Palmyra

Kurow no nyaa ahonyade fii aguadi akwantufo mu ; Palmyrenefo no gyee din sɛ aguadifo a wɔhyehyɛɛ atubra aman wɔ Silk Road no ho na wɔyɛɛ adwuma wɔ Roma Ahemman no nyinaa mu. Palmyra ahonyade ma wotumi sii adan akɛse te sɛ Adum Kɛse, Bel Asɔredan, ne abantenten adamoa a ɛda nsow no. Wɔ mmusuakuw mu no, Palmyrenefo no de Amorifo, Aramfo, ne Arabfo nneɛma bi boom . Na kurow no asetra nhyehyɛe yɛ mmusuakuw de, na na emufo ka Palmyrene Aram kasa, Atɔe Fam Mfinimfini Aram kasa ahorow, bere a na wɔde Koine Hela kasa di dwuma de yɛ aguadi ne aman ntam nkitahodi no. Helafo ne Romafo amammerɛ nyaa Palmyra amammerɛ so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛmaa wɔyɛɛ adwinni ne adansi a ɛda nsow a ɛka apuei ne atɔe fam atetesɛm bom. Na kurow no mufo som ɛhɔnom Semfo, Mesopotamiafo, ne Arabfo anyame.

 Etymology ho adesua 
Edin "Tadmor" ho kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow fi mfirihyia apem a ɛto so abien A.Y.B. [1] afeha a ɛtɔ so dunwɔtwe A.Y.B. [2] Aram kasa mu Palmyrene nkyerɛwee ahorow no ankasa kyerɛɛ edin no ahorow abien; TDMR ( kyerɛ sɛ, Tadmar) ne TDMWR ( kyerɛ sɛ, Tadmor). [3] [4] Edin no nkyerɛaseɛ mu nna hɔ; nkyerɛase a ɛyɛ gyinapɛn a Albert Schultens foa so no de bata Sem asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ " date palm ", tamar ( .  , [note 1] [7] [8] enti ɛkyerɛ mmɛdua a atwa kurow no ho ahyia no. [8]

Hela din Παλμύρα (Latinized Palmyra ) no , Pliny Ɔpanyin na odii kan kyerɛw too hɔ wɔ afeha a ɛto so 1 Y.B. [9] Wɔde dii dwuma wɔ Hela ne Roma wiase nyinaa. [7] Wɔtaa gye di sɛ "Palmyra" fi "Tadmor" mu na kasa ho animdefo de nneɛma abien a ebetumi aba akyerɛ; adwene biako kyerɛ sɛ na Palmyra yɛ nsakrae a wɔyɛe wɔ Tadmor. [7] Sɛnea nyansahyɛ a Schultens de mae kyerɛ no, anka "Palmyra" betumi asɔre sɛ "Tadmor" ɔporɔw, denam ɔkwan a wɔannye ho adanse "Talmura" so, a wɔsesa no yɛɛ no "Palmura" denam Latin asɛmfua palma (date " palm " nkɛntɛnso so. ), [1] wɔ kurow no mu mmɛdua ho no, afei edin no duu ne su a etwa to "Palmyra". [10] Adwene a ɛtɔ so mmienu a kasa ho animdefoɔ binom te sɛ Jean Starcky, foa so no kyerɛ sɛ Palmyra yɛ "Tadmor" nkyerɛaseɛ (a yɛfa no sɛ ɛkyerɛ nsateaa), a na ɛfiri Hela asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ nsateaa, " palame " mu. [1] [8]

 Nnipa, kasa, ne ɔmanfo 
Bere a na ne kɛse wɔ Zenobia ahenni mu no, na nnipa bɛboro 200,000 na wɔte Palmyra. [ hyɛ [note 3] [ [45] [44] Nnipa a wodii kan nim wɔn sɛ wɔte hɔ no ne Amorifo wɔ mfirihyia apem a ɛto so abien A.Y.B. [46] [47] Arabfoɔ baa kuro no mu wɔ mfirihyia apem a ɛdi kan A.Y.B. [48] Sheikh Zabdibel, a ɔboaa Seleucidfoɔ wɔ Raphia ko (217 A.Y.B.) no ho asɛm sɛ ɔyɛ "arabfoɔ ne mmusuakuo a ɛbemmɛn wɔn a wɔn dodoɔ yɛ mpem du" no sahene; [49] Wɔankyerɛ Zabdibel ne ne mmarima no ankasa sɛ Palmyrenes wɔ nkyerɛwee ahorow no mu, nanso edin "Zabdibel" yɛ Palmyrenefo din a ɛde ba awiei sɛ sheikh no fi Palmyra. [50] Arabfoɔ a wɔaba foforɔ no, wɔn a wɔdii kan tenaa hɔ no de wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu, wɔde Palmyrene dii dwuma sɛ ɛna kasa, [51] na wɔyɛɛ adefoɔ no fa titire. [52] Na tete kurow no nso wɔ Yudafo kuw; nkyerɛwee a ɛwɔ Palmyrene a efi Beit She’arim amu a ɛwɔ Galilea Asase fam no si so dua sɛ wosiee Palmyrene Yudafo. [53] Wɔ Romafo bere so no, ɛtɔ mmere bi a na ɛntaa nsi no, Palmyrene mmusua no mufo faa Hela din bere a na Helafo a wofi mmusuakuw mu no sua; na nnipa dodow no ara a wɔwɔ Hela din, a na wɔnyɛ kurow no mmusua no biako mufo no yɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho. [54] Ɛte sɛ nea na Palmyrenefo no ani nnye Helafo no ho, na wobu wɔn sɛ ahɔho, na wɔbaraa wɔn atrae wɔ kurow no mu. [54] Wɔ Umayyad Caliphate bere so no, na Banu Kalbfo titiriw na wɔte Palmyra. [55] Benjamin a ofi Tudela kyerɛw sɛ Yudafo 2000 na wɔwɔ kurow no mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so dumien no mu. [56] Palmyra so tewee wɔ Timur sɛee no akyi wɔ afe 1400 mu, [57] na na ɛyɛ akuraa a nnipa 6,000 na wɔte mu wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu mfitiaseɛ. [58]

 Kasa 
Ɛde besi afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa A.D. awiei no, na Palmyrenefo ka Palmyrene Aram kasa na na wɔde Palmyrene nkyerɛwde di dwuma . [71] [72] Na Latin kasa a wɔde di dwuma no sua, nanso na Hela kasa na ɔmanfo a wɔwɔ adefo de di dwuma de yɛɛ aguadi ne aman ntam nkitahodi, [73] na ɛbɛyɛɛ kasa titiriw wɔ Byzantine bere so. [74] Nsusuwii ahorow pii wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ Palmyrene kasa a ɛyerae no mu wɔ Aurelian ɔsatu ahorow no akyi bere tiaa bi. Kasa ho nimdefo Jean Cantineau susuwii sɛ Aurelian siw Palmyrenefo amammerɛ afa horow nyinaa ano, a kasa no ka ho, nanso Palmyrene nkyerɛwee a etwa to no fi afe 279/280, bere a Roma ɔhempɔn no wui wɔ afe 275 mu akyi, na ɛnam so bɔɔ nsusuwii a ɛte saa no gu. [75] Nhomanimfo pii ka sɛ kasa no yerae no fi nsakrae a ɛbaa ɔmanfo mu a efii Apuei Fam Roma hye a wɔsan hyehyɛɛ no foforo wɔ Zenobia asehwe akyi no mu bae. [75] Fam tutufo Karol Juchniewicz kae sɛ ɛyɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa kurow no mmusuakuw mu, a efii nnipa a wɔnte Aram kasa a wɔbaa hɔ, ebia Roma asraafo dɔm. [23] Hartmann kyerɛe sɛ ɛyɛ Palmyrene nhyehyɛe a atitiriw a wɔne Roma ayɛ biako yɛe a wɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛda wɔn nokwaredi adi akyerɛ ɔhempɔn no; Hartmann kae sɛ Palmyrene yerae wɔ ɔkwan a wɔkyerɛwee so, na eyi nkyerɛ sɛ ɛyerae sɛ kasa a wɔka. [76] Arabfo nkonimdi akyi no, wɔde Arabic, [74] a, ɛwom sɛ na Bedouinfo atwa kurow no ho ahyia de, nanso Palmyrene kasa bi fi mu bae. [58]

Na Palmyra anyame no yɛ Semfo asɔre a ɛwɔ atifi fam atɔe no fa titiriw, na wɔde anyame a wofi Mesopotamia ne Arabfo asɔre ahorow mu kaa ho. [404] Wɔfrɛɛ kurow no mu nyame titiriw a na ɔwɔ hɔ ansa na Helafo reba no Bol, [405] Baal (Semfo atifi fam atɔe nidifo) a wɔatwa no tiaa. [406] Babilon som a ɛne Bel-Marduk nyaa Palmyrene som so nkɛntɛnso na ebeduu afe 217 A.Y.B., wɔsesaa onyame panyin no din yɛɛ no Bel . [405] Eyi nkyerɛ sɛ wɔde Mesopotamia nyame bi besi Semfo Bol a ɛwɔ atifi fam atɔe ananmu, na mmom na ɛyɛ nsakrae ara kwa wɔ din no mu. [406]

 Abakɔsɛm 
Na mpɔtam hɔ nkurow a wɔtete wɔ abo tete mmere mu. [171] Wɔ Efqa Spring beaeɛ no, na Aboɔ Foforo mu atraeɛ bi wɔ hɔ, [20] a abo nnwinnadeɛ a wɔkyerɛw no afe 7500 na ɛwɔ hɔ A.Y.B. [172] Fam tutu mu nnyigyei a ɛwɔ tell a ɛwɔ Bel Asɔredan no ase no huu atɛkyɛ birikisi dan bi a wosii bɛyɛ afe 2500 A.Y.B., na ɛno akyi no, adan a wosisii wɔ Mfinimfini Kɔbere Mmere ne Dade Mmere no mu. [21]

 Aban 
Efi n’abakɔsɛm mfiase kosi afeha a edi kan A.Y.B., na Palmyra yɛ sheikhdom ketewaa bi, [363] na ebeduu afeha a edi kan A.Y.B. [364] Wɔ afeha a edi kan A.D. no fa a edi kan mu no, Palmyra de Helafo kurow bi (polis) ahyehyɛde ahorow bi kaa ho; [205] adwene a ɛfa ɔman ba a ɔwɔ hɔ dedaw ho no di kan pue wɔ nkyerɛwee bi mu, a wɔkyerɛw no A.D. 10, a ɛka "Palmyra nkurɔfo" ho asɛm. [365] Wɔ A.D. 74 mu no, nkyerɛwee bi ka kurow no boule (senate) ho asɛm. [205] Wɔgye mmusuakuo dwumadie wɔ Palmyra ho akyinnyeɛ; wɔ afeha a edi kan no mu no, ɛte sɛ nea sikakorafo baanan a wogyina hɔ ma mmusuakuw anan no dii nniso no so fa bi nanso wɔn dwumadi no bɛyɛɛ amanne wɔ afeha a ɛto so abien no mu na tumi no da agyinatukuw no nsam. [366]

 Ɔsom 
Na Palmyra anyame no yɛ Semfo asɔre a ɛwɔ atifi fam atɔe no fa titiriw, na wɔde anyame a wofi Mesopotamia ne Arabfo asɔre ahorow mu kaa ho. [404] Wɔfrɛɛ kurow no mu nyame titiriw a na ɔwɔ hɔ ansa na Helafo reba no Bol, [405] Baal (Semfo atifi fam atɔe nidifo) a wɔatwa no tiaa. [406] Babilon som a ɛne Bel-Marduk nyaa Palmyrene som so nkɛntɛnso na ebeduu afe 217 A.Y.B., wɔsesaa onyame panyin no din yɛɛ no Bel . [405] Eyi nkyerɛ sɛ wɔde Mesopotamia nyame bi besi Semfo Bol a ɛwɔ atifi fam atɔe ananmu, na mmom na ɛyɛ nsakrae ara kwa wɔ din no mu. [406]

 Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so