Nkoasom Ho Mpatadeɛ Wɔ United States

Saa krataa yi wɔ nsiesie mu. Obiara betumi aboa ama krataa yi atu mpɔn.

Nkoasom ho mpatadeɛ yɛ dwumadie a wɔde asi hɔ sɛ wɔde bɛpata wɔn a wɔde wɔn kɔɔ nkoasom mu anaa wɔn asefoɔ no. Adwene ahodoɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho mpatadeɛ anaa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ, ne atentenenee a ɛwɔ nnipasuo nsesa mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔasi nkoasom mpatadeɛ ho agyinaeɛ wɔ asɛmdibea, sɛ wɔnhwɛ mfa nkoasom ho mpatadeɛ ne akatua pa mma. Ankorankorɛ ne nwumakuo ahodoɔ nso afiri wɔn pɛ mu ayɛ mpatadeɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ yi bi.  

Mmerɛ a edi kan a obi fa too ne ho so sɛ ɔbɛyɛ nkoasom ho nsiesie wɔ United States no, pɛnhyen akatua na ɔde hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ afe 1783 mu. Saa onipa yi ne Belinda Royall, a na ɔyɛ akoa wɔ ɔman no mu. Na efiri saa berɛ no, wɔda so ara dwendwene ɔkwan a wɔbefa so atua wɔn ka wɔ nkoasom no ho. Ɛde besi nnɛ, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa nkoasom mpatadeɛ ho mmaeɛ.  1865 Special Field Orders No. 15 (" Forty acres and a mule ") yɛ anamɔntuo a ɛgyee din, sɛ wɔde bɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn foforɔ, na wɔatumi de wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔman no mu, na wɔanya ahonyadeɛ.  Nanso, Ɔmampanyini Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsane de asase no maa ne kanee wuranom.

Nkoasom ho mpatadeɛ yɛ asɛm a edi ahim wɔ US amanyɔsɛm mu, ɛnkanka Democratic Party ɔmanpanyini akansie a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ afe 2020 no mu.  Mpatadeɛ ho sufrɛ mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔyɛkyerɛ a etia polisifoɔ atirimuɔdensɛm no mu, ne COVID-19 yaredɔm a ekunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so.  Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mfɛkuo ne abibifoɔ atwerɛfoɔ na wɔfrɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhyehyɛeɛ ɛmfa ntua nnipa mu nyiyimu, ne nkoasom wɔ U.S. no ho mpatadeɛ.     Mpatadeɛ yi ho asɛmka akɔyɛ asɛmsɛbɛ, ɛnam akyinnyegyeɛ kɛseɛ ne nsemmisa ahodoɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde mpatadeɛ no bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, nea obetua, ne nnipa a ɔbɛgye mpatadeɛ no. Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004) 

Akwan ahodoɔ a wɔbɛfa so atua nkoasom ho ka wɔ ɔman no mu, a kuro, mantam, kurotia, aban, ne ankorankorɛ nwumakuo ahodoɔ ahyehyɛ no bi ne: ankorankorɛ sikatua, sika a wɔde bɛyɛ nsiesie, abasobɔdeɛ, sika a wɔde tutu ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, asase mpatadeɛ a ɛfa ahofadie ho, akyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea ho ahonuu, ayɛyɛdeɛ nneɛma (te sɛ ɛdan bi a wɔde bɛto obi),  ne sɛ wɔbeyi nkaedum ne mmorɔno din a wɔde too nkoa wuranom, ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban.  

Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔbaraa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,      abibifoɔ mfɛkuo binom ne nwumakuo ahodoɔ a wɔgyina ma ɔmanfoɔ faahodie aka sɛ, wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahodoɔ no ne nkoasom ho mpatadeɛ nso.   Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ, efiri afiasefoɔ a wɔtɔ wɔn kɔ mfuo mu, de kɔsi ɛnnɛ yi aban adwumakuo Federal Prison Industrials (UNICOR) so, no yɛ ɛnnɛ yi mmara kwan so nkoasom a, ɛda so ara nya nsunsuasoɔ wɔ abibifoɔ ne nnipakuo nketewa ahodoɔ so, ɛnam nnubɔne ho ɔkoo ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ ɔkwan wɔde firi sukuu mu kɔ afiase. 

 Wɔ tete atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu 
Akyinnyegyeɛ a ɛfa nkoasom ho mpata hyɛɛ aseɛ firii mfeɛ ɔha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ "Quakers", a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan tuu anamɔn sɛ wɔmbra nkoasom wɔ United States no mu bi, de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ ho kwan sɛ wonya mpatadeɛ firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛeɛ sɛ ɔfaa akoa no sɛ n'agyapadeɛ a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔtua ne nneyɔeɛ so ka wɔ mpata ne nsiesie kwan so. Kwekafoɔ faa Deuteronomium nwoma de kyerɛɛ sɛnea wɔhyɛɛ awuranom sɛ wɔnkyɛ wɔn agyapadeɛ mu bi ɛnfa mma nkoa a, kane na wɔsom awuranom no.  

Wɔ Ɔman Nsesaeɛ Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfo kyerɛeɛ sɛ, ɛfata sɛ wɔde mpatadeɛ mma nkoa dadaa a wɔade wɔn ho no ntɛm so wɔ afe 1778 mu; sɛ ɛyɛ sika, asase, anaa mfuo ne nnɔbaeɛ a wɔbɛkyɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ.    Gary B. Nash twerɛɛ sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ Warner Mifflin sɛ agya a ɔdii Amerikafoɔ nkoasom ho mpatasɛm mu ntintinman".  

 Ansa na Ɔman ko no reba 
Ansa na wɔretu nkoasom ase wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ 1865 mu no, wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wotu nkoasom ase no de adwenkyerɛ ahodoɔ too dwa wɔ sɛnea wobetumi anaasɛ deɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ de pata nkoasom adwumayɛfoɔ no wɔ wɔn ahofadie akyi.

Wɔ afe 1859 mfiaseɛ mu no, wɔ nwoma bi a wɔde too "Dɔmbarima Panyini" John Brown mu no, James Redpath kaa sɛ ɔyɛ "onipa a ɔfoa nkoasom mpatadeɛ so". Na ɔkyerɛ sɛ, wɔ n'adwene mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nsase a ɛwɔ US amanaman no ma nkoa dadaa no.  Ɔsan nso de anwensɛm bi a atwam, a William North twerɛeɛ, de kyerɛɛ "akwan a wɔfa so tua mpata".  

Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu, bere a wokum Brown akyi no, Redpath bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ Brown asetena ho nsɛm a edi kan mu sɛ "na ɔnyɛ obi a ɔpɛ ahofadie ara kwa, na mmom obi a ɔpɛ sɛ wotua nneyɔeɛ so ka. Na ɔgye di sɛ, ɛnyɛ nkoasom ho nsɛmmɔnedie nkoaa na ɛsɛ sɛ woyi firi hɔ, na mmom ɛsɛ sɛ wotua mfomsoɔ a wɔayɛ akoa biara so ka. Nea na ogye di no, ɔyɛeɛ. Wɔ saa berɛ yi mu [Missouri ɔtɛberɛ, 1859], berɛ a ɔka kyerɛɛ nkoa no sɛ wɔade wɔn ho akyi no, obisaa wɔn sɛnea wɔn som no boɔ teɛ, na—bere a wɔabuaa no no—ɔkɔɔ so gyee agyapadeɛ a ne boɔ som sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ abibifoɔ no."  

Ná Ananmusifoɔ George W. Julian ne Thaddeus Stevens, a wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ Radical Republican kuo no mufoɔ no ahyɛ dada sɛ wonnye nsase a wɔde yɛ mfuo no, na wɔnsan nkyekyɛ bio.  

 Nsiesie berɛ no 
Akyinnyegyeɛ a ɛfa nkoasom akatua ho no gyina nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛkɔ so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata sɛ wɔde mpatadeɛ ahodoɔ no fa so, ne nsase ho mpatadeɛ a Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ Abibifoɔ no nyaeɛ a, akyiri yi wɔsane gye firii wɔn nsam no. Wɔ 1865 mu, bere a wodii Amerika Aman Nkabomkuo no so nkonim wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no mu akyi no, Ɔsahene William Tecumseh Sherman de ɔhyɛ mae sɛ "wɔmma awerɛhyemu sɛ nkabomu bɛba beaeɛ a wɔyɛ adwuma no", "Harmony of Action" – Sherman as an Army Group Commander na wɔnsɔ ɔhaw ahodoɔ a nkoa pii a wɔade wɔn ho no de baeɛ no ano. Saa mmara no yɛ berɛ tiawa mu nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛmaa abusua biara a wɔade wɔn ho no asase "acre" aduanan, a wobetumi ayɛ so adwuma wɔ nsupɔ so ne mmeaɛ a atwa Charleston, South Carolina ho ahyia no so, sɛ abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ nkoa nkutoo na wɔnyɛ so adwuma. Na asraafoɔ no nso wɔ mfunumu dodoɔ bi a wɔmfa nnyɛ hwee. Wɔdanee sa mfunumu yi maa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no. Wɔde nkoa bɛyɛ 40,000 a wɔade wɔn ho kɔtenaaa asase a ne kɛseɛ yɛ hekta 400,000 (1,600 km 2 ) so wɔ Georgia ne South Carolina. Nanso berɛ a wokum Lincoln no, Ɔmampanyin Andrew Johnson danee nhyehyɛeɛ no, na wɔsane de asase no maa wɔn kanee wuranom, na wɔhyɛɛ abibifoɔ no maa wofirii asaase no so. Wɔ 1867 mu no, Thaddeus Stevens boaa mmara bi a wɔde bɛsane akyekyɛ nsaase no ama Amerikafoɔ abibifoɔ no, nanso antumi annyina.

Nsesaeɛ mmerɛ no baa awieɛ wɔ 1877 mu, a wɔanni asɛm a ɛfa mpatadeɛ no ho dwuma. Ɛno akyi no, mpaapaemu ne nhyɛsos kuo bi a wɔhyɛɛ da teeɛ sɔree wɔ Anaafoɔ aman no mu. Wɔhyɛɛ Jim Crow mmara ahodoɔ no wɔ Anaafoɔfam Apuei aman bi mu de hyɛɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ dada a nkoasom de baeɛ no mu den. Afei nso, aborɔfo kuo ahodoɔ a wɔyɛ katee te sɛ Ku Klux Klan de wɔn ho hyɛɛ amumuyɛsɛm ho ɔsatuo kɛseɛ bi mu wɔ Anaafoɔ Apuei fam nyinaa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛka Amerikafoɔ  Abibifoɔ no gyinabea wɔ ɔman no mu ahyɛ. Mfeɛ du pii akyi no, asɛnnibea gyinaɛsie bebree buu ntɛnkyea faa saa nsɛm yi ho, na wobuu wɔn ani guu pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ a ɛnni hɔ no so, na wɔgyee ho akyinnyeɛ wɔ badwa mu kasaeɛ mu.

Wɔ asɛm bi a ɛyɛ nwanwa mu no, kane akoa bi a wɔfrɛ no Henrietta Wood de asɛm kɔdanee asɛnnibea sɛ wɔmma no mpatadeɛ, berɛ a wɔkyeree no firii Ohio mantam a ahofadie wo mu no mu, na wɔtɔnee no kɔɔ nkoasom mu wɔ Mississippi akyi no . Amerika Ɔmanko no akyi no, wɔgyaee no, na ɔsane kɔɔ Cincinnati, faako a odii nkonim wɔ n’asɛm no mu wɔ aban asennibea wɔ afe 1878 mu, na onyaa $2,500 wɔ mpatadeɛ mu. Ɛwom sɛ saa  atemmuo yi ho asɛm trɛ kɔɔ ɔman no afanan nyinaa deɛ, nanso ankanyan akokoduro biara sɛ wɔbɛfa saa ɔkwan yi so wɔ nsɛm foforɔ a ɛte saa ara no ho. 

 Nsiesie Mmerɛ No Akyi 
Wɔ afe 1896 mu no, wɔhyehyɛɛ National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty and Pension Association (MRB&PA) a atirimpɔ no ne sɛ wobenya pɛnhyen sika ama kane nkoa afiri aban no hɔ sɛ akatua wɔ wɔn adwuma ne wɔn amanehunu ho. Wɔde ahyehyɛde no sii hɔ wɔ 1898 mu wɔ Nashville, Tennessee, na kane nkoa Callie House ne Isaiah H. Dickerson na wɔhyehyɛeɛ. Sɛnea abakɔsɛm atwerɛfoɔ binom kyerɛ no, na ahyehyɛdeɛ no ne “kuo a edi kan a wɔde tua nnipa pii ka a Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ di anim.” Berry, Mary Frances (2005). My Face Is Black Is True. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 230, 4. . Wɔde atorɔ ne nsɛmmɔne ho soboɔ bɔɔ kuo no ne n’akannifoɔ no kosii sɛ wɔtoo wɔn dwumadibea a etwa toɔ no mu wɔ afe 1930 mu.

Wɔ 1915 mu, wɔ Callie House akannie ase no, fekuo no de kwaadubɔ asɛm, Johnson v. McAdoo, a etia U.S. Sikakorabea Dwumadibea no kɔɔ aban asennibea de gyee dɔla ɔpepem aduosia nwɔtwe (68 million dollars). Ná dɔla ɔpepem aduosia nwɔtwe no yɛ asaawa toɔ dodoɔ a wogyeɛ wɔ afe 1862 ne afe 1868 ntam. Na wɔkyerɛ sɛ, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde saa sika bɔtene no ma wɔn a wɔde asɛm no kɔdan asɛnnibea no, efiri sɛ wɔne wɔn nananom na wɔyɛɛ saa asaawa dodoɔ yi ho adwuma wɔ nkoasom a na emfiri wɔn pɛ mu. Wei ne Abibifoɔ akatua ho asɛm a edi kan a wɔtwerɛɛ ho asɛm kɔɔ U.S. aban mu. U.S. Asɛnnibea a wɔde asɛm kɔdan wɔn wɔ Columbia Mantam mu no gyinaa aban ahobammɔ so poo asɛm no sɛnea U.S. Asɛnnibea Kunini no yɛeɛ no, na ɛdii Columbia Asɛnnibea no gyinaesie no akyi. Booker Perry, Miranda (Summer 2010). "No Pensions for Ex-Slaves: How Federal Agencies Suppressed Movement to Aid Freedpeople". Prologue Magazine. Vol. 42, no. 2. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 2 May 2021.

 2020 
Asɛm no bɛyɛɛ asɛm titire wɔ 2020 Democratic Party frankaatufoɔ abatoɔ no mu  berɛ a na dadwene a ɛfa abibifoɔ ho no yɛɛ kɛse esiane nsɛm a na ɛresisi mprempren no nti.  Asɛm no yɛɛ kɛse bio esiane sɛ na Afrikafoɔ-Amerikafoɔ rewu atɔfowuo esiane COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm no nti. Nhyehyɛeɛ mu nyiyimu a  na ɛkɔ so, ne polisifoɔ atirimɔdensɛm nso maa abufuo baa ɔman no mu nyinaa, ne titire ne Breonna Taylor, Afrikani-Amerikani dɔkotani a wadi mfe 26 a Louisville Metro Polisifoɔ Dwumadibea too tuo kum no wɔ ne fie no; Ahmaud Arbery, a aborɔfo mmiensa too no tuo kum no wɔ Georgia, berɛ a ɔkɔɔ abɔntene sɛ ɔrekɔtu mmirika kakraa; ne George Floyd, Amerikani Bibini a wokum no berɛ a Minneapolis polisifoɔ kyeree no sɛ ɔde dɔla aduonu ($20) sika a ɛnyɛ papa adi nsawɔsoɔ, a ɛmaa ɔyɛkyerɛ kɛseɛ (George Floyd Ɔyɛkyerɛ) sɔreɛ wɔ ɔman no mu nyinaa  . 

Apawfoɔ a wɔfoaa saa adwene no so no bi ne: