قدیم فلسفہ

یہ صفحہ قدیم فلسفے کے کچھ روابط کی فہرست ہے۔ مغربی فلسفے میں، رومی سلطنت میں مسیحیت کے پھیلاؤ نے ہیلینیائی فلسفے پر خاتمے کی مہر لگا دی اور فلسفہ قرون وسطی کا آغاز ہوا، جبکہ مشرقی فلسفے میں، اسلام کے پھیلاؤ نے قدیم ایرانی فلسفے کا خاتمہ کر دیا اور ابتدائی اسلامی فلسفے کا آغاز ہوا۔

 تعارف 
خالص فلسفیانہ سوچ، خلقی انفرادی بصیرت پر منحصر ہے، اس کا آغاز بہت سی ثقافتوں میں تقریباً اتفاقی طور پر ہوا۔
 فلسفی 
 تاؤ مت
 لاؤزی (پانچویں–چوتھی صدی قبل مسیح)
 Zhuangzi (چوتھی صدی قبل مسیح)
 Zhang Daoling
 Zhang Jue (وفات 184 عیسوی)
 Ge Hong (283 – 343 عیسوی)
 کنفیوشس مت
 کنفیوشس
 مین شیس
 Xun Zi (c. 312 – 230 قبل مسیح)
 Legalism
 Li Si
 Li Kui
 Han Fei
 Mi Su Yu
 Shang Yang
 Shen Buhai
 Shen Dao
 مؤیت
 موزی
 Song Xing
 Logicians
 Deng Xi
 Hui Shi (380–305 قبل مسیح)
 Gongsun Long (c. 325 – c. 250 قبل مسیح)
 Agrarianism
 Xu Xing
 Naturalism
 Zou Yan (305 – 240 قبل مسیح)
  Neotaoism 
 Wang Bi
 Guo Xiang
 Xiang Xiu
 School of Diplomacy
 Guiguzi
 Su Qin (380 – 284 قبل مسیح)
 Zhang Yi (bef. 329 – 309 قبل مسیح)
 Yue Yi
 Li Yiji (268 – 204 قبل مسیح)
 School of the Military
 Sunzi (c. 500 قبل مسیح)
 Sun Bin (وفات 316 قبل مسیح)

 قدیم یونانی و رومی فلسفہ 

تصغیر|250px|بائیں|Graphical relationship among the various pre-socratic philosophers and thinkers; red arrows indicate a relationship of opposition.
تصغیر|250px|بائیں|رافیل's School of Athens، depicting an array of ancient Greek philosophers engaged in discussion.

 فلسفی 

 ماقبل سقراطی فلسفی 
 Milesian School
تھالیز (624 – c 546 قبل مسیح)
اناکسی میندر (610 – 546 قبل مسیح)
اناکسی مینس (c. 585 – c. 525 قبل مسیح)
 فیثا غورثی
فیثاغورث (582 – 496 قبل مسیح)
فلولاؤس (470 – 380 قبل مسیح)
Alcmaeon of Croton
آرکیٹاس (428 – 347 قبل مسیح)
 ہیروکلیطس (535 – 475 قبل مسیح)
 Eleatic School
Xenophanes (570 – 470 قبل مسیح)
بارامانیاس (510 – 440 قبل مسیح)
Zeno of Elea (490 – 430 قبل مسیح)
Melissus of Samos (c. 470 قبل مسیح – ?)
 Pluralists
امپی دوکلیز (490 – 430 قبل مسیح)
اناکسا غورث (500 – 428 قبل مسیح)
 Atomists
Leucippus (first half of پانچویں صدی قبل مسیح)
دیموقراطیس (460 – 370 قبل مسیح)
Metrodorus of Chios (چوتھی صدی قبل مسیح)
 Pherecydes of Syros (6th صدی قبل مسیح)
  Sophists 
پروتاغوراث (490 – 420 قبل مسیح)
Gorgias (487 – 376 قبل مسیح)
Antiphon (480 – 411 قبل مسیح)
Prodicus (465/450 – بعد از 399 قبل مسیح)
Hippias (وسط پانچویں صدی قبل مسیح)
Thrasymachus (459 – 400 قبل مسیح)
Callicles
Critias
Lycophron
 Diogenes of Apollonia (c. 460 قبل مسیح – ?)

 قدیم یونانی فلسفی 
 سقراط (469 – 399 قبل مسیح)
 Euclid of Megara (450 – 380 قبل مسیح)
 اینٹی شینز (445 – 360 قبل مسیح)
 ارسطیفوس (435 – 356 قبل مسیح)
 افلاطون (428 – 347 قبل مسیح)
 Speusippus (407 – 339 قبل مسیح)
 دیو جانس کلبی (400 – 325 قبل مسیح)
 Xenocrates (396 – 314 قبل مسیح)
 ارسطو (384 – 322 قبل مسیح)
 Stilpo (380 – 300 قبل مسیح)
 Theophrastus (370 – 288 قبل مسیح)

 ہیلینیائی فلسفی 
 Pyrrho (365 – 275 قبل مسیح)
 Epicurus (341 – 270 قبل مسیح)
 Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger) (331 – 278 قبل مسیح)
 Zeno of Citium (333 – 263 قبل مسیح)
 Cleanthes (c. 330 – c. 230 قبل مسیح)
 Timon (320 – 230 قبل مسیح)
 Arcesilaus (316 – 232 قبل مسیح)
 Menippus (3rd صدی قبل مسیح)
 ارشمیدس (c. 287 – 212 قبل مسیح)
 Chrysippus (280 – 207 قبل مسیح)
 Carneades (214 – 129 قبل مسیح)
 Clitomachus (187 – 109 قبل مسیح)
 Metrodorus of Stratonicea (late 2nd صدی قبل مسیح)
 Philo of Larissa (160 – 80 قبل مسیح)
 Posidonius (135 – 51 قبل مسیح)
 Antiochus of Ascalon (130 – 68 قبل مسیح)
 Aenesidemus (1st صدی قبل مسیح)
 Agrippa (1st صدی عیسوی)

 ہیلینیائی مکتب فکر 
 Cynicism
 Eclecticism
 ایپی قوریت
 Middle Platonism
 نو افلاطونیت
 Neopythagoreanism
 مشائیت
 Pyrrhonism
 رواقیت
  Sophism 

 Early Roman and Christian philosophy 

 School of the Sextii

 Philosophers during Roman times 
تصغیر|150px|بائیں|Plotinus
 سائیسیرو (106 – 43 قبل مسیح)
 Lucretius (94 – 55 قبل مسیح)
 Seneca (4 قبل مسیح – 65 عیسوی)
 Musonius Rufus (30 – 100 عیسوی)
 پلو ٹارک (45 – 120 عیسوی)
 Epictetus (55 – 135 عیسوی)
 Marcus Aurelius (121 – 180 عیسوی)
 کلیمینس اسکندری (150 – 215 عیسوی)
 Alcinous (philosopher) (2nd صدی عیسوی)
 Sextus Empiricus (3rd صدی عیسوی)
 Alexander of Aphrodisias (3rd صدی عیسوی)
 Ammonius Saccas (3rd صدی عیسوی)
  Plotinus (205 – 270 عیسوی)
 Porphyry (232 – 304 عیسوی)
 Iamblichus (242 – 327 عیسوی)
 Themistius (317 – 388 عیسوی)
 سینٹ آگسٹائن (354 – 430 عیسوی)
 Proclus (411 – 485 عیسوی)
 Damascius (462 – 540 عیسوی)
 Boethius (472 – 524 عیسوی)
 Simplicius of Cilicia (490 – 560 عیسوی)
 John Philoponus (490 – 570 عیسوی)

 Ancient Indian philosophy 

The ancient Indian philosophy is a fusion of two ancient traditions : Sramana tradition and Vedic tradition.

 Vedic philosophy 
Indian philosophy begins with the وید where questions related to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous رگ وید  Hymn of Creation  (Nasadiya Sukta) the poet says:
250px|تصغیر|بائیں|ویاس، at وسط picture
 "Whence all creation had its origin,
 he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,
 he, who surveys it all from highest heaven,
 he knows—or maybe even he does not know."

In the تاریخی ویدک مذہب view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being (Purusha)۔ This leads to the inquiry into the one being that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed rta and causal law by karma۔ Nature (prakriti) is taken to have three qualities (sattva، rajas، and tamas)۔
 وید
 اپنیشد
 Hindu philosophy

 Sramana philosophy 

جین مت and بدھ مت are continuation of the Sramana school of thought. The Sramanas cultivated a pessimistic worldview of the samsara as full of suffering and advocated renunciation and austerities. They laid stress on philosophical concepts like Ahimsa, Karma, Jnana, Samsara and Moksa. Cārvāka (Sanskrit: चार्वाक) (atheist) philosophy, also known as Lokāyata, it is a system of Hindu philosophy that assumes various forms of philosophical skepticism and religious indifference. It is named بعد از its founder, Cārvāka, author of the Bārhaspatya-sūtras.

 Classical Indian philosophy 
In classical times, these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy. Some of the questions asked were:
 What is the ontological nature of consciousness?
 How is cognition itself experienced?
 Is mind (chit) intentional or not?
 Does cognition have its own structure?

The Six schools of ہندوستانی فلسفہ are:
 Nyaya
 Vaisheshika
 Samkhya
 Yoga
  Mimamsa  (Purva Mimamsa)
 ویدانت (Uttara Mimamsa)

 Ancient Indian philosophers 

 1st millennium قبل مسیح 
 Parashara — writer of Viṣṇu Purāṇa۔

 Philosophers of Vedic Age (2000–600 قبل مسیح) 
 Rishi Narayana — seer of the Purusha Sukta of the رگ وید۔The significance of Purusha Sukta in Daily Invocations by Swami Krishnananda
 سات رشی — Atri, Bharadwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Kasyapa, Vasishtha, Viswamitra.P. 285 Indian sociology through Ghurye, a dictionary By S. Devadas Pillai
 رشی — Gritsamada, Sandilya, Kanva etc.
 رشبھ ناتھ — رشی mentioned in رگ وید and later in several Puranas, and believed by Jains to be the first official religious گرو of جین مت، as accredited by later followers.
 Yajnavalkya — one of the وید sages, greatly influenced بدھ مت thought.
 انگیار — one of the seers of the اتھرو وید and author of Mundaka Upanishad۔
  Uddalaka Aruni  — an Upanishadic sage who authored major portions of Chāndogya Upaniṣad۔
 Ashvapati — a King in the مہا جن پد who authored Vaishvanara Vidya of Chāndogya Upaniṣad۔
 Ashtavakra — an Upanishadic Sage mentioned in the مہا بھارت، who authored Ashtavakra Gita۔

 Philosophers of Axial Age (600–185 قبل مسیح) 
 Kanada (c. 600 قبل مسیح)، founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika، gave theory of atomism
 مہاویر (599–527 قبل مسیح) — heavily influenced جین مت، the 2چوتھی تیرتھنکر of جین مت۔
150px|تصغیر|بائیں|Buddha.
 پانینی (520–460 قبل مسیح)، grammarian, author of پانینی
 کپل (c. 500 قبل مسیح)، proponent of the Samkhya system of philosophy.
 Badarayana (lived between 500 قبل مسیح and 400 قبل مسیح) — Author of Brahma Sutras۔
 Pingala (c. 500 قبل مسیح)، author of the Chandas shastra
 گوتم بدھ (c. 480 – c. 400 قبل مسیح)، founder of بدھ مت school of thought
 چانکیہ (c. 350 – c. 275 قبل مسیح)، author of ارتھ شاستر، professor (acharya) of political science at the ٹیکسلا
 Patañjali (c. 200 قبل مسیح)، developed the philosophy of Raja Yoga in his Yoga Sutras.
 Shvetashvatara — Author of earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of شیو مت۔

 Philosophers of Golden Age (184 قبل مسیح – 600 عیسوی) 
  Gotama  (c. 2nd–3rd صدی عیسوی)، wrote Jaimini، author of Purva Mimamsa Sutras۔
 Dignāga (c. 500)، one of the founders of Buddhist school of Indian logic۔
 Asanga (c. 300)، exponent of the Yogacara
 بھرتری ہری (c 450–510 عیسوی)، early figure in Indic linguistic theory
 بودھی دھرم (c. 440–528 عیسوی)، founder of the زین بدھ school of بدھ مت
 Siddhasena Divākara (پانچویں Century عیسوی)، Jain logician and author of important works in Sanskrit and Prakrit, such as, Nyāyāvatāra (on Logic) and Sanmatisūtra (dealing with the seven Jaina standpoints, knowledge and the objects of knowledge)
 وسوبندھو (c. 300 عیسوی)، one of the main founders of the Indian Yogacara school.
 Kundakunda (2nd Century عیسوی)، exponent of Jain mysticism and Jain nayas dealing with the nature of the soul and its contamination by matter, author of Pañcāstikāyasāra (Essence of the Five Existents)، the Pravacanasāra (Essence of the Scripture) and the Samayasāra (Essence of the Doctrine)
 ناگ ارجن (c. 150 – 250 عیسوی)، the founder of the Madhyamaka (Middle Path) school of مہایان۔
 Umāsvāti or Umasvami (2nd Century عیسوی)، author of first Jain work in Sanskrit, Tattvārthasūtra، expounding the Jain philosophy in a most systematized form acceptable to all sects of Jainism.

 Ancient Iranian philosophy 
بائیں|250px|تصغیر|Zarathustra as depicted in رافیل's The School of Athens beside Raphael who appears as the ancient painter Apelles of Kos۔

See also: ثنویت، Dualism (philosophy of mind)

While there are ancient relations between the Indian وید and the Iranian اوستا، the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view of man's role in the universe. The first charter of انسانی حقوق by کورش اعظم as understood in the اسطوانۂ کورش is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by زرطشت and developed in زرتشتیت schools of thought of the ہخامنشی سلطنت of تاریخ ایران۔Philip G. Kreyenbroek: "Morals and Society in Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy"۔ Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.Mary Boyce: "The Origins of Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy"۔ Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.

 Schools of thought 
Ideas and tenets of Zoroastrian schools of Early Persian philosophy are part of many works written in Middle Persian and of the extant scriptures of the zoroastrian religion in اوستائی زبان۔ Among these are treatises such as the Shikand-gumanic Vichar by Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan, selections of Denkard، Wizidagīhā-ī Zātspram ("Selections of Zātspram") as well as older passages of the book Avesta, the Gathas which are attributed to Zarathustra himself and regarded as his "direct teachings"۔An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia. From Zoroaster to 'Umar Khayyam. S. H. Nasr & M. Aminrazavi. I. B. Tauris Publishers, London & New York, 2008. ۔

 Zoroastrianism 
 زرطشت
 Jamasp
 Ostanes
 Mardan-Farrux OhrmazddadanZurvan. A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Robert Charles Zaehner. Biblo and Tannen, 1972. ۔
 Adurfarnbag FarroxzadanSasanian Iran – intellectual life. A. Tafazzoli and A. L. Khromov in: History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilization. B. A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guand-Da, R. Shabani Samghabadi. Unesco, 1996. ۔
 Adurbad Emedan
 اوستا
 Gathas
Anacharsis

 Pre-Manichaean thought 
 BardesanesMansour Shaki. Falsafa. Philosophy in the pre-Islamic period۔ Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume IX. 1999. ۔Prods Oktor Skjaervo. Bardesanes۔ Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume III. Fasc. 7–8. ۔

 Manichaeism 
 Mani (c. 216 – 276 عیسوی)
 AmmoDavid A. Scott. Manichaean Views of Buddhism in: History of Religions. Vol. 25, No. 2, Nov. 1985. University of Chicago Press.

 Mazdakism 
 مزدکYarshater, Ehsan. 1983. The Cambridge history of Iran, volume 2. pp. 995–997
 مزدک (وفات c. 524 or 528 عیسوی)

 Zurvanism 
 Aesthetic Zurvanism
 Materialist Zurvanism
 Fatalistic Zurvanism

 Philosophy and the Empire 
 Political philosophy
 Tansar
 اکادمی جندیشاپور
 Borzouye
 بختیشوع
 خسرو اول خسرو اول
 Paul the Persian

 Literature 
 پہلوی ادب

 Ancient Jewish philosophy 

 First Temple (c. 900 قبل مسیح to 587 قبل مسیح) 
 Joel (9th–پانچویں صدی قبل مسیح)
 Amos (8th صدی قبل مسیح)
 ہوسیع (8th صدی قبل مسیح)
 Micah (8th صدی قبل مسیح)
 کتاب یسعیاہ (8th صدی قبل مسیح)
 حزقی ایل (7th صدی قبل مسیح)
 حبقوق (7th صدی قبل مسیح)
 ارمیاہ (7th صدی قبل مسیح)
 Nahum (7th صدی قبل مسیح)
 Zephaniah (7th صدی قبل مسیح)

 Assyrian exile (587 قبل مسیح to 516 قبل مسیح) 
 کتاب یسعیاہ (6th صدی قبل مسیح)
 حجی (6th صدی قبل مسیح)
 عبدیاہ (6th صدی قبل مسیح)
 کتاب یسعیاہ (6th صدی قبل مسیح)
 زکریا بن برخیا (6th صدی قبل مسیح)

 Second Temple (516 قبل مسیح to 70 عیسوی) 
 ملاکی (پانچویں صدی قبل مسیح)
 کتاب واعظ (پانچویں – 2nd صدی قبل مسیح)
  Shimon ben Yeshua ben Eliezer ben Sira  (2nd صدی قبل مسیح)
 ہلل (c. 110 قبل مسیح – 10عیسوی)
 فیلو (30 قبل مسیح – 45 عیسوی)

 Early Roman exile (70 عیسوی to c. 600 عیسوی) 
 Rabbi Akiva (c. 40 – c. 137 عیسوی)

 مزید دیکھیے 
 Index of ancient philosophy articles

 حوالہ جات 

 مزید پڑھیے 
 Luchte, James, Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn، in series, Bloomsbury Studies in Ancient Philosophy، Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2011. 

 بیرونی روابط 


زمرہ:قدیم فلسفہ
زمرہ:ویکی ڈیٹا سے مختلف مختصر وضاحت