Kashmir

Kashmir (; dogri: कश्मीर; ladaxi: ཀཤམིར; balti: کشمیر; годжри: کشمیر; punchi/chibxali: کشمیر; Shina: کشمیر; ; devanagari: कश्मीर) – Hindiston yarim orolining shimoli-gʻarbida joylashgan, tarixan Himolay togʻlaridagi sobiq viloyat boʻlgan bahs-munozarali hudud. Kashmirning boʻlinishi rasmiy chegara bitimlari bilan tasdiqlangan emas. Kashmir oʻzi uni egallab turgan mamlakatlar, ayniqsa Hindiston va Pokiston oʻrtasidagi ziddiyat manbai hisoblanadi.

Kashmir shimolda Afgʻoniston, sharqda Xitoyning Shinjon-Uygʻur va Tibet muxtor rayonlari, janubda Hindistonning Ximachalpradesh va Panjob shtatlari, gʻarbda esa Pokiston bilan chegaradosh.

Bugungi kunda Kashmir amalda quyidagi hududlarga boʻlingan: Hindistonning ikkita ittifoqdosh hududi – Jammu va Kashmir hamda Ladakh (umumiy maydoni 101 387 km², aholisi 12,5 million kishi); oʻzini oʻzi eʼlon qilgan, xalqaro miqyosda tan olinmagan Ozod Kashmir davlati („erkin Kashmir“ deb ham ataladi, maydoni 13 000 km², aholisi 3,6 million kishi); Pokiston nazoratidagi Gilgit-Baltiston viloyati („shimoliy hududlar“ sifatida ham tanilgan, maydoni 72 500 km², aholisi 1 million kishi); va Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi boshqaruvida boʻlgan Aksaychin hududi (maydoni 37 555 km², aholisi bir necha ming kishi). Kashmirning jami maydoni 222 236 km²ni tashkil etadi.

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 Kashmir tarixi 







 Stepanov Ya., Konflikt v Indostane i soglasheniye v Tashkente, M., 1966; GopalSingx, Geografiya Indii, M., 1980; Sdasyuk G. V., Shtati Indii, M, 1981. Temur Gʻiyosov.
















 Tarixiy manbalar 

 Blank, Jonah. „Kashmir–Fundamentalism Takes Root“, Foreign Affairs, 78.6 (November/December 1999): 36–42.
 Drew, Federic. 1877. The Northern Barrier of India: a popular account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations; 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu. 1971.
 Evans, Alexander. Why Peace Wonʼt Come to Kashmir, Current History (Vol 100, No 645) April 2001 p. 170–175.
 Hussain, Ijaz. 1998. „Kashmir Dispute: An International Law Perspective“, National Institute of Pakistan Studies.
 Irfani, Suroosh, ed „Fifty Years of the Kashmir Dispute“: Based on the proceedings of the International Seminar held at Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir 24–25 August 1997: University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, AJK, 1997.
 Joshi, Manoj Lost Rebellion: Kashmir in the Nineties (Penguin, New Delhi, 1999).
 Khan, L. Ali The Kashmir Dispute: A Plan for Regional Cooperation  31 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 31, p. 495 (1994).
 Knight, E. F. 1893. Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in: Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries. Longmans, Green, and Co., London. Reprint: Ch’eng Wen Publishing Company, Taipei. 1971.
 Knight, William, Henry. 1863. Diary of a Pedestrian in Cashmere and Thibet. Richard Bentley, London. Reprint 1998: Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.
 Köchler, Hans. The Kashmir Problem between Law and Realpolitik. Reflections on a Negotiated Settlement . Keynote speech delivered at the „Global Discourse on Kashmir 2008.“ European Parliament, Brussels, 1 April 2008.
 Moorcroft, William and Trebeck, George. 1841. Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara… from 1819 to 1825, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.
 Neve, Arthur. (Date unknown). The Touristʼs Guide to Kashmir, Ladakh, Skardo &c. 18th Edition. Civil and Military Gazette, Ltd., Lahore. (The date of this edition is unknown – but the 16th edition was published in 1938).
 Stein, M. Aurel. 1900. Kalhaṇaʼs Rājataraṅgiṇī–A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr, 2 vols. London, A. Constable & Co. Ltd. 1900. Reprint, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.
 Younghusband, Francis and Molyneux, Edward 1917. Kashmir. A. & C. Black, London.
 Norelli-Bachelet, Patrizia. „Kashmir and the Convergence of Time, Space and Destiny“, 2004; . First published as a four-part series, March 2002 – April 2003, in 'Prakash', a review of the Jagat Guru Bhagavaan Gopinath Ji Charitable Foundation. Kashmir and the Convergence of Time Space and Destiny by Patrizia Norelli Bachelet 
 Muhammad Ayub. An Army; Its Role & Rule (A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947–1999). Pittsburgh: Rosedog Books, 2005. .

 Manbalar 

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 United Nations Military Observers Group in Kashmir

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