Jane Austen

Jane Austen ( ; 1775-yil 16-dekabr – 1817-yil 18-iyul) ingliz romanchisi bo‘lib, asosan oltita romani bilan tanilgan. Ushbu asarlarida XVIII asr oxiridagi ingliz yer egalari jamiyatini yashirin tarzda talqin etadi, tanqid qiladi va ular haqida fikr bildiradi. Austen asarlaridagi syujetlar ko‘pincha ayollarning qulay ijtimoiy mavqe va iqtisodiy barqarorlikka erishishlari uchun nikohga qanchalik bog‘liq ekanliklarini tadqiq etadi. Uning asarlari XVIII asrning ikkinchi yarmidagi hissiyotga asoslangan romanlarning yashirin tanqidi bo‘lib, XIX asr adabiy realizmi tomon o‘tishning bir qismi hisoblanadiGrundy (2014), 195–197. Uning ijtimoiy tanqid, realizm, so‘z o‘yini va kinoyadan foydalanishi tanqidchilar va olimlar tomonidan yuksak baholangan.

Anonim tarzda nashr etilgan „Sense and Sensibility“ (1811), „Andisha va gʻurur“ (1813), „Mansfield Park“ (1814) va „Emma“ (1816) romanlari kamtarona muvaffaqiyatga erishgan boʻlsa-da, ular muallifning hayotlik chogʻida unga katta shuhrat keltirmagan. U „Northanger Abbey“ va „Persuasion“ deb nomlangan yana ikkita roman yozgan. Bu asarlar 1817-yilda, uning vafotidan soʻng nashr etilgan. Shuningdek, „Sanditon“ deb nomlangan yana bir romanni boshlagan, ammo bu asar uning hayotdan koʻz yumishi sababli tugallanmay qolgan. U shuningdek, oʻsmirlar uchun yozilgan qoʻlyozma shaklidagi uch jildlik asar, „Lady Susan“ nomli qisqa epistolyar roman va tugallanmasdan qolgan „The Watsons“ nomli yana bir romanni meros qilib qoldirgan.

 Biografik m’alumotlari 
Austen haqidagi biografik maʼlumotlar uning bir necha omon qolgan xatlari va oila aʼzolari u haqida yozgan qoʻl yozmalaridan olinganFergus (2005), 3–4. Austen yozgan 3000 ga yaqin xatdan faqat 160 tasi saqlanib qolgan va nashr etilgan. Kassandra Austen singlisidan olgan xatlarning asosiy qismini yoʻq qilgan, yoqib yuborganLe Faye (2005), 33Nokes (1998), 1.

 Hayoti 
Jane Austen 1775-yil 16-dekabrda Hampshire shtatining Steventon shahrida sovuq qish kunlarida tugʻilgan. 1776-yilning qishi ayniqsa qattiq boʻldi. U oʻsha yerdagi mahalliy cherkovda choʻqintirildiLe Faye (2004), 27.

Uning otasi Jorj Osten (1731-1805) Steventon va Deane Anglikan cherkovlarining ruhoniysi boʻlib ishlaganTodd (2015), 2. Ruhoniy Osten jun savdosi bilan shugʻillanuvchi badavlat oilada tugʻilgan. U va uning ikki singlisi bolaligida yetim qolib, qarindoshlari bilan yashashga toʻgʻri kelgan. 1745-yilda, oʻn besh yoshida, Jorj Ostenning singlisi Philadelphia Kovent bogʻida tegirmonchiga shogird boʻlgan. Oʻn olti yoshida Jorj Oksforddagi Sent-John kollejiga oʻqishga kirgan. U yerda Cassandra Leigh (1739–1827) bilan uchrashdiLe Faye (2004), 3–5, 11. U taniqli Leigh oilasidan edi. Uning otasi Oksforddagi All Souls kollejida rektor boʻlgan, u yerda Cassandra zodagonlar orasida ulgʻaygan. Uning toʻngʻich akasi James katta xolasi Perrotdan boylik va katta mulkni meros qilib oldi, faqat ismini Leigh-Perrotga oʻzgartirish sharti bilanLe Faye (2004), 8; Nokes (1998), 51.

Jorj Osten va Cassandra Leigh 1763-yilda unashtirildiLe Faye (2004), 11Le Faye (2004), 6. Ular 1764-yil 26-aprelda Vannadagi Avliyo Swithin cherkovida, Cassandraning otasi vafotidan ikki oy oʻtib turmush qurishdiLe Faye (2004), 11; Nokes (1998), 24, 26. Jorjning yillik tirikchiligi kam edi; Cassandraning onasi vafot etganidan soʻng unga kichik meros qoldiLe Faye (2004), 12; Nokes (1998), 24.

Yaqin atrofdagi Dean cherkovini boy amakisi Francis Austen sotib olganidan soʻng, Austenlar u yerda vaqtinchalik istiqomat qilishdiAusten-Leigh, James Edward (1871). Memoir of Jane Austen (Second ed.). London: Richard Bentley and Son. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.. Cassandra Deanda uchta farzandni dunyoga keltirdi: 1765-yilda James, 1766-yilda George va 1767-yilda EdwardLe Faye (2004), 11, 18, 19; Nokes (1998), 36Le Faye (2004), 19.

 Steventon 
1768-yilda oila nihoyat Steventonga koʻchib kelishdi. Genri 1771-yilda Steventonda tugʻildiNokes (1998), 37; Le Faye (2004), 25. Oʻsha paytda Cassandra kichik Georgening rivojlanishida nogironlik belgilarini eʼtiborsiz qoldira olmadi. George kar va soqov boʻlishi mumkin ediLe Faye (2004), 22. 1773-yilda Cassandra, 1774-yilda Francis, 1775-yilda esa Jane tugʻilganNokes (1998), 37; Le Faye (2004), 24–27.

 Taʼlimi 
1783-yilda Jane va uning singlisi Cassandra Oksfordga Ann Cawley xonim qoʻlida taʼlim olish uchun yuborildi va oʻsha yilning oxirida ularni Southamptonga olib ketishdi. Oʻsha kuzda ikkala qiz ham tif kasaliga chalinganidan keyin uylariga joʻnatildiLe Faye (2004), 47–49; Collins (1994), 35, 133.. Oʻsha paytdan boshlab uyda taʼlim olishni boshladi. 1785-yil boshidan boshlab La Turnelle xonim rahbarligidagi Reading Abbey Qizlar internat maktabida oʻqidiTodd (2015), 3. Oʻquv dasturiga, fransuz tili, imlo, tikuvchilik, raqs, musiqa va drama kiritilgan. Opa-singillar 1786-yil dekabridan oldin uylariga qaytishdi, chunki maktab toʻlovlari Austen oilasi uchun juda yuqori ediTomalin (1997), 9–10, 26, 33–38, 42–43; Le Faye (2004), 52; Collins (1994), 133–134Le Faye (2004), 52.

 Romanlari 

 Sense and Sensibility – 1811
 Andisha va gʻurur – 1813
 Mansfield Park – 1814
 Emma – 1815
 Boshqa ishlari 

Juvenilia: Birinchi jild (1787–1793)The Works of Jane Austen. Vol VI. 1954. Ed. R. W. Chapman and B. C. Southam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, as supplemented by additional research reflected in Margaret Anne Doody and Douglas Murray, eds. Catharine and Other Writings. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
 Frederic & Elfrida
 Jack & Alice
 Edgar & Emma
 Henry and Eliza
 The Adventures of Mr. Harley
 Sir William Mountague
 Memoirs of Mr. Clifford
 The Beautifull Cassandra
 Amelia Webster
 The Visit
 The Mystery
 The Three Sisters
 A Fragment
 A beautiful description
 The generous Curate
 Ode to Pity

Juvenilia: Ikkinchi jild (1787–1793)
 Love and Freindship
 Lesley Castle
 The History of England
 A Collection of Letters
 The female philosopher
 The first Act of a Comedy
 A Letter from a Young Lady
 A Tour through Wales
 A Tale

Juvenilia: Uchinchi jild (1787–1793)
 Evelyn
 Catharine, or The Bower

 Vafotidan keyingi nashrlar 

 Northanger Abbey – 1818
 Persuasion – 1818
 The Watsonsi – 1892

 Yana qarang 
 Emma 2020-yilda katta ekranlarga chiqqan, Austenning xuddi shu nomdagi romani asosida suratga olingan filmdir.


 Shajara daraxti 

 Manbalar 

 Bibliografiya 
Birlamchi asarlari 

 Austen, Jane. Catharine and Other Writings. nash. Margaret Anne Doody and Douglas Murray. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. .
 Austen, Jane. The History of England. nash. David Starkey. Icon Books, HarperCollins Publishers, 2006. .
 Le Faye, Deirdre, nash. Jane Austenʼs Letters. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. .

Ikkilamchi asarlari 

Biografiyalar

 Austen, Henry Thomas. „Biographical Notice of the Author“. Northanger Abbey and Persuasion. London: John Murray, 1817.
 Austen-Leigh, James Edward. A Memoir of Jane Austen. 1926. nash. R. W. Chapman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
 Austen-Leigh, William and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh. Jane Austen: Her Life and Letters, A Family Record. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1913.
 Fergus, Jan. Jane Austen: A Literary Life. London: Macmillan, 1991. .
 Honan, Park. Jane Austen: A Life. New York: St. Martinʼs Press, 1987. .
 Le Faye, Deirdre. Jane Austen: A Family Record. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. .
 Nokes, David. Jane Austen: A Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. .
 Tomalin, Claire. Jane Austen: A Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. .

Esse toʻplamlari

 Alexander, Christine and Juliet McMaster, eds. The Child Writer from Austen to Woolf. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. .
 Copeland, Edward and Juliet McMaster, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. .
 Grey, J. David, nash. The Jane Austen Companion. New York: Macmillan, 1986. .
 Lynch, Deidre, nash. Janeites: Austenʼs Disciples and Devotees. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. .
 Southam, B. C., nash. Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1812-1870. Vol. 1. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968. .
 Southam, B. C., nash. Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1870-1940. Vol. 2. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. .
 Todd, Janet, nash. Jane Austen in Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. .
 Watt, Ian, nash. Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963. .

Monograflar va maqolalar

 Armstrong, Nancy. Desire and Domestic Fiction. London: Oxford University Press, 1987. .
 Butler, Marilyn. Jane Austen and the War of Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975. .
 Byrne, Paula. Jane Austen and the Theatre. London and New York: Continuum, 2002. .
 Collins, Irene. Jane Austen and the Clergy. London: The Hambledon Press, 1994. .
 Devlin, D. D. Jane Austen and Education. London: Macmillan, 1975. .
 Duckworth, Alistair M. The Improvement of the Estate: A Study of Jane Austenʼs Novels. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971. .
 Fergus, Jan. Jane Austen and the Didactic Novel. Totowa: Barnes & Noble, 1983. .
 Ferguson, Moira. „Mansfield Park, Slavery, Colonialism, and Gender“. Oxford Literary Review 13 (1991): 118-39.
 Galperin, William. The Historical Austen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. .
 Gay, Penny. Jane Austen and the Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. .
 Gubar, Susan and Sandra Gilbert. The Madwoman in the Attic: the Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination. 1979. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. .
 Harding, D. W., „Regulated Hatred: An Aspect of the Work of Jane Austen“. Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays. nash. Ian Watt. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963.
 Jenkyns, Richard. A Fine Brush on Ivory: An Appreciation of Jane Austen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. .
 Johnson, Claudia L. Jane Austen: Women, Politics and the Novel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. .
 Kirkham, Margaret. Jane Austen, Feminism and Fiction. Brighton: Harvester, 1983. .
 Koppel, Gene. The Religious Dimension in Jane Austenʼs Novels. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1988.
 Lascelles, Mary. Jane Austen and Her Art. Original publication 1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
 Leavis, F. R. The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960.
 Litz, A. Walton. Jane Austen: A Study of Her Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
 Lynch, Deidre. The Economy of Character. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. .
 MacDonagh, Oliver. Jane Austen: Real and Imagined Worlds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. .
 Miller, D. A. Jane Austen, or The Secret of Style. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. .
 Mudrick, Marvin. Jane Austen: Irony as Defense and Discovery. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952.
 Page, Norman. The Language of Jane Austen. Oxford: Blackwell, 1972. .
 Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. .
 Raven, James. The Business of Books: Booksellers and the English Book Trade. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. .
 Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. .
 Todd, Janet. The Cambridge Introduction to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. .
 Waldron, Mary. Jane Austen and the Fiction of Her Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. .
 Wiltshire, John. Recreating Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. .
 Wiltshire, John. Jane Austen and the Body: The Picture of Health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. .

 Havolalar 

 Jane Austenning qoʻlyozmalari, raqamli arxiv (Oxford universiteti)
 A Memoir of Jane Austen – James Edward Austen-Leigh
 Jane Austen  Britaniya kutubxonasida
 Portal:Jane Austen – eski Vikipediya portali Internet Archiveʼda

 Muzeylar 

 Jane Austenning uy-muzeyi (Chawton)
 Jane Austen markazi (Bath)

Turkum:1775-yilda tugʻilganlar
Turkum:1817-yilda vafot etganlar
Turkum:Ingliz yozuvchilari