Wiase Mu Nnipa Dodoɔ

Nnipa dodoɔ akɔ soro berɛ a ɔkɔm kɛseɛ a esii wɔ afe apem aha mmiɛnsa ne du num (1315) ne afe apem aha mmiɛnsa ne du nson (1317) no baa awieɛ, berɛ a Black Death a ɛbaa afe apem aha mmiɛnsa aduonum (1350) no baa awieɛ no. Saa berɛ no, na nnipa dodoɔ no bɛyɛ ɔpepe aha mmiɛnsa ne aduoson (370,000,000). Wiase mu nnipa dodoɔ a ɛkɔɔ soro paa, a ɛboro ɔha nkyem baako ne akyiri pɔ nwɔtwe (1.8%) afe biara, sii wɔ afe apem aha nkron aduokron nnum (1955) ne afe apem ahankron aduoson nnum (1975) ntam, berɛ a ɛkɔɔ soro wɔ ɔha nkyem mmienu akyiri pɔ baako (2.1%) wɔ afe apem ahankron aduosia (1965) ne afe apem ahankron aduoson (1970) ntam no. Nkɔsoɔ no so tee ɔha nkyem baako akyiri pɔ baako (1.1%) wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne dunum (2015) ne mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne aduonu (2020) ntam, na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛduru afeha a ɛto so aduonu baako (21) mu no. Nnipa a wɔwɔ wiase nyinaa da so ara renya nkɔanim, nanso esiane awo ne owuo a ɛresesa nti, nnipa pii nnim ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so anya nkɔanim. UN Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Sikasɛm ne Nnipa Ntam Nsɛm so kyerɛ sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepepem nkron (9) kɔsi ɔpepepem du (10) na wɔbɛtena hɔ wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne aduonu (2050) mu, na ɛkyerɛ sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepepem du 10 kɔsi ɔpepepem du mmienu (120 na wɔbɛtena hɔ wɔ afeha a ɛto so aduonu baako (21) no awieɛ mu, na saa berɛ no, nnipa dodoɔ a wɔbɛtena hɔ bɛyɛ ɔpepepem 0. Nnipa ho abenfo binom kyerɛ sɛ nnipa dodoɔ no bɛfiri ase so wɔ afeha a ɛto so aduonu mmienu (21) no fa a ɛto so mmieu mu.

Mprempren (2015 - 2020) awo dodoɔ wɔ wiase nyinaa yɛ ɔpepem ɔha aduanan (140/afe), a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛkɔ soro wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne aduonan ne mfeɛ mpem mminu ne aduanan nnum (2040 - 2045) mu wɔ ɔpepem ɔha aduanan baako (141/afe) na afeɛ aka nkakrankakra akɔ ɔpepem ɔha aduonu nsia (126/afe) wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne ɔha (2100) mu. Nnipa dodoɔ a wowuwu afe biara yɛ ɔpepem aduonum nson (57), na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛduru mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne ɔha (2100) mu no, ɛbɛduru ɔpepem ɔha aduonu baako (121). Nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne aduonu (2020) mu no dodoɔ yɛ mfeɛ aduosa (31).

 Abakɔsɛm 

Ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ sɛ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwɔ hɔ no yɛ papa sen nnipa dodoɔ a wɔaka ho asɛm no, efirisɛ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔaka ho asɛm seesei no mpo yɛ nea wonnim nea ɛbɛba.

 Tete abakɔsɛm ne tete abakɔsɛm 
Wɔbu akontaa sɛ nnipa dodoɔ a na wɔte asase so berɛ a wɔhyɛɛ ase yɛɛ kuayɛ bɛyɛ mfeɛ mpem du (10,000 A.Y.B.) no yɛ ɔpepem baako (1) kɔsi ɔpepem dunum (15). Kane no mpo no, DNA adanseɛ kyerɛ sɛ nnipa tumi nyaa nnipa dodoɔ a ɛboro apem baako (1,000) ne mpem du (10,000) bɛyɛ mfeɛ mpem aduonson (70,000) ansa na wɔrewo Kristo, a ɛne Toba atoyerɛnkyɛm nkyerɛkyerɛ a seesei wɔagye ho akyinnyeɛ no hyia. Nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, wɔbu akontaa sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem aduonu kɔsi mpem aduosia (50 - 60) na na wɔte Roma Ahemman no apuei fam ne atɔe fam nyinaa wɔ afeha a ɛto so 4 Y.B. mu.

Justinian Yare no maa Europafoɔ dodoɔ so tee bɛyɛ ɔha nkyem aduonu (50%) wɔ afeha a ɛto so nsia (6) ne nwɔtwe (8) Y.B. mu. Na Europafoɔ dodoɔ borɔ ɔpepem aduoson (70) wɔ afe apem aha mmiɛnsa ne aduana (1340) mu. Ɛfiri afe apem ahammiɛnsa ne aduanan (1340) kɔsi afe apem ahanan (1400) no, nnipa dodoɔ a na ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa so tee firi ɔpepem ahanan ne aduanan mmiɛnsa (443) kɔsii ɔpepem aha mmiɛnsa ne aduonu (350). India asasepɔn no so na nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn ase hwereɛ kɛseɛ paa, na Europa nso nyaa yare bi a wɔfrɛ no Black Death; ɛdii mfeɛ aha mmienu (200) ansa na nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwɔ Europa no resane aba. Chinafoɔ dodoɔ so te firii ɔpepem ɔha baako ne aduonu mmiɛnsa (123) wɔ afe apem aha mmienu (1200) mu kɔɔ ɔpepem aduosia nnum (65) wɔ afe apem aha mmiɛnsa ne aduokron mmiɛnsa (1393) mu, a ebia ɛfiri Mongolfoɔ ntua, ɔkɔm, ne ɔyaredɔm mu.

Ɛfiri mfeɛ mmienu (2) A.Y.B. no, tete Chinafoɔ abusua a na wɔfrɛ wɔn Han no yɛɛ wɔn abusua twerɛtohɔ sɛdea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛtumi asusu toɔ a na ɛsɛ sɛ abusua biara tua ne adwuma a na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ho. Wɔ saa afe no mu no, wɔtwerɛ sɛ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwɔ Western Han mu no yɛ nnipa ɔpepe aduonu nson, mpem aha aduosia ne aduoson baako, ahanan (57,671,400) wɔ afie ɔpepe du mmienu, mpem aha mmiɛnsa adusi nsia ne ahanan aduoson (12,366,470) mu, na ɛbaa fam kɔɔ nnipa ɔpepe aduanan nson, mpem ahaanu aduosia nsia, ahanson ne aduoson mmienu (47,566,772) wɔ afie ɔpepe nkron, mpem aha mmiɛnsa ne aduanan nwɔtwe, aha mmienu ne aduoson (9,348,227) mu wɔ afe ɔha ne aduanan nsia (146) A.Y.B. mu, wɔ Han ahennie no awieɛ. Efiri 200 kɔsi ahanan (400) no, wiase nnipa dodoɔ so tee firi ɔpepem aha mmienu ne aduonu nson (257) kɔsi ɔpepem aha mmienu ne nsia (206), na China na ɛyerae kɛse. Berɛ a Ming ahenkyɛ no de ne ho too hɔ wɔ afe apem aha mmiɛnsa ne aduosia nwɔtwe (1368) mu no, na wɔka sɛ Chinafoɔ dodoɔ bɛyɛ ɔpepem aduosia (60); wɔ ahenkyɛ no awieɛ wɔ afe apem aha nsia aduanan nnan (1644) mu no, ebia na ɛbɛn ɔpepem ɔha aduonu (150). Englandfoɔ dodoɔ bɛyɛ ɔpepem nnum akyir pɔ nsia (5.6) wɔ afe apem ahansia aduonu (1650) mu, na na wɔn dodo yɛ ɔpepem mmienu akyiri nsia (2.6) wɔ afe apem ahanum (1500) mu. Wɔgye di sɛ nnɔbae foforɔ a Portugalfoɔ ne Spainfoɔ a wɔtenaa hɔ wɔ afeha a ɛto so du nsia (16) mu de firii Amerika baa Asia ne Europa no na ɛmaa nnipa dodow no dɔɔso. Ɛfiri berɛ a Portugal adwadifoɔ de wɔn baa Afrika wɔ afeha a ɛto so du nsia (16) mu no, aburo ne bankye asesa Afrika nnɔbae a ɛwɔ hɔ deda no sɛ nnuane a ɛhia paa a wodua wɔ kontinente no so.

Nnipa a wɔtenaa hɔ ansa na Columbus reba wɔ Amerika no ho asɛm yɛ nea wɔnnim; abakɔsɛm twerɛfoɔ David Henige frɛɛ no "asɛmmisa a enni mmuae wɔ wiase". Ɛbɛduru afeha a ɛto so aduonu (20) no awieɛ no, nwomanimfoɔ gye toom sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem aduonu nnum (55) na wɔwɔ hɔ, nanso nnipa dodoɔ a ɛfiri mmeaeɛ ahodoɔ no firi ɔpepem du (10) kɔsi ɔpepem ɔha (100). Europa akwantufoɔ ne nnipa a wɔtraa wiase mmeaeɛ afoforo hyiaeɛ no, mpɛn pii no, na yare a ano yɛ den a ano yɛ den a ɛwɔ hɔ no ka ho bi. Sɛdeɛ nwomanimfoɔ kyerɛ no, nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwɔ New World no mu no mu bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyem aduokron (90) na yare bi a wɔfrɛ no "Old World" te sɛ ɔyare a wɔfrɛ no "smallpox", "measles", ne "influenza" kunkum wɔn. Wɔ mfehaha pii mu no, na Europefoɔ anya yare yi ho ahobammɔ kɛseɛ, berɛ a na nnipa a wɔdii kan nyaa yare yi ho ahobammɔ no nni hɔ.

 Ɛnnɛ abakɔsɛm 
Bere a Europa Ntua ho Nkɔso ne Nkɔso Adwuma bae no, mmofra nkwa nna kɔɔ soro kɛse. 41] Mmofra a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ London a wowuwui ansa na wɔadi mfe anum no dodow so tewee fi 74.5% wɔ 1730 ⁇ 1749 kosii 31.8% wɔ 1810 ⁇ 1829.[ 42][43] Efii afe 1700 kosi afe 1900 mu no, nnipa dodow a na wɔte Europa no kɔɔ soro fi bɛyɛ ɔpepem 100 kosii bɛboro ɔpepem 400.[ 44] Ne nyinaa mu no, nsase a na Europafo fi mu te no yɛ wiase nnipa dodow no mu 36% wɔ afe 1900 mu.[ 45]

Nnipa dodow a wɔdɔɔso wɔ Atɔe fam aman mu no yɛɛ ntɛmntɛm bere a wɔde nsa a wɔde bɔ nkurɔfo ho ban ne nkɔso foforo a ɛbae wɔ aduruyɛ ne ahotew mu no bae no. 46] Nneɛma a na ɛwɔ hɔ no maa nnipa dodow a wɔwɔ Britain kɔɔ soro fi ɔpepem 10 kosii ɔpepem 40 wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu. 47] United Kingdom nnipa dodow adu ɔpepem 60 wɔ 2006 mu. 48] United States nyaa nnipa dodow a ɛboro ɔpepem 5.3 wɔ afe 1800 mu de kɔɔ ɔpepem 106 wɔ afe 1920 mu, a ɛboro ɔpepem 307 wɔ afe 2010 mu. 49]

Afeha a ɛtɔ so 20 mu fa a edi kan wɔ Russia Ahemman no mu ne Soviet Union no mu no, ɔko akɛse, ɔkɔm ne atoyerɛnkyɛm afoforo a ɛmaa nnipa pii hweree wɔn nkwa bɛyɛ ɔpepem 60. 50][51] Bere a Soviet Union gui no, Russiafo dodow so tewee kɛse  ⁇  fi ɔpepem 150 wɔ afe 1991 mu kosii ɔpepem 143 wɔ afe 2012 mu[52]  ⁇  nanso eduu afe 2013 no na ɛte sɛ nea nnipa dodow a ɛretwe ase no asa.[ 53]

Aman pii a wonnyaa nkɔso pii no anya nnipa a wɔdɔɔso ntɛmntɛm fi afeha a ɛto so 20 no mfiase, esiane sikasɛm mu nkɔso ne ɔmanfo akwahosan mu nkɔso nti. China nnipa dodow fi bɛyɛ sɛ ɔpepem 430 wɔ afe 1850 mu abedu ɔpepem 580 wɔ afe 1953 mu, na seesei wɔboro ɔpepepem 1.3. India man no mu nnipa dodow, a na ɛreyɛ adu ɔpepem 125 wɔ afe 1750 mu no, renya nkɔanim adu ɔpepem 389 wɔ afe 1941 mu; [1] ɛnnɛ, India, Pakistan ne Bangladesh nyinaa yɛ nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepepem 1.63. 56] Java, supɔw bi a ɛwɔ Indonesia, na nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem 5 wɔ hɔ wɔ afe 1815 mu; na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepem 139 wɔ hɔ wɔ afe 2020 mu. 57] Wɔ mfe ɔha pɛ mu no, Brazilfo dodow bu bɔɔ ho mpɛn du (x10), fi bɛyɛ ɔpepem 17 wɔ afe 1900 mu, anaa wiase nnipa dodow no mu bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyem 1 wɔ saa afe no mu, kosii bɛyɛ ɔpepem 176 wɔ afe 2000 mu, anaa wiase nnipa dodow no mu bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyem 3 wɔ afeha a ɛto so 21 no mfiase pɛɛ. Mexico nnipa dodow fi ɔpepem 13.6 wɔ afe 1900 mu abɛyɛ ɔpepem 112 wɔ afe 2010 mu. 58][59] Afe 1920 ne afe 2000 ntam no, nnipa dodow a wɔwɔ Kenya kɔɔ soro fi ɔpepem 2.9 kosii ɔpepem 37.[ 60]

 Akwankyerɛ a Ɛkyɛn So Pii 
Amanaman Nkabom no buu akontaa sɛ, bere a edi kan koraa a wiase nnipa dodow duu ɔpepepem biako no, na ɛyɛ wɔ 1804 mu. Ɛdii mfe 123 ansa na ɛredu ɔpepepem abien wɔ 1927 mu, nanso egyee mfe 33 pɛ ansa na ɛredu ɔpepepem abiɛsa wɔ 1960 mu. 62] Ɛno akyi no, egyee mfe 14 ansa na wiase nnipa dodow no adu ɔpepepem anan wɔ 1974, mfe 13 ansa na adu ɔpepepem anum wɔ 1987, mfe 12 ansa na adu ɔpepepem asia wɔ 1999 mu, na sɛnea United States Census Bureau kyerɛ no, egyee mfe 13 ansa na adu ɔpepepem ason wɔ March 2012 mu.[ 63] Nanso, Amanaman Nkabom no bu akontaa sɛ wiase nnipa dodow adu ɔpepepem ason wɔ October 2011 mu.[ 64][65][66] Sɛnea UN kyerɛ no, wiase nnipa dodow adu ɔpepepem awotwe wɔ November 2022, nanso esiane sɛ nnipa dodow a ɛretrɛw no rekɔ fam nti, ebegye mfe 15 na wɔadu ɔpepepem 9 wɔ 2037 mu ne mfe 20 na wɔadu ɔpepepem 10 wɔ 2057 mu. 68] Nsɛnkyerɛmu foforo a ɛwɔ hɔ ma afe 2050 no fi ase fi ɔpepepem 7.4 kosi ɔpepepem 10.6.[ 69] Nkɔanim a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wobenya no gu ahorow a egyina akontaabu ho nsusuwii ne nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu no so, titiriw awo ne owu ho nneɛma. Nkɔmhyɛ ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ ma 2150 no fi nnipa dodow a wɔbɛka ase akɔpem ɔpepepem 3.2 wɔ "asase a emu nnipa nnɔɔso" mu, kɔsi ɔpepepem 24.8 wɔ "asase a emu nnipa dɔɔso" mu. 69] Ɔhaw kɛse bi a ɛbaa wiase nyinaa ne sɛ, sɛ yɛfa wiase nyinaa awo dodow a ɛwɔ afe 1995 mu a ɛyɛ mma 3.04 wɔ ɔbaa baako biara mu no toto afe 2150 mu no ho a, ɛbɛdɔɔso akodu ɔpepepem 256. Nanso, eduu afe 2010 no, na awo dodow a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa so atew aba 2.52. 70][71] Wonni da anaa ɔsram pɔtee a wiase nnipa dodow boro ɔpepepem biako anaa abien no ho akontaabu biara. Wɔankyerɛ bere a ɛkɔɔ so koduu ɔpepepem abiɛsa ne anan no, nanso United States Census Bureau International Database no de sii July 1959 ne April 1974 mu. Amanaman Nkabom no hyɛɛ "Ɔpepepem 5 Da" wɔ July 11, 1987, ne "Ɔpepepem 6 Da" wɔ October 12, 1999 mu, na wodi ho afahyɛ. Amanaman Nkabom no a wɔhwɛ nnipa dodow so no kae sɛ "Ɛda a nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepepem ason" bɛba wɔ October 31, 2011.[ 72] Amanaman Nkabom no kaa onipa a ɔtɔ so ɔpepepem awotwe awoda no wɔ November 15, 2022.[ 73][67]

 Wiase mu nnipa dodow 
Wɔ afe 2012 mu no, wiase nyinaa, mmarima ne mmea dodow yɛ 1,01 na mmaa yɛ 1.[1] Nnipa dodow a wɔwɔ wiase nyinaa no mu bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyɛm 26.3 yɛ nnipa a wɔadi mfe 15 ne ase, na ɔha mu nkyɛm 65.9 nso yɛ nnipa a wɔadi mfe 15 ne 64 ne ɔha mu nkyɛm 7.9 nso yɛ nnipa a wɔadi mfe 65 ne akyi. 75] Wobu akontaa sɛ wiase nnipa dodow no ara adi mfe 31 wɔ afe 2020 mu,[11] na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ebedu afe 2050 mu no, na wɔadi mfe 37.9.[ 76]

Sɛnea Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde no kyerɛ no, nnipa dodow a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wɔbɛtena ase wɔ wiase nyinaa yɛ mfe 73.3 wɔ afe 2020 mu, na mmea a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wɔbɛtena ase no dodow yɛ mfe 75.9 na mmarima nso bɛyɛ mfe 70.8.[1] 77] Wɔ afe 2010 mu no, nnipa dodow a wɔwo mma wɔ wiase nyinaa no yɛ 2.44 a obi biara wo mma.[ 78] Wɔ June 2012 mu no, British nhwehwɛmufo buu akontaa sɛ nnipa dodow a wɔwɔ asase yi so bɛyɛ tɔn ɔpepem 287 (630 billion pounds), a onipa biara mu duru bɛyɛ kilogram 62 (137 lb).[ 79]

Amanaman Nkabom no bu da sɛ afe 2021 mu no, wiase nyinaa sika a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa bɛyɛ US$94.94 trillion, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ afe biara, wiase nyinaa sika a ɛwɔ obi biara nsam bɛyɛ US$12,290.[ 80] Wiase mu nnipa dodow a wɔwɔ hɔ no mu bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyɛm 9.3 na wɔdi hia buruburoo, na da biara wɔn nsa ka sika a ɛboro US$1.9;[81] ɔha mu nkyɛm 8.9 nso nni aduan pa.[82] Wiase mu nnipa a wɔadi boro mfe 15 no mu ɔha mu nkyɛm 87 nim akenkan ne akyerɛw. 83] Wɔ April 2022 mu no, na nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepepem 5 na wɔdi Intanɛt so wɔ wiase nyinaa, na ɛno na ɛkaa wiase nnipa dodow no ho ɔha mu nkyem 63.[ 84]

Chinafo a wɔfrɛ wɔn Hanfo no ne nnipa a wɔdɔɔso sen biara wɔ wiase, na na wɔyɛ nnipa a wɔdɔɔso sen biara wɔ wiase nyinaa no mu ɔha mu nkyem 19 wɔ afe 2011 mu. 85] Kasa ahorow a wɔka wɔ wiase nyinaa ne Engiresi (1.132B), Mandarin Chinese (1.117B), Hindi (615M), Spanish (534M) ne French (280M). Nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem abiɛsa na wɔka Indo-European kasa, a ɛno ne kasa abusua a ɛso sen biara wɔ nnipa dodow a wɔka no mu. Standard Arabic yɛ kasa a wɔnka no sɛ wɔn kurom kasa, nanso wɔn a wɔka no dodow yɛ nnipa ɔpepem 274. 86]

Wɔ 2020 mu no, nnipa dodow a wɔsom wɔ wiase no mu no yɛ: Kristosom (31%), Islam (25%), Nkramofo (16%) ne Hindufo (15%).[ 87]

 Nnipa dodow a ɛwɔ mmeae ahorow 
Asase so nsasepɔn ason no mu asia wɔ nnipa a wɔte so bere nyinaa wɔ mmeae pii. Asia ne asasepɔn a emu nnipa dɔɔso sen biara wɔ wiase, na nnipa a wɔte so no dodow yɛ ɔpepepem 4.64, na ɛno ne wiase nyinaa nnipa dodow no mu 60%. Wiase aman abien a emu nnipa dɔɔso sen biara, China ne India, ka bom yɛ wiase nnipa dodow no mu bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyem 36. Afrika yɛ asasepɔn a ɛto so abien a nnipa dɔɔso wom, a emu nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepepem 1.34, anaa nnipa a wɔwɔ wiase nyinaa mu ɔha mu nkyem 17. Europafo ɔpepem 747 na wɔkyekyɛ wiase nnipa dodow no mu ɔha mu nkyɛm 10 wɔ 2020 mu, bere a Latin Amerika ne Caribbean aman no yɛ nnipa ɔpepem 653 (8%) no fie. Atifi Amerika, a ne kɛse yɛ United States ne Canada, wɔ nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem 368 (5%), na Oceania, a ɛyɛ mantam a nnipa nnɔɔso wom, wɔ nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem 42 (0.5%).[ 88] Antarctica nkutoo wɔ nnipa kakra bi a wɔn dodow yɛ 1200 a wɔn dodow no ara wɔ polar science stations.[ 89]

 Wiase mu nnipa dodow a wɔwɔ hɔ nnɛ ne sɛnea wɔaka ho asɛm nnansa yi wɔ Amanaman Nkabom no mu. Nnipa dodow wɔ (million) ne wiase mu nnipa dodow wɔ saa afe no mu. 90] 

 Nkorɔfo dodow a wɔwowɔ asaase no do (2020 ho akontaabu) 

 Nnipa dodow a ɛsen biara wɔ ɔman biara mu 

 Baabi A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ