Kompyuta ya munthu payekha

Mrangura wa munthu payekha, iyo kanandi yikuchemeka kuti PC panji kuti mrangura waka, ni mrangura iyo yikupangika kuti munthu waliyose wagwiliskirenge ntchito.  Kanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa milimo nga nkhulemba mazgu, kupenja pa Intaneti, kutumizga e-mail, kuseŵera vinthu vinandi, na kuseŵera maseŵero . Mamrangura gha ŵanthu ghakupangika kuti ghagwiliskirikenge ntchito na munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito, m'malo mwa nkhwantha ya mirangura panji nkhwantha . Kupambana na mirangura ghakurughakuru ghakudura na mirangura ghakurughakuru, kugaŵana nyengo na ŵanthu ŵanandi pa nyengo yimoza kukugwiriskirika ncito yayi na mirangura gha munthu payekha. Lizgu lakuti home computer likayowoyekaso comene mu ma 1970 na 1980. Kwiza kwa mirangura na kusintha kwa vinthu mu caru vya pa Intaneti vyawovwira comene ŵanthu.

 Mazgu 
Lizgu lakuti "mrangura ya munthu payekha" (PC) likugwiriskirika nchito pakuyowoya za mrangura iyo yikupangika kuti munthu waliyose wagwiriskirenge nchito. Nangauli pakwamba lizgu ili likuyowoya za mirangura ghachokoghachoko agho ghakukolerana na PC ya IBM, sono lizgu ili likukhwaska chomene mirangura ghose agho ghakupangika kuti munthu wagwiriskirenge ntchito, kusazgapo agho ghakugwiliskira ntchito mirangura ghanyake nga ni macOS panji Linux.

 Mbiri 
Mbiri ya mirangura gha munthu payekha yikulongora umo ghakapangikira kufuma ku makina ghakurughakuru ghakuyana na chipinda m’paka ku vipangizo vichokovichoko, vyankhongono ivyo tikugwiliskira ntchito mazuŵa ghano.

 Kufuma 
Vipangizo vyakwambilira vyakupangira mirangura nga ni ENIAC (1946) vikaŵa mirangura gha munthu payekha yayi kweni vikaŵika maziko gha mirangura gha digito. Fundo ya mrangura ya "munthu" yikawonekera mu vilimika vya m'ma 1960 apo ŵantchito ŵakaghanaghananga makina ghachokoghachoko, ghakusangika.

M'ma 1960
 1964: Olivetti wakambiska mrangura ya Programma 101, iyo yikaŵa yimoza mwa mirangura ghakwamba gha pa mrangura.
 1965: PDP-8 ya DEC, iyo yikaŵa mrangura yichoko, yikapangiska kuti ŵamalonda na mayunivesite ŵaŵe na mwaŵi wa kugwiliskira ntchito mrangura.

M'ma 1970
 Mu 1971: Pulosesa yakwamba ya Intel 4004 yikafumiskika.
 1975: Altair 8800, iyo kanandi ŵakuti ndiyo yikaŵa mrangura yakwamba yaunenesko ya munthu payekha, yikaguliskika nga ni chipangizo.
 1977: “Utatu” wa mirangura gha munthu payekha—Apple II, Commodore PET, na TRS-80—ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaŵe na ma PC.

M'ma 1980
 1981: IBM yikambiska IBM PC, ndipo yikakhazikiska ndondomeko ya x86 kuŵa ndondomeko yikuru.
 1983: Compaq wakafumiska PC yakwamba yakunyamulika iyo yikukolerana na IBM.
 Mu 1984: Macintosh wa Apple wakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kugwiliskira ntchito pulogiramu ya vithuzithuzi (GUI).

M'ma 1990
 1991: Linux, iyo yikaŵa pulogiramu yakujulika, yikapangika.
 1995: Windows 95 ya Microsoft yikasintha umo PC yikugwiriskikira nchito na GUI yake yiwemi.
 Kukwera kwa intaneti kukapangiska kuti ma PC ghaŵe ghakuzirwa chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoyanenge na kusanga uthenga.

 Mitundu 
Mamrangura gha ŵanthu ghakuŵa ghakupambanapambana, ndipo limoza likukolerana na vinthu vyakupambanapambana.

 Kukhazikika 
Yikupangika kuti yikhale pa malo ghakukhazikika.

 Malo ghakugwilira ntchito 
Mamrangura ghakugwira ntchito makora chomene agho ghakugwiriskirika nchito pa milimo yapadera nga ni 3D rendering panji kupanga mirangura gha sayansi.

 mrangura ya pa mrangura 
Nsanja ya chikhalidwe panji ndondomeko zose-mu-chimoza na ma monitor ghapadera.

 Yakunyamulika 
Mamrangura agho ghapangika kuti ghaŵe ghakwendakwenda.

 Kunyamulika 
Mamrangura ghakale ghakunyamulika (e.g., Osborne 1) agho ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa ndipo ghakakhumbikwiranga nkhongono za AC.

 Laputopu 
Mamrangura ghachokoghachoko, ghakugwira ntchito na mabatire ghali na makiyibodi na vithuzithuzi.

 Tableti 
Vipangizo vyakukhwaska vyambura kiyibodi (mwachiyelezgero, iPad, Microsoft Surface).

 Foni yamakono 
Mamrangura gha mu mawoko agho ghali na nkhongono zakuchezgera pa foni (mwachiyelezgero, iPhone, vipangizo vya Android).

 PC ya mafoni ghapachanya (UMPC) 
Ma PC ghachoko, ghambura kulemera chomene agho ghali na ndondomeko yose yakugwiliskira ntchito (mwachiyelezgero, Sony VAIO UX).

 PC ya mu thumba 
Chigaŵa cha vipangizo vyakuyana na PDA ivyo vikugwira ntchito na Windows Mobile.

 Ma PC gha pa palm na gha mu mawoko 
Mamrangura ghakale gha mu thumba (mwachiyelezgero, Psion Series, HP 200LX).

 Vipangizgo 
Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ni ivi:
 Chigaŵa chapakati chakupangira vinthu (CPU)
 Kukumbukira (RAM)
 Kusungirako (HDD, SSD)
 Vipangizo vyakunjilirapo/vyakufumiskamo (kiyibodi, mbeŵa, monita)
 Chigaŵa chakupangira vithuzithuzi (GPU)

 Mapulogalamu 
Mapulogalamu agho ghakovwira ma PC kuti ghachitenge milimo.

 Nthowa yakugwiliskira ntchito 
Mapulogalamu ghakuzirwa ghakulaŵilira vyakugwiriskira ntchito na mapulogiramu (mwachiyelezgero, Windows, macOS, Linux).

 Mapulogalamu 
Kupanga vinthu, kupanga vinthu, na mapulogalamu ghakovwira (mwachiyelezgero, Ofesi ya Microsoft, Adobe Photoshop).

 Kuseŵera 
Maseŵera gha pa PC ghakusazgapo maudindo gha AAA, maseŵera gha indie, na emulators, kanandi ghakukhumbikwira ma GPU ghakujipeleka.

 Kuguliska 
Msika wa PC wasintha na kusintha kwa ivyo ŵakugula ŵakukhumba.

 Kugaŵana kwa msika 
Ŵanthu awo ŵakuseŵera chomene ni Lenovo, HP, Dell, Apple, na Acer.

 Mtengo wakuguliska wapakatikati 
Mitengo yikupambana kufuma ku malaputopu gha bajeti (<$500) kufikira ku malo ghakugwilira ntchito ghapachanya (>$3000).

 Kukhwaska chilengiwa 
Nkhawa zikusazgapo:
 E-waste kufuma ku vipangizo vyambura kugwira ntchito
 Kugwiriskira ncito nkhongono
 Kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakofya
 Kuseŵezeskaso vinthu vyakale na kuyezgayezga kuti viŵe vyambura kumara

 Wonaniso 
 Mbiri ya vyakupangapanga
 Mndandanda wa awo ŵakupanga vinthu vya pa mrangura
 Kuyezgelera ndondomeko zakugwiliskira ntchito

 Vyolemba 

 Pobeka 

 Further reading 
 Accidental Empires: How the boys of Silicon Valley make their millions, battle foreign competition, and still can't get a date, Robert X. Cringely, Addison-Wesley Publishing, (1992), 
 PC Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 6, November 1983, "SCAMP: The Missing Link in the PC's Past?"

 malinki ghakuwalo 

 How Stuff Works pages:
 Dissecting a PC
 How PCs Work
 How to Upgrade Your Computer
 How to Build a Computer
 Global archive with product data-sheets of PCs and Workstations

Category:American inventions
Category:Classes of computers
Category:Home appliances
Category:Office equipment

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