Amanaman Nkabom Amanneɛbɔfo Titiriw a Ɔhwɛ Awuduru ne Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So (United Nations Special Rapporteur on Toxics and Human Rights)

Amanaman Nkabom Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So (United Nations Commission on Human Rights) na ɛde Amanaman Nkabom Amanneɛbɔfo Titiriw a Ɔhwɛ Awuduru ne Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So (United Nations Special Rapporteur on Toxics and Human Rights) no ahyɛde sii hɔ wɔ afe 1995 mu.

 Abakɔsɛm 
Wɔ afe 1995 mu no, Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So no de ahyɛde sii hɔ sɛ wɔnhwehwɛ nea nnipa hokwan ahorow kyerɛ bere a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu (hazardous substances) ne nwura a awuduru wom mu (toxic waste). Nea ɛka eyi ho ne nea nneɛma a ɛrekɔ so te sɛ kar a wɔde di dwuma a mmara mma ho kwan (illicit traffic) ne nneɛma a awuduru wom na ɛyɛ hu a wɔayi no adi bere a asraafo dwumadi ahorow (military activities), ɔko ne ntawntawdi (war and conflict), po so ahyɛn a wɔbubu no kyerɛ (shipbreaking). Mmeae afoforo a ɛka ahyɛde no ho ne nnuruyɛ mu nwura (medical waste), nnwuma a wotutu fam (extractive industries) - (titiriw ngo, gas ne nea wotu (mining), adwumayɛfo tebea wɔ nneɛma a wɔyɛ ne kuayɛ mu (abour conditions in manufacturing and agricultural sectors), nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma, nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu a efi mmeae nyinaa fi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu ba (environmental emissions of hazardous substances from all source), ne nwura a wɔtow gu (disposal of waste).

Wɔ afe 2011 mu no, Amanaman Nkabom Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So no sii so dua sɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu ne nwura betumi ayɛ asiane kɛse ama nnipa hokwan ahorow a wobenya koraa . Ɛtrɛw ahyɛde no mu ma ɛkaa nneɛma a asiane wom no nkwa nna nyinaa ho (whole life-cycle of hazardous products), efi ne yɛ so (from manufacturing) kosi nea etwa to a wɔtow gu so (final disposal). Wonim eyi sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so fi akokoaa so kɔ ɔdamoa mu (cradle-to-grave approach). Nnuru a wɔyɛ no ntɛmntɛm(rapid acceleration in chemical production) no kyerɛ sɛ ɛda adi sɛ eyi yɛ asiane a ɛrenya nkɔanim, titiriw ma nnipa hokwan ahorow a ɛwɔ ɔmanfo afa horow a wonni ahobammɔ kɛse no mu.

UN si so dua sɛ amanaman ntam mmara a ɛfa nnipa hokwan ahorow ho (international human rights law) hwehwɛ sɛ aman yɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ nnam de siw ankorankoro (individuals) ne mpɔtam hɔfo (communities) a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ nneɛma a awuduru wom (toxic substances) ano. Wɔtaa bu ɔmanfo a wonni ahobammɔ sɛ wɔn a ɛka wɔn kɛse. Wɔn mu bi ne nnipa a wɔdi hia (people living in poverty), adwumayɛfoɔ, mmofra, akuo nketewa (minority groups), aborɔfoɔ (indigenous peoples), atubrafoɔ (migrants), ne akuo foforɔ a wɔn ho yɛ den, a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnsoɔ kɛseɛ wɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbaa ntam (highly gendered impacts).

 Ɔbenfo a ɔde ne ho (Independent expert) 
Amanaman Nkabom Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So (UN Human Rights Council) na ɛpaw Amanneɛbɔfo Titiriw no (The Special Rapporteur). Nnipa Hokwan Ahorow Bagua (Human Rights Council) no hwehwɛ sɛ onimdefo a wɔapaw no no hwehwɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔayɛ de ahyɛ nnipa hokwan ahorow a nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu ne nwura a wɔmfa nni dwuma yiye a wɔmfa nni dwuma yiye no ho nkuran na wɔabɔ ho amanneɛ na ɔsan de amanneɛbɔ ma Aman a wɔka ho no.

 Nsɛmti a Amanneɛbɔfo Titiriw no abɔ ho amanneɛ a wɔpaw (Selection of topics reported on by the Special Rapporteur) 

 Wɔ bosome Ɔbɛnem afe 2022 mu no, Human Rights Watch de asɛm bi kɔmaa Amanneɛbɔfo Titiriw (Special Rapporteur) no amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa mercury, nsaanodwuma (artisanal) ne Sikakɔkɔɔ a wotu nketewa ho (small-scale Gold Mining). Wɔde mercury di dwuma wɔ sika kɔkɔɔ a wotu mu de gye sika kɔkɔɔ no fi aboɔden abo no mu. Mercury a epira mmofra titiriw no (harmful to children) tow hyɛ ntini a ɛwɔ nipadua no mfinimfini (central nervous system) no so na ebetumi asɛe amemene no (brain damage) na wawu. Mpɛn pii no, mmofra adwumayɛfo a wonni asiane a ɛwɔ mercury mu ho nsɛm kakraa bi anaa atoro so na wɔyɛ adwuma a wotu fagude no.
 2021 - Amanneɛbɔ: Plastik kyinhyia no fa ahorow ne nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ nnipa hokwan ahorow so (The stages of the plastics cycle and their impacts on human rights)

Amanneɛbɔ no twe adwene si nnipa hokwan ahorow a awuduru a wɔde ka plastic ho ne plastic asetra mu nsɛm, a hokwan ahorow a mmea, mmofra, adwumayɛfo, ne aborɔfo wɔ ka ho so dua. Wɔtaa de nnuru a awuduru wom (Toxic chemicals) ka plastic ho, na ɛde asiane kɛse ba hokwan ahorow a nnipa wɔ ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so (causing serious risks to human rights and the environment). Amanneɛbɔfo Titiriw (Special Rapporteur) no de nyansahyɛ ahorow (recommendations) a n’atirimpɔw ne sɛ wobedi nea enye a plastic de ba nnipa hokwan ahorow so no ho dwuma ma (negative consequences of plastics on human rights).

 2015 - Amanneɛbɔ: Hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔnya nsɛm a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu ne nwura ho (Right to Information on Hazardous Substances and Wastes)

Wɔ amanneɛbɔ yi mu no, Amanneɛbɔfoɔ Titiriw (Special Rapporteur) no ma hokwan a ɛwɔ sɛ wɔnya nsɛm wɔ nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu ne nwura nkwa nna nyinaa mu no kɔ mu pefee (life cycle of hazardous substances and wastes), ɔkyerɛ nsɛnnennen (identifies challenges) a aba wɔ saa hokwan yi a wɔbɛnya mu na ɔkyerɛ ɔhaw ahodoɔ yi ano aduru a ɛbɛtumi aba (outlines potential solutions to these problems). Wɔaka Aman no asɛyɛde (Obligations of States) ne adwumayɛfo asɛyɛde ahorow (responsibilities of business) a ɛfa hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wonya nsɛm a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu (hazardous substances) ne nwura (wastes) ho a wɔde bedi dwuma ho.

 Mprempren Ɔbenfo a Ɔde Ne Ho (Current Independent Expert) 

 Dr. Marcos A. Orellana, efi afe 2020 besi Mprempren/Ɛnnɛ (2020 - current)

 Abenfo a Wɔde Wɔn ho a wɔn Atwam Kɔ (Past Independent Experts) 

 Mr. Baskut Tuncak (Turkey/USA), efi afe 2014 kosi afe 2020
 Mr. Marc Pallemaerts (Belgium), efi afe 2012 kosi afe 2014
 Mr. Calin Georgescu (Romania), efi afe 2010 kosi afe 2012
 Mr. Okechukwu Ibeanu (Nigeria), efi afe 2004 kosi afe 2010
 Ms. Fatma Zohra Ouhachi-Vesely (Algeria), efi afe 1995 kosi afe 2004

 Beae a menyaa mmoa fii 

 Abɔnten so nkitahodi ahorow 

 United Nations Special Rapporteur on Toxics and Human Rights

Nkyekyεmu:Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ
Nkyekyεmu:Amanaman Nkabom Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So (United Nations Human Rights Council)
Nkyekyεmu:Amanaman Nkabom amanneɛbɔfo titiriw (United Nations special rapporteurs)
Nkyekyεmu:Aman ntam nkitahodi (Diplomacy)
Nkyekyεmu:Nneɛma a wɔsɛe no a asiane wom (Hazardous waste)