Urushlar oraligʻi davri

20-asr tarixida “Urushlar oralig‘i davri” ( — “urushlar orasida”) deb atalgan davr 1918-yil 11-noyabrdan 1939-yil 1-sentyabrgacha davom etgan (20 yil, 9 oy, 21 kun). Bu davr Birinchi jahon urushi tugaganidan Ikkinchi jahon urushi boshlanganigacha bo‘lgan oraliqni tashkil etadi. Nisbatan qisqa bo‘lishiga qaramay, bu davr butun dunyo bo‘ylab katta ijtimoiy, siyosiy, harbiy va iqtisodiy o‘zgarishlar bilan ajralib turadi. Neft asosidagi energiya ishlab chiqarish va unga bog‘liq mexanizatsiya jarayonlari “Shiddatli yigirmanchi yillar” deb atalgan farovon davrni boshlab berdi. Bu davrda o‘rta sinf uchun ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy harakatchanlik kuchaydi. Avtomobillar, elektr yoritgichlar, radio va boshqa texnologiyalar birinchi dunyo mamlakatlarida keng tarqaldi. Ammo bu davrning farovonligi keyinchalik dunyoning ko‘plab yirik iqtisodiyotlariga jiddiy zarar yetkazgan global iqtisodiy inqiroz — Buyuk Depressiya bilan almashdi.

Siyosiy jihatdan bu davr Rossiyada Oktyabr inqilobi va Rossiyada fuqarolar urushi (Birinchi jahon urushi yakunida) bilan yuzaga kelgan kommunizmning yuksalishi bilan boshlangan va fashizmning kuchayishi(ayniqsa Germaniya va Italiyada) bilan yakunlangan. Xitoy esa bu paytda yarim asr davom etgan beqarorlik va fuqarolar urushi ichida edi. Urush Kuomintang, Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi va turli qo’mondonlar o‘rtasida kechgan. Britaniya, Fransiya va boshqa imperiyalar esa yangi siyosiy bosimlarga duch keldi: imperializm tobora salbiy hodisa sifatida qaralib, ko‘plab mustamlakalarda mustaqillik harakatlari vujudga keldi. Yevropada esa uzoq davom etgan past darajadagi qurolli to‘qnashuvlardan so‘ng Irlandiyaning katta qismi mustaqillikka erishdi.

Bu davrda Rossiya, Usmonli, Avstriya-Vengriya va Germaniya imperiyalari parchalandi. Usmonli hududlari hamda Germaniya mustamlakalari ittifoqchi davlatlar, asosan Britaniya va Fransiya o‘rtasida qayta taqsimlandi. Rossiya imperiyasining g‘arbiy hududlari — Estoniya, Finlandiya, Latviya, Litva va Polsha — mustaqil davlatlar sifatida vujudga keldi. Bessarabiya (hozirgi Moldova va Ukrainaning bir qismi) esa Ruminiya bilan qayta birlashish yo‘lini tanladi.

Rossiyada bolsheviklar Belarus, Ukraina, Markaziy Osiyo va Kavkaz ustidan nazoratni qayta tiklab, Sovet Ittifoqini tuzdilar. Yaqin Sharqda esa Misr va Iroq mustaqillikka erishdi. Buyuk depressiya davrida Lotin Amerikasi mamlakatlari o‘z iqtisodiyotini mustahkamlash maqsadida ko‘plab xorijiy (asosan AQShga tegishli) kompaniyalarni milliylashtirdilar. Shu bilan birga, Yaponiya, Italiya va Germaniyaning hududiy ekspansiya siyosati ularning o‘z ta’sir doiralarini kengaytirishiga olib keldi. Sovetlar ham bu davrda hududiy da’volarni saqlab qolgan holda, Birinchi jahon urushidan keyingi xalqaro kelishuvlarni qayta ko‘rib chiqishga intildi.

Harbiy sohada bu davr texnologik yuksalishning tezlashuvi bilan ajralib turdi. Birinchi jahon urushi tajribasi asosida yangi strategik va taktik yondashuvlar shakllandi. Ko‘plab sohalarda Birinchi jahon urushi davrida paydo bo‘lgan texnologiyalar takomillashtirilgan bo‘lsa-da, ularni qanday eng samarali qo‘llash masalasida jiddiy bahslar yuzaga keldi. Quruqlikdagi janglarda asosiy muhokama zirhli, mexanizatsiyalashgan va motorizatsiyalashgan qo‘shinlarni qanday ishlatish, xususan, ular oddiy piyoda qo‘shinlari, otliq qo‘shinlar va artilleriyaga nisbatan qanday o‘rin tutishi kerakligi haqida bo‘lgan. Havo kuchlarida esa asosiy bahs strategik bombardimonlar va front chizig‘ida yaqin havo yordami o‘rtasida resurs taqsimoti haqida kechdi. Ayrimlar qiruvchi samolyotlar bombardimonchilardan tezroq rivojlanmoqda, deb hisoblasa, boshqalar “bombardimonchi har doim o‘z nishoniga yetadi” degan qarashni himoya qilgan. Dengiz harbiy sohasida esa “linkorlar dengizlardagi hukmronligini saqlab qola oladimi yoki dengiz aviatsiyasi tufayli ular amalda ahamiyatini yo‘qotadimi?” degan savol dolzarb edi. 

Ikkinchi jahon urushi voqealari aynan shu urushlar oralig‘i davridagi harbiy bahslar va texnologik tajribalarning amaliy sinovi bo‘ldi; natijada ular zamonaviy urush doktrinalari, strategiyalari va taktikalarining shakllanishiga asos soldi. Umuman olganda, Birinchi jahon urushi va urushlar oralig‘i davrida yuz bergan yangiliklar an’anaviy front chizig‘iga asoslangan urushlardan voz kechish, buning o‘rniga harakatchan, mexanizatsiyalashgan va assimetrik jang uslublariga o‘tish davrini boshlab berdi.

 Manbalar 

 Adabiyotlar 
 Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds.; Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present (1970)
 Albrecht-Carrié, René; A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna (1958); 736pp; a basic introduction, 1815–1955; online free to borrow
 Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, and Jeremy Mitchell, eds.; Authoritarianism and democracy in Europe, 1919–39: Comparative Analyses (Springer Publishing, 2002)
 Berman, Sheri; The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe; (Harvard University Press, 2009)
 Bowman, Isaiah; The New World: Problems in Political Geography (4th ed. 1928) sophisticated global coverage; 215 maps; online
 Brendon, Piers; The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s (2000) a comprehensive global political history; 816pp

 Bridges, Mary; Dollars and Dominion: US Bankers and the Making of a Superpower (Princeton University Press), 1900 to 1940; online review of this book

 Cambon, Jules, ed.; The Foreign Policy of the Powers (1935) Essays by experts which cover France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United States; online free
 Clark, Linda Darus, ed.; Interwar America: 1920–1940: Primary Sources in U.S. History (2001)
  Cohrs, Patrick O.; "The First 'Real' Peace Settlements after the First World War: Britain, the United States and the Accords of London and Locarno, 1923–1925;" Contemporary European History 12.1 (2003): 1-31
 Costigliola, Frank C.; Awkward dominion: American political, economic, and cultural relations with Europe, 1919–1933 (Cornell University Press, 2018)
 Dailey, Andy, and David G. Williamson; (2012) Peacemaking, Peacekeeping: International Relations 1918–36 (2012) 244 pp; textbook, heavily illustrated with diagrams and contemporary photographs and color posters
 Doumanis, Nicholas, ed.; The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945 (Oxford University Press, 2016)
 Duus, Peter, ed.; The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6, The Twentieth Century (1989) pp 53–153, 217–340; online
 Feinstein, Charles H., Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo; The World Economy Between the World Wars (Oxford UP, 2008); a standard scholarly survey
 Freeman, Robert; The InterWar Years (1919–1939) (2014), brief survey
 Frieden, Jeff; "Sectoral conflict and foreign economic policy, 1914–1940;" International Organization 42.1 (1988): 59–90; focus on US policy. 
 Garraty, John A.; The Great Depression: An Inquiry into the Causes, Course, and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen-1930s, As Seen by Contemporaries (1986)
 Gathorne-Hardy, Geoffrey Malcolm; A Short History of International Affairs, 1920 to 1934 (Oxford UP, 1952)
  online free to borrow
 Grift, Liesbeth van de, and Amalia Ribi Forclaz, eds.; Governing the Rural in Interwar Europe (2017)
 Grossman, Mark ed.; Encyclopedia of the Interwar Years: From 1919 to 1939 (2000)
 Hasluck, E. L.; Foreign Affairs 1919 to 1937 (Cambridge University Press, 1938)
 Hicks, John D.; Republican Ascendancy, 1921–1933 (1960) for U.S.; online
  – a view from the Left
 Kaser, M. C. and E. A. Radice, eds.; The Economic History of Eastern Europe 1919–1975: Volume II: Interwar Policy, The War, and Reconstruction (1987)

 Koshar, Rudy; Splintered Classes: Politics and the Lower Middle Classes in Interwar Europe (1990)

 Luebbert, Gregory M.; Liberalism, Fascism, Or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe; (Oxford UP, 1991)

 Matera, Marc, and Susan Kingsley Kent; The Global 1930s: The International Decade (Routledge, 2017); excerpt


 Mowat, C. L. ed. (1968); The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945 (2nd ed.); – 25 chapters by experts; 845 pp; the first edition (1960) edited by David Thompson has the same title but numerous different chapters.
 Mowat, Charles Loch; Britain Between the Wars, 1918–1940 (1955), 690pp; thorough scholarly coverage; emphasis on politics; online
 Murray, Williamson and Allan R. Millett, eds.; Military Innovation in the Interwar Period (1998)
 Newman, Sarah, and Matt Houlbrook, eds.; The Press and Popular Culture in Interwar Europe (2015)
 Overy, R. J.; The Inter-War Crisis 1919–1939 (2nd ed. 2007)
 Rothschild, Joseph; East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars (University of Washington Press, 2017)
 Seton-Watson, Hugh; (1945) Eastern Europe Between The Wars 1918–1941; (1945) online
  – 550 pp; wide-ranging political, social and economic coverage of Britain, 1910–35
 Sontag, Raymond James; A Broken World, 1919–1939 (1972); online ; wide-ranging survey of European history
 Steiner, Zara; The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933; New York: Oxford UP, 2008
 Steiner, Zara; The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939. New York: Oxford UP, 2011
 Toynbee, A. J.; Survey of International Affairs 1920–1923 (1924); online;  Survey of International Affairs annual 1920–1937; online; Survey of International Affairs 1924 (1925); Survey of International Affairs 1925 (1926); online; Survey of International Affairs 1924 (1925); online; Survey of International Affairs 1927 (1928); online; Survey of International Affairs 1928 (1929); online; Survey of International Affairs 1929 (1930); online; Survey of International Affairs 1932 (1933); online; Survey of International Affairs 1934 (1935), focus on Europe, Middle East, Far East; Survey of International Affairs 1936 (1937); online
 Watt, D. C. et al., A History of the World in the Twentieth Century (1968) pp. 301–530
 Wheeler-Bennett, John; Munich: Prologue To Tragedy, (1948) broad coverage of diplomacy of 1930s
 Zachmann, Urs Matthias; Asia after Versailles: Asian Perspectives on the Paris Peace Conference and the Interwar Order, 1919–33 (2017)

 Tarixshunoslik
 Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds.; Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present (2020) free download; full coverage for major countries
 Jacobson, Jon; "Is there a New International History of the 1920s?;" American Historical Review 88.3 (1983): 617–645
 Sontag, Raymond James; "Between the Wars". Pacific Historical Review 29.1 (1960): 1–17, 

 Birlamchi manbalar 
 Keith, Arthur Berridale, ed. Speeches and Documents on International Affairs Vol-I (1938) online vol 1; all in English translation; also see volume 2

 Havolalar  
 Wide range of diplomatic documents from many countries. . Mount Holyoke College edition.
 "Britain 1919 to the present" Several large collections of primary sources and illustrations
 Primary source documents Archived

Turkum:Birinchi jahon urushi oqibatlari