Ayamhyehyeɛ

Ayamhyehyeɛ yɛ atinka a ɛfa adeɛ bi a ɛnyɛ anigyeɛ ho a ɛfiri wo mu,na ɛsan nso fa atinka a ɛyɛ suro wɔ nneɛma binom a worehwɛ anim ho. Ayamhyehyeɛ ne suro nyɛ pɛ, na suro ne atinka nnyesoɔ a ɛfa ahometeɛ a ɛbɛn wo seisei ara, na ayamhyehyeɛ ne deɛ ɛyɛ daakye deɛ. Mpɛn pii no ɛne nneyɛeɛ binom a wo kɔn dɔ sɛ woyɛ na ɛnam, ɛbi te sɛ wobɛnantenante wɔ baabi faako, kasa beberee fa nipadua no ho ne adwendwene a ɛho nhia.

Ayamhyehyeɛ yɛ atinka bi a ɛma wotɔ baha na ɛde adwendwene nso ba,wɔtaa gye to mu na wɔnfa wɔadwene renkɔso sɛ  woreyɛ biribi aboro sɛdeɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ na wɔsusu hunu no sɛ ahometeɛ no. Mpɛn pii no ɛne nneɛma bi na ɛnam, ɛbi te sɛ nnompe no mu mmerɛeɛ, wobɛtɔ baha,adwene mu brɛ, worentumi nsɔ wo home mu, w’ayase bɛyɛ wo ya,wo ho bɛyɛ wo basabasa sɛdeɛ wopɛ sɛ wo fe no na afei worentumi nyɛ deɛ wopɛ sɛ woyɛ.Ayamhyehyeɛ reyɛ akɔyɛ sɛ suro no, na ɛyɛ nnyesoɔ de ma ahometeɛ (nnyesoɔ a wo ne nipadua no bɛko anaa nnyesoɔ a ɛyɛ suro a wowɔ fa biribi ho); ayamhyehyeɛ fa deɛ worehwɛ anim daakye bi  ahometeɛ ho, a suro a wowɔ fa nsusuiiɛ bi nso ka ho. Nnipa a wɔwɔ ayamhyehyeɛ ho haw bɛtumi atwe wɔn ho afiri nneɛma binom a ɛde ayamhyehyeɛ baeɛ berɛ bi a atwam no.

Ayamhyehyeɛ ho atinka bɛtumi aboro berɛ a wɔahyehyɛ ato hɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ fa nneɛma binom ho, na ɛkwan bi so no ɛbɛtumi abɛyɛ ayamhyehyeɛ haw no bi (sɛ ebia ayamhyehyeɛ ho dɛm a ɛwɔ baabiara,ahowosoɔ dɛm). Nsonsoneeɛ a ɛda ayamhyehyeɛ dɛm (sɛ adwenem dɛm) ne ayamhyehyeɛ (sɛ daadaa atinka), ne sɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ ayamhyehyeɛ ho dɛm no hunu ayamhyehyeɛ mmorosoɔ anaa sɛ ɛtoa so saa ara bɛyɛ abosome nsia (6 months) anaa mpo sɛ berɛ tiawa,wo mmɔfra berɛ mu. Ayamhyehyeɛ ho dɛm taa wɔ adwenem haw so na ɛtumi di boro mfeɛ du ne akyire. Wobɛtumi ahunu ayamhyehyeɛ wɔ adwenem haw nkaeɛ no so, sɛ ebia adwenem dɛm a wokasa a ɛnfa kwan mu, ne adwenem dɛm a adwene no ho hiahia no.

 Ayamhyehyeɛ Ne Suro 
Ayamhyehyeɛ ne  suro nyɛ pɛ, na ɛyɛ kwan a wɔfa so dwene pɛpɛɛpɛ ne atinka a wowɔ fa ahupoo bi a wosusu ho. Ayamhyehyeɛ ne nneyɛeɛ bi te sɛ  nnyesoɔ a wone nipadua no bɛko anaa nnyesoɔ a ɛyɛ suro a wowɔ fa biribi ho,wobɛbɔ wo ho ban anaa wobɛdwane afiri biribi a ɛde ɔhaw bɛba ho na ɛnam. Yɛwɔ nsɛm binom a ɛnyɛ nokware na ɛnenam,sɛ ayamhyehyeɛ sisi nsɛm binom a yɛsusu sɛ worentumi nsi ano kwan anaa worentumi nwane mfiri ho, nanso ɛnyɛ saa na ɛteɛ. David Barlow kyerɛ ayamhyehyeɛ sɛ "ɛyɛ daakye atinka bi a obi nya berɛ a ɔnyɛɛ n’adwene anaa ɔnmoaa ne ho sɛ ɔbɛhyia nneɛma binom  a n’ani nnye ho”na ɛyɛ nsonsoneeɛ bi a ɛda daakye ne deɛ ɛsi daa haw ho a ɛno na ɛkyɛ ayamhyehyeɛ ne suro mu. Deɛ yɛde kyerɛ ayamhyehyɛ mu bio ne atinka mu yaw kɛseɛ, a wosusu sɛ ɛbɛsi,no, anaa mpo suro a wowɔ fa biribi a ɛbɛsi daakye ho. Wɔ nsusuiiɛ pa mu no, ayamhyehyeɛ yɛ adwenem tebea a ɛfiri akwansideɛ a ɛmu yɛ den mu a ɛho nsɛm no nni ahoɔden papa biara.

Suro ne ayamhyehyeɛ wɔ nkyekyɛmu nnan: (1) Berɛ a wode bɛnya atinka bi, (2) Sɛ woretwe w’adwene akɔ birirbi a asi atwam anaa ɛrebɛsi seisei anaa sɛ ɛbɛsi daakye bi, (3)Ahometeɛ no ankasa, ne (4) Deɛ ɛhyɛ obi den ma no yɛ biribi. Suro wɔ hɔ berɛ tiawa bi mu, na woretwe w’adwene akɔ deɛ ɛwɔ hɔ mprenpren no,  na ne nnyinasoɔ no gyina ahometeɛ bi so, na afei ɛde akwanya bi ba a wobɛtumi afiri saa ahometeɛ no mu. Ɛkwan bi so no, ayamhyehyeɛ yɛ adeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ kyɛ, na ɛyɛ sɛ woretwe w’adwene akɔ deɛ ɛbɛsi daakye ho, woretwe w’adwene akɔ ahometeɛ a ɛtrɛ ho, na afei wobɛboa wɔ ahwɛyie ne kwanpa so berɛ a worefa kwan bi so asi ahometeɛ ano na wafa kwan bi so nso asi brɛ beberee ano.

Joseph_E._LeDoux ne Lisa_Feldman_Barrett afa kwan bi so ate ahometeɛ a yɛnam mfidie so hunu afiri adwenem nnwuma a ɛma nipa fa adwene no.

 Mpopoeɛ 
Wobɛhunu ayamhyehyeɛ wɔ daa mpopoeɛ a ɛte asetena mu ahoɔden so,a wɔfrɛ no  ayamhehyeɛ koankorɔ(chronic anxiety),anaa nso sɛ wobɛtumi ahunu bi wɔ kwan a wɔde hunu ahometeɛ si ho kwan no,ahopopoɔ a ɛtumi nya obi mpofirem, a wɔfrɛ no sɛ ayamhyehyeɛ a ɛba mpofirem na ɛhia sɛ wɔsɔ ano ntɛm(acute anxiety). Ayamhyehyeɛ ho mpopoeɛ tumi hyehyɛ firi mpɛn dodoɔ a ayamhyehyeɛ no ba,ne anoden a ɛyɛ wɔ nipa bi so.Nanso,ɛnyɛ nnipa nyinaa na wɔnya ayamhyehyeɛ koankorɔ.Ayamhyehyeɛ tumi de yaw a ɛba nipadua no mu a wonfa w’ani nhunu pii ba(ɛbi te sɛ ɛma woyɛ basaa) anaa sɛ adwenem haw, na ɛbɛtumi ama woakum wo ho mpo.

Ayamhyehyeɛ ho nsunsuansoɔ tumi ma wo twe wo ho firi nneɛma binom a ɛde ayamhyehyeɛ baeɛ berɛ bi a atwam mu no ho.Nsunsuansoɔ binom ne sɛ ɛtumi ma wo nnaeɛmu sesa, ɛsan ma wo suban sesa,wontumi nnidi,na afei ɛtumi de ayamhyehyeɛ a ɛda adi pefee wɔ nipadua no mu ba(ɛbi te sɛ wo nan kɔkɔm bɛwoso).

Ayamhyehyeɛ a ɛsi wɔ adwenem no bi ne sɛ wotumi nya atinka bi sɛ biribi bɛsi,wodwene ɔhaw ho nko ara, afei wonya atinka bi sɛ woayɛ mmerɛ, wotumi yɛ nneɛma ma ɛboro so, afei nso woyɛ nneɛma a ɛhyɛ abufuo,wosan tɔ baha,wohwɛ anim sɛ wobɛhunu nneɛma binom a ɛde ɔhaw bɛba,na afei wonya atinka bi sɛ hwee nni wo tiri mu.Na wo soso adaeɛ bɔne nso, na wonya atinka bi sɛ biribiara yɛ hu.Ɛtumi fa deɛ woahunu ne atinka a wonya sɛ wontumi nyɛ biribiara ho hwee.

Adwenem nsunsuansoɔ wɔ ayamhyehyeɛ fa suro ahodoɔ ho, ɛbi te sɛ suro a wonya sɛ wobɛtumi awu anaa sɛ wobɛtumi anya akoma yareɛ mpo.

 Ahodoɔ 
Yɛwɔ ayamhyehyeɛ ahodoɔ beberee.

Yɛwɔ ayamhyehyeɛ a wonya fa biribi a wonnim n’adeban ho (Existential anxiety). Saa ayamhyehyeɛ yi tumi si  sɛ obi nya ayamhyehyeɛ ho atinka pa ara a, ne atinka a wonya fa nneɛma binom a wogyidi sɛ ɛnni hɔ.Afei yɛwɔ ayamhyehyeɛ a wotumi nya fa nkontabuo ho(mathematical anxiety), Yɛwɔ ayamhyehyeɛ a ɛda adi pefee wɔ ɔhaw bi ho (somatic anxiety), Yɛwɔ nnipadɔm anim ayamhyehyeɛ(stage fright or test anxiety). Afei yɛwɔ nnipa mu nkitahodie ayamhyehyeɛ(social anxiety), ɛyɛ suro an obi nya sɛ ɔkɔ nnipa mu a, nnipa bɛpo no anaa wɔbɛka bɔne afa ne ho (being judged).

 Ayamhyehyeɛ Ho Dɛm 
Ayamhyehyeɛ ho dɛm yɛ adwenem haw a ɛnam atinka mmorosoɔ wɔ ayamhyehyeɛ ne suro ho. Ayamhyehyeɛ yɛ adwendwene a ɛfa daakye nsɛm ho na suro nso fa mprenpren nsɛm ho. Saa atinka yi tumi de mpopoeɛ a ɛyɛ anisoɔ ba, ɛbi te sɛ w’akoma tumi bɔ ntɛntɛm na wo ho nso tumi wosowoso. Yɛwɔ ayamhyehyeɛ ho dɛm ahodoɔ beberee: Ɛbi ne ayamhyehyeɛ a ɛfa nneɛma beberee ho nanso ɛnni nnyinasoɔ biara(generalized anxiety disorder), ayamhyehyeɛ a ɛfa nneɛma pɔtee ho(specific phobia), ayamhyehyeɛ a ɛfa nnipa nkitahodie ho(social anxiety  disorder), ayamhyehyeɛ a ɛfa ntetemudie ho(separation anxiety disorder), ayamhyehyeɛ a ɛfa sɛ wobɛpue baabi na worentumi nnye wo ho(agoraphobia), ahopopoɔ dɛm(panic disorder), ne dɛm a wontumi nkasa nnipa ho wɔ baabi (selective mutism). Saa mpopoeɛ yi da nso wɔ mpopoeɛ a wobɛhunu no. Yɛwɔ nnipa binom a wɔtumi nya ayamhyehyeɛ ho dɛm bɛboro baako.

Mogyamu ne nnipa asetena mu nneɛma bi na ɛde ayamhyehyeɛ dɛm ba. Ansa na yɛbɛhwɛ obi a ɔwɔ ayamhyehyeɛ no, ɛwɔ sɛ  ɛho mpopoeɛ no wɔ hɔ bɛyɛ abosome nsia, sɛ ɛboro saa a na wɔbɛhunu sɛdeɛ ɛteɛ. Na ɛte nipa dwuma a ɔdi no dabiara no so. Ɔhaw binom a ɛbɛtumi de ayamhyehyeɛ ho mpopoeɛ aba ne yareɛ a nipa mmoawa no de ba, akoma yareɛ,Kafeene,nsaden, anaa nnubɔnenom, ne sɛ woretwe wo ho afiri nnuro binom ho.

 Nsɔano                        
Ɔkwan baako a yɛde hwɛ obi a ɔwɔ ayamhyehyeɛ ho dɛm ne sɛ wobɛhunu adekodeɛ pɔtee a ɛde yareɛ no baeɛ, na ɛno na ɛbɛtumi aboa ma wahunu kwan pa a wobɛfa so ahwɛ no. Ɛtumi ba sɛ ayamhyehyeɛ ho mpopoeɛ no firi nipadua no  mu akwaa bi, anaa nso sɛ yareɛ bi.

Ayamhyehyeɛ a ɛdi kan pa ara a wɔtumi de si ayamhyehyeɛ ho dɛm ano ne sɛ wobɛhwehwɛ na wasesa kwan a nipa fa so dwene na wɔyɛ wɔn nneɛma nso (cognitive behavioral therapy). Saa anamɔntuo yi yɛ adwuma pa ara sɛ woyɛ no wɔ abɛɛfo ntentan fidie so a. Sɛdeɛ yɛanya adansedie wɔ adwenem haw ayarehwɛ ho no, wei nso wɔ hɔ dada. Mpɛn pii  no ayamhyehyeɛ nya ɔhaw wɔ nkitahodie mu, na kuo a yɛfrɛ wɔn "interpersonal psychotherapy” kyerɛ mu sɛ, sɛ saa ɔhaw yi bɛtumi atwa a, ɛwɔ sɛ yɛma nkɔmɔdie ne nkitahodie kɔ so kama.

 Akwansideɛ 
Ɛyɛ afe apem aduonu ne dunson no(2017), wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu hunuu sɛ adwenem anaa adesua mu nnwuma wɔ mmoa kakra bi wɔ kwan a wɔbɛfa so asi ayamhyehyeɛ ano wɔ kuo ahodoɔ mu.

 Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ