Mazalim

Maẓālim () VIII asrda Abbosiylar xalifaligi tomonidan qabul qilingan islomgacha boʻlgan davrdagi qadimiy muassasa. Mazalim sudlarining asosiy maqsadi oddiy odamlarning ehtiyojini qondirish edi. Maẓalim yoki sulton sudi shurta yoki politsiya mahkamalaridan farq qilgan.

 Manbalar 

 Adabiyotlar 

 Tyan, Emile. Histoire de l'organisation judiciaire en pays d'Islam. Leiden: Brill, 1960.
 Nielsen, Jorgen. Secular Justice in an Islamic State: Maẓālim under the Baḥrī Mamlūks, 662/1264-789/1387. Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul, 1985.
 Tillier, Mathieu. Qādī-s and the political use of the mazālim jurisdiction under the ʿAbbāsids. In Maribel Fierro and Christian Lange (eds.), Public Violence in Islamic Societies: Power, Discipline, and the Construction of the Public Sphere, 7th-18th Centuries CE. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009, . Online: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/38/82/PDF/Tillier-Mazalim-Epreuves.pdf
Tillier, Mathieu. The Maẓālim in Historiography. In A.M. Emon and R. Ahmed (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 357-380. 
 van Berkel, Maaike. Embezzlement and reimbursement. Disciplining officials in ‘Abbāsid Baghdad (8th-10th centuries A.D.). International Journal of Public Administration, 34 (2011), .

Turkum:Shariatdagi arabcha soʻzlar va iboralar
Turkum:Abbosiylar xalifaligi hukumati