Repatriation (Cultural Property)

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu
Wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔde amammerɛ ho agyapadeɛ a wɔtaa ka ho asɛm sɛ tete nnoɔma anaa adwinnie bi a wɔawia no

san kɔma wɔn man anaa wɔn a na ɛyɛ wɔn dea (anaa wɔn adedifoɔ) no.

Amanneɛ mu agyapadeɛ a ɛyɛ akyinnyegyeɛ no yɛ honam fam nneɛma a kuw bi anaa nnipa bi de agyaw kuw foforo, a mpɛn pii no wɔwia, sɛɛ ebia nhyɛsoɔ mu, nnisoɔ mu, anaa ɔko kwan so. Nneɛma a wɔsɔre tia no gu ahodoɔ pii na ebi ne ahoni, mfonini, nkaedum, nneɛma te sɛ nnwinnadeɛ anaa akodeɛ a wɔde yɛ anthropological adesua, ne nnipa nkae.

Efi tete mmere mu no, wɔtaa de akodi sɛe nnipa a wɔadi wɔn so nkonim no amammerɛ. Wɔ ɛnnɛ mmere yi mu no, Napoleonfo a wɔfow adwinne no yɛ nnwinne ne nneɛma a ɛsom bo a France asraafo anaa aban mpanimfoɔ sisii no. Berɛ a Napoleon dii nkoguo no, wɔde nnwinneɛ a wɔfomm no bi san kɔɔ wɔn man mu, sɛnea Paris Apam no kyerɛ no. Wɔn mu bi ne Saint Mark Apɔnkɔ no a wɔsan de wɔn kɔɔ Venice no.

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 21 no mfitiase no, nsɛm a ɛfa nnommumfa a na ɛwɔ hɔ berɛ a na Atɔeɛ fam nnwumakuo retɔn nneɛma no ho no de akyinnyegye a ɛne sɛ wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔsan de nkurɔfo ba wɔn man mu ne nea wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nyinaa bae. Ɛfiri berɛ a wɔtintimii Franse amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa Afrika amammerɛ agyapadeɛ a wɔde bɛsan ama no wɔ afe 2018 mu no, nsɛm a wɔdwennwenee yi anya amanaman ntam adwene foforo, na ɛde nsakrae aba wɔ tete nneɛma akorae no dwumadie mu, na wɔde nneɛma a wɔde bɛsan ama no no gyina abrabɔ pa so na ɛnyɛ mmara so kɛkɛ.

 Ɛho nsɛm 

 Ɔko ne asisi 

 Tete wiase 
Ɛfri teteete nyinaa na akodie ne aman a wɔadi wɔn so nkonim a wɔsɛe wɔn nneɛma wɔ hɔ. Ɔhene Naram-Sin a

ofi Akkad no nkaedum a seesei ɛda adi wɔ Louvre Tete Nneɛma Akorae wɔ Paris no yɛ tete nneɛma a wonim sɛ wɔfow wɔ ɔko mu no mu biako. Naram-Sin nkonimdi wɔ ɔko a ɔne Lullubifo koe wɔ 2250 A.Y.B. mu no ho nkaedum a wɔde kae no bɛyɛ mfe apem akyi no, Elamfo a wɔtwee no kɔɔ wɔn ahenkurow Susa, Iran no faa no sɛ akodi mu nneɛma. Wɔn a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefoɔ nneɛma mu wɔ France no huu no wɔ hɔ wɔ afe 1898 mu.

Palladion yɛ ahoni a wɔwiaa no kan na ebia ɛno na ɛho hia sen biara wɔ atɔe fam nkyerɛwee mu. Atena a na ɔkura akodeɛ a wɔde nnua ayɛ a wɔatwa no dua ho ahoni ketewa no yɛɛ adwuma sɛ Troy ho banbɔfoɔ, a wɔka sɛ Helafoɔ baanu bi a wɔde ahoni no fii Atena Asɔredan mu wɔ kokoam no wiawiaa no. Ná tetefo pii gye di sɛ esiane sɛ na kurow no agyapade a ɛbɔ ho ban no afi hɔ nti na wobetumi adi Troy so nkonim. Saa anansesɛm yi kyerɛ sɛnea na ahoni a wɔde yɛ asɔredan wɔ tete Greece no yɛ anyame a wɔda wɔn tumi adi na na wogye di sɛ wɔwɔ tumi bi a ɛboro nnipa de so no. Wɔda ahoni no kronkronyɛ adi wɔ amanehunu a wɔkae sɛ Helafoɔ a wodii nkonim no huu akyiri yi no mu, a Odysseus a na ɔyɛ awi no taa akyi no ka ho.

 Napoleon Ahemman no mu asisi 
Napoleon nnwumakuo a na wɔto nnwinnadeɛ gu no yɛ nnwinnadeɛ ne nneɛma a ɛsom bo a France asraafo, anaa aban mpanimfoɔ, a na wɔwɔ France Ahemman a edi kan no mu, a na Italy nsasepɔn, Spain, Portugal, 
Low Countries, ne Europa Mfinimfini no ka ho no, sisii. Na ahodwiri no yɛ ade a ɛsen biara wɔ nnɛyi abakɔsɛm mu, na ɛno nkutoo ne ahodwiriw akwantu a ɛbaa tete Roma abakɔsɛm mu. Nokwarem no, Franse atuatefoɔ no kyerɛe sɛ wɔ afe 1796 mu no, na wɔyɛ adeɛ a ɛfata sɛ wɔto hyɛ Italy so, na wɔfaa ɔkwan a ɛte saa so sɛ wɔbɛdi Romanfoɔ so, sɛnea tete Romafo no hwɛɛ wɔn ho sɛ Hela amammerɛ no adedifo no. Wɔsan nso de adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔn ani a ɛkyere adeyɛ mu no bɛma wɔn ani agye adwinni a wɔawia no ho. Napoleon asraafo no sɛee mfonini no koraa denam mfonini ahorow a wotwitwaa mu fii asɔredan ahorow mu no a ɛtɔ mmere bi a na wɔsɛe no bere a wɔretwam no so. Napoleon asraafo no faa nneɛma a na wɔaboaboa ano a na ɛyɛ ankorankoro de no, na wɔfaa nea na ɛyɛ pope no de no nso. Mfonini ahorow a agye din paa a wɔfomm no bi ne Dwetɛ Apɔnkɔ a wɔato din Saint Mark a ɛwɔ Venice (a wɔfom no wɔ Constantinople wɔ afe 1204 mu) ne Laocoön ne Ne Mma a wɔwɔ Rome (a wɔsan de wɔn baanu nyinaa bae), na afei wɛbu nea ɛtwa to no sɛ ahoni a ɛyɛ nwanwa pa ara.

 Mmara mu nsɛm 

 Ɔman mu aban mmara 

 United States 
Wɔ afe 1863 mu no, U.S. Mampanin Abraham Lincoln frɛɛ Francis Lieber, a ɔyɛ German-American mmaranimfoɔ ne amanyɔ mu nyansapɛfoɔ no sɛ ɔntwerɛ mmara a ɛbɛkyerɛ sɛnea Union asraafoɔ ne Confederate nneduafo, wɔn a wɔnyɛ asraafo, akwansrafo ne wɔn agyapade a wɔwɔ no bɛbɔ wɔn bra. Nea efi mu bae no ne General Orders No.100 anaa Lieber Code, a wɔagye amammerɛ ho agyapadeɛ atom sɛ biribi a wɔabɔ ho ban wɔ ɔko mu. Lieber Mmara no nyaa nkɛntɛnso kɛse bere a ɛbɛyɛɛ nnyinaso maa Hague Apam a wɔyɛɛ no 1907 ne 1954 no, na ɛde baa Apam a Ɛwɔ hɔ Daa (Standing Rules of Engagement (ROE)) so ama U.S. asraafo nnɛ. ROE nkyekyɛm no fa bi hyɛ U.S. asraafoɔ no sɛ wɔnnto "sukuu, adan a wɔde kae ade, ɔman nkaedum, ne abakɔsɛm anaa amammerɛ mmeae foforo biara so, gye sɛ wɔde reyɛ asraafo adwuma na ɛyɛ asiane".

Wɔ afe 2004 mu no, U.S. penee Bill HR1047 a ɛfa Emergency Protection for Iraq Cultural Antiquities Act no so, a ɛma tumi ma Ɔmanpanyin sɛ ɔmfa Ɔmanpanyin Nhyehyɛe a Ɛfa Amammerɛ Ahonyade Ho Mmara (CCIPA) a ɛwɔ Ɔfa 204 no so mfa nneɛma a wɔde ba no ho nhyɛ mmara ase. Wɔ afe 2003 mu no, Britain ne Switzerland de mmara a ɛbara Iraqifo nneɛma a wɔde kɔ amannɔne no hyɛɛ mmara ase. Wɔ United Kingdom no, wɔhyehyɛɛ Dealing in Cultural Objects Bill wɔ afe 2003 mu a ɛbaraa amammerɛ ho nneɛma a mmara mma ho kwan no.

 Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ 

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