Garza (1964–)
 Sergio-Jesús Rodríguez (1967)
 Octavio Rodriguez Araujo (1941)
 José Revueltas (1914–1976)
 Martha Robles (1949–)
 Bernardo Ruiz (1953–)
 Juan Rulfo (1918–1986)
 Rafael Saavedra (1967–2013)
 Daniel Sada (1953–2011)
 Alberto Ruy Sanchez (1951)
 Gustavo Sainz (1940)
 Guillermo Samperio (1948–)
 Federico Schaffler
 Mauricio-José Schwarz (1955–)
 Enrique Serna (1959–)
 Jordi Soler (1963–)
 Gerardo de la Torre (1938)
 David Toscana (1961–)
 Juan Tovar (1941)
 Elman Trevizo (1981)
 Gabriel Trujillo
 Edmundo Valadés (1915–1994)
 Arqueles Vela (1899–1977)
 Xavier Velasco (1964–)
 Juan Pablo Villalobos (1973–)
 Juan Villoro (1956–)
 Josefina Vicens (1911–1988)
 Janitzio Villamar (1969–)
 Jorge Volpi (1968)
 Agustín Yáñez (1904–1980)
 José Luis Zárate (1966–)
 Eraclius Zepeda (1937)
 Gerardo Arana (1987–2012)

 Shoirlar 

 Griselda Álvarez (1913–2009)
 Guadalupe Amor (1918–2000)
 Homero Aridjis (1940–)
 List Germán Arzubide (1898–1998)
 Juan Banuelos (1932–)
 Efraín Bartolomé (1950–)
 José Carlos Becerra (1936–1970)
 Abigael Bohórquez (1936–1995)
 Rubén Bonifaz Nuño (1923–2013)
 Andrés Castuera-Micher (1976)
 Alí Chumacero (1918– 2010)
 Óscar Cortés Tapia (1960–)
 Jorge Cuesta (1903–1942)
 Gerardo Deniz (1934–2014)
 José Gorostiza (1901–1973)
 Daniel Gutiérrez Pedreiro (1964–)
 Francisco Hernández (1946–)
 Efraín Huerta (1914–1982)
 David Huerta (1949–)
 Martín Jiménez Serrano (1967)
 Jaime Labastida (1939–)
 Ricardo López Méndez (1903–1989)
 Tedi López Mills (1959–)
 Manuel Maples Arce (1898–1981)
 Yaxkin Melchy Ramos (1985–)
 Carmen Mondragón „Nahui Olin“ (1893–1978)
 Marco Antonio Montes de Oca (1932–2008)
 Oscar Oliva (1938–)
 José Emilio Pacheco (1939–2014)
 , (1939–2014)
 Octavio Paz (1914–1998)
 Carlos Pellicer (1899–1977)
 Jaime Sabines (1926–1999)
 Jaime Augusto Shelley (1937)
 Javier Sicilia (1956–)
 Concha Urquiza (1910–1945)
 Xavier Villaurrutia (1903–1950)
 Eraclio Zepeda (1937–2015)

 Dramaturglar 

  (1932–2003)
 Homer Aridjis (1940–)
 Luis G. Basurto (1920–1990)
 Sabina Berman (1955–)
 Emilio Carballido (1925–2008)
 Andrés Castuera-Micher (1976)
 Elena Garro (1916–1998)
 Ricardo Garibay (1923–1999)
 Miguel Ángel Tenorio (1954–1)
 Luisa Josefina Hernandez (1928–)
 Vicente Leñero (1933–)
 Oscar Liera (1946–1990)
 Carlos Olmos (1947–2003)
 José Lorenzo Canchola (1962–)
 Victor Hugo Rascon Banda (1948–2008)
 Guillermo Schmidhuber (1943–)
 Juan Tovar (1941–)
 Luis Mario Moncada (1963–)
 Rodolfo Usigli (1905–1980)
 Xavier Villaurrutia (1903–1951)

 Tarixchilar 

 Alfonso Junco
 Carlos Antonio Aguirre Rojas (1954–)
 Carlos Pereyra
 Carlos Alvear Acevedo
 Eduardo Blanquel
 Guillermo Bonfil Batalla (1935–1991)
 Victor Manuel Castillo Farreras (1932–)
 Daniel Cosio Villegas (1898–1976)
 Martha Fernandez
 Mariano Cuevas
 José Fuentes Mares (1918–1986)
 Adolfo Gilly
 Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru
 Lucas Alamán
 Luis González y González (1925–2003)
 Luis González Obregón
 Enrique Krauze (1947–)
 Miguel León-Portilla (1926–)
 Alfredo López Austin (1936–)
 Leonardo López Luján (1964–)
 Jorge Alberto Manrique
 Francisco Martin Moreno (1946–)
 Álvaro Matute Aguirre
 Margarita Menegus
 Alfonso Mendiola
 Jean Meyer (1942–)
 Lorenzo Meyer (1942–)
 Juan Miralles (1930–2011)
 Moguel Josefina Flores (1952–)
 Edmundo O'Gorman (1906–1995)
 Héctor Pérez Martínez (1906–1948)
 Constantino Reyes-Valerio (1922–2006)
 Antonio Rubial
 Rafael Tovar y de Teresa
 Guillermo Tovar y de Teresa
 Paco Ignacio Taibo II
 Cristina Pacheco Torales
 Elisa Vargas Lugo
 Bolívar Zapata
 José David Gamboa
 Vito Alessio Robles

 Xronologiya 
¿Zan yuhqui nonyaz in compolihui xóchitl ah?
¿Antle notleyp yez in quenmanian?
¿Antle nitauhca yez in tlaltipac?

¡Ma nel xóchitl, ma nel cuícatl!
¿Quen conchihuas noyolo, yehuaya?
¡On nen toquizaco in tlaltipac!

I only have to leave similar to the flowers that were perishing?
Nothing will my glory ever be?
Nothing will my fame be on earth?

Even flowers, even songs!
Oh, what will my heart do?
In vain we come to pass on earth!
 Tr. Ángel María Garibay K.La versión en náhuatl y la traducción aparecen en Bernal, 1996. León-Portilla (1992: 171), señala que este poema aparece en el Manuscrito de la Biblioteca Nacional de México entre los poemas de Huexotzinco (actualmente en el estado de Puebla).


 Ism Yashagan yillari Nezahualcóyotl 1402–1472 Juan Ruiz de Alarcón 1581–1639 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 1651–1695 José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi 1776–1827 Ignacio Ramírez 1818–1879 Ignacio Manuel Altamirano 1834–1893 José Rosas Moreno 1838–1883 Manuel Acuña 1849–1873 Juan de Dios Peza 1852–1910 Salvador Díaz Mirón 1853–1928 Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera 1858–1895 Manuel José Othón 1858–1906 Luis Gonzaga Urbina 1864–1934 Federico Gamboa 1864–1939 Amado Nervo 1870–1919 Mariano Azuela 1873–1952 Alfonso Reyes 1889–1959 Bruno Traven 1890–1969 Carlos Pellicer 1899–1977 José Gorostiza 1901–1973 Xavier Villaurrutia 1903–1951 Agustín Yáñez 1904–1980 Salvador Novo 1904–1974 Francisco Tario 1911–1977 Octavio Paz 1914–1998

 Ism Yashagan yillari José Revueltas 1914–1976 Elena Garro 1917–1998 Alí Chumacero 1918 Juan José Arreola 1918–2001 Juan Rulfo 1918–1986 Guadalupe 'Pitaʼ Amor 1918–2000 José Luis Martínez 1918–2007 Ricardo Garibay 1923–1999 Rosario Castellanos 1925–1974 Jaime Sabines 1926–1999 Tomás Segovia 1927 Jorge Ibargüengoitia 1928–1983 Inés Arredondo 1928–1989 Carlos Fuentes 1928–2012 Héctor Azar 1930–2000 Margo Glantz 1930 Salvador Elizondo 1932–2006 Elena Poniatowska 1932 Maruxa Vilalta 1932 Juan García Ponce 1932–2003 Vicente Leñero 1933 Sergio Pitol 1933 Gabriel Zaid 1934 Gerardo Deniz 1934 Fernando del Paso 1935

 Ism Yashagan yillari José Carlos Becerra 1937–1970 Francisco Cervantes 1938–2005 Carlos Monsiváis 1938–2010 José Emilio Pacheco 1939–2014 Jesús Gardea 1939–2000 Eduardo Lizalde 1939 Homero Aridjis 1940 Esther Seligson 1941 Héctor Aguilar Camín 1946 Guillermo Samperio 1948 Paco Ignacio Taibo II 1949 Angeles Mastretta 1949 Francisco Serrano 1949 Laura Esquivel 1950 Coral Bracho 1951 Jose Tlatelpas 1953 Carmen Boullosa 1954 Juan Villoro 1956 Fernando Nachón 1957 Araceli Ardón 1958 Mario Bellatin 1960 Cristina Rivera Garza 1964 Eloy Urroz 1968 Ignacio Padilla 1968

 Yana qarang 
 Meksika yozuvchilari roʻyxati
 Meksika shoirlari roʻyxati
 Infrarealizm

 Manbalar 

 Havolalar  
 Preface to C.M. Mayo anthology Mexico: A Traveler's Literary Companion
Turkum:Meksika adabiyoti
Turkum:Mamlakatlar boʻyicha Lotin Amerikasi adabiyoti
Turkum:Shimoliy Amerika adabiyoti