Luxmanda

Luxmanda yɛ beae a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu a ɛwɔ Babati Mantam a ɛwɔ Tanzania atifi fam mfinimfini . Wohuu no wɔ afe 2012 mu. Tutuo a wɔatu wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no ama wɔahu sɛ ɛyɛ beaeɛ a ɛso sen biara na ɛwɔ anafoɔ fam paa wɔ Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (SPN) mu, a ɛyɛ mmoayɛn amammerɛ a wɔgye tom wɔ fam tutu mu a ɛwɔ Afrika apueeɛ fam wɔ berɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no Pastoral Neolithic (bɛyɛ 5000– 1200 BP). Radiocarbon a ɛkyerɛ bere a fango, nnipa collagen, ne nneɛma a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ dɔte nneɛma mu no kyerɛ sɛ na nnipa te Luxmanda mfe 3,200 kosi 2,900 a atwam ni. Wɔanya dɔte (a ɛyɛ Narosura su), abo a wɔde ayɛ, nnompe a wɔayɛ adwuma, asonse, ne ostrich nkesua a wɔaboaboa ano a ɛka mmoa ne nnipa nnompe ho afi Luxmanda beae no. Na Luxmandafo yɛ mmoahwɛfo a wɔn ho akokwaw kɛse, na na wɔde wɔn ho to anantwi, nguan, mpapo, ne mfurum so de di wɔn asetrade. Wonnim wɔn kasa mu abusuabɔ, nanso abakɔsɛm mu kasa ho abenfo binom asusuw sɛ na nnipa a wɔwɔ SPN no ka Kushi kasa ahorow. Pastoral Neolithic no akyi no Pastoral Iron Age ne Bantufo Ntrɛwmu.

 Tete DNA nhwehwɛmu 
Admixture clustering analysis a wɔyɛe wɔ nkokoaa nnompe a wadi mfe 3,100 a wotutuu wɔ Luxmanda no hui sɛ onipa no kura ne nananom bɛyɛ 38±1% a ɛfa Pre-Pottery Neolithic amammerɛ a ɛwɔ Levant ho. Awosu mu nsɛm foforo a efi Luxmanda kyerɛ sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ saa abusuabɔ yi fi akuafo a wofi Levant ansa na wɔreyɛ nkuku no asefo a wotu kɔɔ Afrika, anaasɛ abusua a wɔtaa fi nananom a wɔnyɛ Afrikafo a wɔtraa Afrika anaa Apuei Fam a Ɛbɛn mfirihyia mpempem pii a atwam no mu. Mmarima no nyinaa yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu sɛ Y chromosomal DNA a E1b1b subclades ayɛ akuwakuw, a abien maa A1b subclades a ɛyɛ ambivalent bae esiane collagen a ɛnnɔɔso nti.

Na Afrika fa a ɛwɔ Luxmanda ankorankoro abusua mu no fata sɛ ɛne abɔmmɔfo-aboaboafo dodow bi a wɔte Ethiopia ca. 4,500 BP (wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔde afrafra tebea ase, a wɔsusu sɛ nananom dodoɔ yɛ 62.2–62.8% ma hunter-gather fa no ne 37.2-37.8% ma Pre-Pottery Neolithic B fa no) anaasɛ ɛfiri nnipa dodoɔ bi a wɔne Dinka wɔ abusuabɔ nso ( wɔ nnipa mmiɛnsa afrafra tebea ase, a wɔsusu sɛ nananom dodoɔ yɛ 39% ± 1% nananom a ɛfa Levantine ho). Bio nso, haplogroup nhwehwɛmu kyerɛe sɛ Luxmanda nhwɛsode no kura haplogroup L2a1 (mtDNA). Na nyansahufo adi kan akyerɛ sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, nananom a wɔne Eurasia Atɔe Fam wɔ abusuabɔ wɔ Afrika apuei fam a mprempren abu so wɔ ɔmantam no mu no baa bɛyɛ afe 3000 BP. Awosu mu nsɛm foforo no kyerɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛɛ Savanna Pastoral Neolithic no na ɛyɛ wɔn asɛyɛde sɛ wɔtrɛw tete nananom a ɛfa Levant ho no mu wɔ ɔtare mantam no mu, faako a na wɔasisi atrae foforo no. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Luxmanda ankorankoro no dodow nso na ɛde mmoayɛn baa Afrika kesee fam, efisɛ wohui sɛ ankorankoro bi a wadi mfe 1,200 a ɔyɛ mmoahwɛfo a ofi Western Cape no ne Luxmanda nhwɛsode no wɔ abusuabɔ.

 Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so 

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