Bonini

Bonini ( borɔfo: Female infertility) kyerɛ ɔbaa ɔntumi nwo.Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ, wiase afanan nyinaa, ɛha  mmaa bɛyɛ nnipa ɔpepepem aduɔwɔtwe( 48 million). Mmaa a wɔwɔ mmeaeɛ bi te sɛ Asia Anaafoɔ fam, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa/Middle East, ne Central/Eastern Europe ne Central Asia na ɛtaa ha wɔn kɛse pa ara. Nneɛma pii na ɛtumi ma obi yɛ bonini. Ɛnonom bi ne nyarewa, nipadua mu sintɔ ahodoɔ, awodeɛ mu sintɔ, ne deɛ ɛkɛka ho. Wiase afaanan nyinaa, meammea nyinaa, nkorɔfoɔ tumi yɛ abonifoɔ. Mmom nyɛ baabiaa na wɔha wɔn a wɔwɔ saa haw yi.

 Deɛ Ɛde Ba 
Deɛ ɛbɛtumi ama obi ayɛ bonini nyinaa gyina nneɛma mmienu pɛ so. Ɛtumi yɛ adeɛ  a yɛde awo obi anaasɛ deɛ obi abɛfa wɔ asase so.

Ɛwom sɛ deɛ ɛma obi yɛ bonini no tumi firi awoeɛ deɛ, nanso mpɛn pii no, ɛyɛ a nneɛma bebree na ɛkeka bom ma obi yɛ bonini. Nyɛ adeɛ baako pɛ. Afei, ɛwom sɛ nneyɔeɛ bi te sɛ tawanom a ɛnyɛ mma wɔn a wɔnyem, nanso, nyɛ ɛno na ɛbɛma obi ayɛ bonini. lso, the presence of any single risk factor of female infertility (such as smoking, mentioned further below) does not necessarily cause infertility, and even if a woman is definitely infertile, the infertility cannot definitely be blamed on any single risk factor even if the risk factor is (or has been) present.

 Deɛ Ɛfiri Awoɔ Ntoatoasoɔ Mu 
Awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ abakɔsɛm mu no, yɛwɔ genes bi a wɔtumi ma obi yɛ bonini. Wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu a,  wɔtumi hunu saa genes no. Ebi nso wɔ hɔ a wɔntumi nhunu,  nanso wɔkɔ so  Wɔkyerɛ sɛ  saa boniniyɛ no firi awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ mu anaasɛ ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛfiri abusua mu. Genes no bebree tumi brɛ ase. Na ɛnam so ma ɛdi kan no, awoɔ ho yɛ den. Ɛtumi tɔ kɔ so duru mpɛnpɛnsoɔ a nipa ntumi mfa yafunu koraa.  Yei firi awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ mu deɛ, nanso abodeɛ mu nneɛma aatwa yɛn ho ahyia dwumadie ahodoɔ bi tumi hyɛ mu kena. Nneɛma nketenkete bi a wwɔkeka bom ma yɛn nipadua no wie pɛyɛ no sintɔ taa de boniniyɛ ba. Nbɔdeɛ mu Nyansapɛ mu no, yɛfrɛ wɔn " chromosomes". Sintɔ yeinom taa de nna mu haw bi te sɛ  androgen insensitivity syndrome ba. Ne nyinaa mmoa mma ɔbaa mfa yafunu. 
+Saa pono yi kyerɛ nipadua no mu nneɛma a ɛtumi m obi yɛ bonini.GeneEncoded proteinEffect of deficiencyBMP15Bone morphogenetic protein 15Hypergonadotrophic ovarian failure (POF4)BMPR1BBone morphogenetic protein receptor 1BOvarian dysfunction, hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and acromesomelic chondrodysplasiaCBX2; M33Chromobox protein homolog 2; Drosophila polycomb classAutosomal 46,XY, male-to-female sex reversal (phenotypically perfect females)CHD7Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 7CHARGE syndrome and Kallmann syndrome (KAL5)DIAPH2Diaphanous homolog 2Hypergonadotrophic, premature ovarian failure (POF2A)FGF8Fibroblast growth factor 8Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome (KAL6)FGFR1Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1Kallmann syndrome (KAL2)HFM1Primary ovarian failureFSHRFSH receptorHypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and ovarian hyperstimulation syndromeFSHBFollitropin subunit betaDeficiency of follicle-stimulating hormone, primary amenorrhoea and infertilityFOXL2Forkhead box L2Isolated premature ovarian failure (POF3) associated with BPES type I; FOXL2
402C → G mutations associated with human granulosa cell tumoursFMR1Fragile X mental retardationPremature ovarian failure (POF1) associated with premutationsGNRH1Gonadotropin releasing hormoneNormosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadismGNRHRGnRH receptorHypogonadotrophic hypogonadismKAL1Kallmann syndromeHypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and insomnia, X-linked Kallmann syndrome (KAL1)KISS1R; GPR54KISS1 receptorHypogonadotrophic hypogonadismLHBLuteinizing hormone beta polypeptideHypogonadism and pseudohermaphroditismLHCGRLH/choriogonadotrophin receptorHypergonadotrophic hypogonadism (luteinizing hormone resistance)DAX1Dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism; dosage-sensitive male-to-female sex reversalNR5A1; SF1Steroidogenic factor 146,XY male-to-female sex reversal and streak gonads and congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia; 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis and 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiencyPOF1BPremature ovarian failure 1BHypergonadotrophic, primary amenorrhea (POF2B)PROK2ProkineticinNormosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome (KAL4)PROKR2Prokineticin receptor 2Kallmann syndrome (KAL3)RSPO1R-spondin family, member 146,XX, female-to-male sex reversal (individuals contain testes)SRYSex-determining region YMutations lead to 46,XY females; translocations lead to 46,XX malesSCNN1AAlpha subunit of Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)Nonsense mutation leads to defective expression of ENaC in the female reproductive tractSOX9SRY-related HMB-box gene 9STAG3Stromal antigen 3Premature ovarian failureTAC3Tachykinin 3Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadismTACR3Tachykinin receptor 3Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadismZP1zona pellucida glycoprotein 1Dysfunctional zona pellucida formation

 Deɛ Ɛmfiri Awoɔ Ntoatoasoɔ Mu 
American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) kyerɛ mu a enyini, tawanom, nna mu yareɛ, ne kɛseyɛ mmorosoɔ tumi ma awoɔ ho yɛ den ma, mmaa.

Yɛhwɛ mu yie a, yeinom nyɛ nneɛma a ɛfiri awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ mu. Mmom, wɔfiri nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu.

 Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ