Nipadua mu mudi mu kura (Bodily integrity)

Nipadua mu mudi mu kura yɛ honam nipadua no a wontumi mmu so na esi hia a nnipa ankasa ahofadi (autonomy), wɔn ankasa wurayɛ (self-ownership), ne wɔn ankasa gyinaesi ho (self-determination) hia sen wɔn ankasa nipadua so dua. Wɔ nnipa hokwan (human rights) ahorow mu no, wobu obi foforo nipadua mu mudi mu kura a wobu so sɛ mmara so bu a ɛnteɛ, ɔde ne ho hyɛ mu, na ebia ɛyɛ nsɛmmɔnedi.Communication Technology And Social Change Carolyn A. Lin, David J. Atkin – 2007Civil Liberties and Human Rights Helen Fenwick, Kevin Kerrigan – 2011Xenotransplantation: Ethical, Legal, Economic, Social, Cultural Brigitte E.s. Jansen, Jürgen W. Simon, Ruth Chadwick, Hermann Nys, Ursula Weisenfeld – 2008Personal Autonomy, the Private Sphere and Criminal Law Peter Alldridge, Chrisje H. Brants - 2001, retrieved 29 May 2012Privacy law in Australia Carolyn Doyle, Mirko Bagaric – 2005

 Aban ne mmara (Government and law) 

 Ireland 
Wɔ Republic of Ireland no, asennibea ahorow agye nipadua mu nokwaredi atom sɛ hokwan a wontumi nkan (unenumerated right), a wɔde “ankorankoro hokwan ahorow (personal rights)” a ɛwɔ Ireland amansɛmdi (Irish constitution) Ahyɛde aduanan (40) mu ho bɔhyɛ a wɔde ma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so no abɔ ho ban. Wɔ Ryan v Attorney General mu no wɔkae sɛ "wowɔ hokwan sɛ woremfa wo nipadua anaa wo nipasu (personhood) ntwitware mu." Wei kyerɛ sɛ ebia Ɔman no renyɛ biribiara mfa nsɛe w’asetra anaa w’akwahosan. Sɛ woda afiase a, wowɔ hokwan sɛ woremma w'akwahosan nkɔ asiane mu bere a wowɔ afiase".Ryan v Attorney General [1965] 1 IR 294 at 295. Judgement by Kenny J: "That the general guarantee of personal rights in section 3 (1) of Art. 40 extends to rights not specified in Art. 40. One of the personal rights of the citizen protected by the general guarantee is the right to bodily integrity."

Wɔ asɛm foforo bi a M (Immigration - Rights of Unborn) -v- Minister for Justice and Equality & ors mu no, Ireland Asɛnnibea Kunini no buu atɛn sɛ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔyɛ nipadua mu nokwaredi no trɛw kɔ mmofra a wɔanwo no so.Judgement by the Irish Supreme Court: M (Immigration - Rights of Unborn) -v- Minister for Justice and Equality & ors, 7 March 2018. Wɔ asɛm no mu nsɛm tiawa a ɛwɔ ɔfa 5.19 mu no, Asɛnnibea Kunini no kae sɛ:...hokwan baako pɛ a abofra a ɔhyɛ yafunu mu wɔ sɛdeɛ Amanyɔ Mmara no teɛ seesei a ɛtwetwe hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔnya ahobanbɔ ne bem ne deɛ nsakraeɛ a ɛwɔ Ahyɛdeɛ 40.3.3 mu no ahyɛ no nsow a ɛne sɛ, hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔnya nkwa anaa, ɔkwan foforɔ so no, hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔwo no na, ebia, (na eyi yɛ asɛm a ɛsɛ sɛ wosi ho gyinae daakye) hokwan ahorow a ɛka ho te sɛ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya nipadua mu nokwaredi a ɛwɔ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔtra ase ankasa mu na wontumi ntetew mu.

 Mmea hokwan ahorow (Women's rights) 
Ɛwom sɛ wɔma onipa biara nipadua mudi mu kura de, nanso mpɛn pii no ɛka mmea wɔ nea wobu so, denam nyinsɛn a wɔmpɛ, ne akwanside a wonnya nni nyinsɛn ano so . Wɔkaa saa nnyinasosɛm ahorow yi ho asɛm wɔ CCL Adwumayɛ Nhyiam a ɛfa Mmea Hokwan sɛ Nnipa Hokwan ho no mu. Nhyiam no kyerɛɛ nipadua mu nokwaredi ase sɛ hokwan a mmea nyinaa fata: "nipadua mu mudi mu kura ka mmea bom na ɔbea biara nni hɔ a obetumi aka sɛ ɛfa wɔn ho".

Sɛnea nhyiam no mufo kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu no, nea edidi so yi yɛ nipadua mu nokwaredi hokwan ahorow a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde ma mmea:

 Ahofadi a wɔde tu kwan (Freedom of movement)
 Nnipa ahobammɔ (Security of persons)
 Awo ne nna mu hokwan ahorow (Reproductive and sexual rights)
 Mmea akwahosan (Women's health)
 Mmea a wɔtew wɔn ho fi afoforo ho a wobubu
 Nhomasua (Education)
 Nkitahodi a Wɔde Di Dwuma (Networking)

 Mmofra hokwan ahorow (Children's rights) 

 United States 
Akyinnyegye a ɛfa hokwan a mmofra wɔ wɔ nipadua mu mudi mu ho no anya nkɔanim wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu.Alderson, Patricia. Researching Children's Rights to Integrity in Children's Childhoods: Observed And Experienced. The Falmer Press, 1994. Wɔ Jerry Sandusky asɛnni (Jerry Sandusky trial) a wɔbɔɔ ho dawuru kɛse no akyi no, wɔahyɛ awofo nkuran kɛse sɛ wɔnhyɛ wɔn ba no nipadua mu nokwaredi ho adwene ho nkuran sɛ ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so atew mmofra a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛyɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ nna mu basabasayɛ (sexual violence), nnipa a wɔtɔn wɔn (human trafficking) ne mmofra tuutuusi no so (child prostitution).

Akwan a wɔfa so ma mmofra adwene a ɛwɔ nipadua mu ahofadi ho no yɛ kɛse no bi ne:

 Mmofra a wɔbɛma wɔapaw bere a wɔbɛyɛ atuu/afew (Allowing children to choose when to give hugs/kisses)
 Mmofra a wɔbɛhyɛ wɔn nkuran ma wɔadi nkitaho afa ahye ho (Encouraging children to communicate about boundaries)
 Fa nneyɛe foforo ma (sɛ nhwɛso no , anum a ɛkorɔn, nsa a wobɛkyere, ne nea ɛkeka ho) - Offer alternative actions (e.g. a high five, handshake, etc.

 Aduro (Medicine) 
Amanaman Ntam Apam a Ɛfa Ɔmanfo ne Amammui Hokwan Ho (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) no ka nea edidi so yi: “Wɔrenyɛ obiara ayayade anaa atirimɔdensɛm, nea enni nnipa mu anaa animtiaabu (inhuman or degrading treatment) anaa asotwe (punishment).” Titiriw no, wɔremfa obiara nkɔ aduruyɛ anaa nyansahu mu sɔhwɛ mu a onnyaa ne kwan so".

 Hwɛ eyi nso 

 Akuw ahorow a wɔpɛ sɛ woyi nyinsɛn gu (Abortion-rights movements)
 Ahofadi a wɔde ma (Autonomy)
 Tumi ahorow kwan (Capabilities approach)
 Mmofra hokwan ahorow (Children's rights)
 Ɔmanfo ahofadi ahorow (Civil liberties)
 Ahofadi a ɛwɔ adwene mu (Cognitive liberty)
 Nnubɔne a wɔma ho kwan (Drug liberalization)
 Ahofadi a obi wɔ sɛ ɔpaw nea ɔpɛ (Freedom of choice)
 Hokwan ahorow a nnipa wɔ (Human rights)
 LGBT hokwan ahorow (LGBT rights)
 McFall ne Shimp ntam asɛm (McFall v. Shimp)
 Mera Jism Meri Marzi na ɔkyerɛwee (Mera Jism Meri Marzi)
 Me nipadua, me paw (My body, my choice)
 Ahofadi a ɛwɔ nsɛso mu (Morphological freedom)
 Ankorankoro ahye (Personal boundaries)
 Hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ owu (Right to die)
 Ahobammɔ a onipa wɔ (Security of person)
 Wɔn ho a wɔbɛbɔ wɔn ho ban (Self-defense)
 Ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ne awo akwahosan ne hokwan ahorow (Sexual and reproductive health and rights)
 Awo hokwan ahorow (Reproductive rights)
 Hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔde ne ho bɛto nna mu (Right to sexuality)
 Wɔn ankasa gyinaesi (Self-determination)
 Ankasa a obi yɛ (Self-ownership)
 Hokwan ahorow a ɛfa transgender ho (Transgender rights)
 Basabasayɛ a wɔyɛ tia mmarima (Violence against men)
 Basabasayɛ a wɔyɛ mmea (Violence against women)

 Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so (References)