Chiyowoyero chakuyezgelera chakukolerana (UML)

Chiyowoyero cha Kuyezgelera (UML) ni chiyowoyero cha kuyezgelera chakuwoneka icho chikugwiriskirika nchito pakupanga ndondomeko. Ikupereka nthowa yakumanyikwa yakulongolera ndondomeko ya ndondomeko mwakugwiliskira nchito vithuzithuzi.

UML yikusazgapo mitundu yinandi ya vithuzithuzi, ivyo vingaŵikika mu magulu ghatatu ghakuru:

 Vithuzithuzi vya nkharo (longora umo ndondomeko yikugwilira ntchito)
 Vithuzithuzi vyakukolerana (longora umo vigaŵa vya ndondomeko vikukolerana)
 Vithuzithuzi vya kapangilo (kulongora vigaŵa vya ndondomeko na ubale wawo)

UML yikapangika kuti yiŵe yakuyana na nthowa zakupambanapambana zakupangira mapulogalamu. Wakapangika na mapulogalamu gha Rational pakati pa 1994 na 1996.

Mu 1997, UML yikazgoka muyezo uwo ukulaŵilirika na Gulu la Kulaŵilira Vinthu (OMG). Pamanyuma, mu 2005, likazomerezgekaso kuŵa muyezo wa pa charu chose (ISO/IEC 19501) na ISO na IEC. Muyezo ukusinthika nyengo zose kuti uŵe nga ni UML ya sonosono.

Mu mapulogalamu gha kompyuta, ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito UML mwakwenelera yayi. M’malo mwake, ŵakujambura vithuzithuzi vyambura kusuzga, vyambura kumanyikwa. Ndipouli, vithuzithuzi ivi kanandi vikugwiriskira nchito vinthu vinyake vya UML.

 Mbiri 

 Pambere UML 1.0 
UML yasintha kufuma umalilo kwa ma1990. Icho chikufuma ku nthowa zakupangira mapulogalamu ghakulongozgeka na vinthu izo zikapangika kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1980 na kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m'ma 1990. Mndandanda wa nyengo (wonani chithuzithuzi) ukulongora nyengo zikuru mu mdauko wa nthowa izi.

UML yikusazga nthowa zitatu zakale mu chiyowoyero chimoza:

 Nthowa ya Booch
 Nthowa yakupangira vinthu (OMT)
 Mapulogalamu ghakupangika na vinthu (OOSE)

Mu 1994, Rational Software yakalemba ntchito James Rumbaugh kufuma ku General Electric. Pa nyengo iyo, Rational wakamanyikwanga kale chifukwa cha nthowa ziŵiri zakumanyikwa:

 OMT ya Rumbaugh
 Nthowa ya Grady Booch

Pamanyuma, mu 1995, Ivar Jacobson (uyo wakalenga OOSE) wakaŵa nawo ku Rational. Pamoza, ŵakagwiranga nchito pa UML.

 UML 1.x 
Mu ulongozgi wa luso wa Rumbaugh, Jacobson, na Booch, gulu lakuchemeka UML Partners likakhazikiska mu 1996. Chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti limalizge ndondomeko ya chiyowoyero cha chiyelezgero cha Unified Modeling (UML) na kupeleka ku gulu lakulongozga vinthu (OMG) kuti liŵe lakuyana.

Mgwirizano uwu ukaŵaso na ŵanyake awo ŵakakhumbanga, nga ni HP, DEC, IBM, na Microsoft.

Mu Januwale 1997, ŵanyawo ŵa UML ŵakapeleka ndondomeko yawo ya UML 1.0 ku OMG.

Mwezi wenewuwu, ŵa UML Partners ŵakapanga gulu lapadera. Gulu ili likapangika kuti lilongosore ng’anamuro leneco la viyowoyero ivyo vikupangika. Mulongozgi wake wakaŵa Cris Kobryn ndipo Ed Eykholt ndiyo wakalongozganga.

Ntchito ya gulu ili yikaŵa yakuti yimalizge ndondomeko ya UML na kuyiŵika pamoza na vinyake ivyo vikuchitika kuti viŵe vyakuyana.

Ntchito yawo yikapangiska kuti paŵe UML 1.1, iyo yikapelekeka ku OMG mu Ogasiti 1997. OMG yikazomera UML 1.1 mu Novembala 1997.See the sample content: look for history

Pamanyuma pa kufwatulika kwakwamba, gulu lakugwira ntchito likapangika kuti ŵanozge chiyowoyero, icho chikafumiska vinyake vichokovichoko ivyo vikasintha, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5.

Viyezgo ivyo yikapanga (pamoza na viyezgelero vyakwamba) vyawoneka kuti ni vyambura kupulikikwa makora ndiposo vyambura kukolerana.Génova et alia 2004 "Open Issues in Industrial Use Case Modeling"

 Cardinality notation 
Nga ni umo vikuŵira mu vithuzithuzi vya Chen, Bachman, na ISO ER, viyelezgero vya kilasi vikugwiriskira ncito "kuwona-kujumpha" vigaŵa vyakukhozga. Ici cikung’anamura kuti ŵakulongora unandi wa vinthu ivyo vili ku cigaŵa cinyake ca ubwezi.

Ndipouli, ŵamanyi ŵanyake (nga awo ŵali kuseri kwa Merise, na ŵalembi Elmasri & Navathe) ŵakutemwa nthowa yinyake. Ŵakugwiriskira ncito "wonani-pano" makadinali. Ici cikulongora unandi wa vinthu ivyo vili ku cigaŵa cimoza ca ubwezi ndipo vikusazgapo vyose viŵiri, vichoko na vikuru.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda sonosono apa, nga ni Feinerer na Dullea na gulu lawo, ŵasanga masuzgo na nthowa ya "wonani-pala". Iwo ŵakuti vikuchitika makora yayi para ubwezi ukukhwaskana na vinthu vyakujumpha viŵiri (ivyo vikuchemeka n-ary relationships).

Feinerer wakulongosora kuti masuzgo ghakuchitika para mukugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya "kuwonera-kuzungulira" mu UML. Wakuyowoya za Hartmann, uyo wakasambira nkhani iyi na kulongosora chifukwa icho nthowa zakupambanapambana zakusinthira ubwezi zikugwilira ntchito makora yayi.

Feinerer wakuyowoyaso kuti nthowa ya "wonani-pala" yikupangiska masuzgo ghanandi. Masuzgo agha ghakupangiska kuti viŵe vyakusuzga kusazgirako nthowa zipusu izo zikugwiriskirika ncito pa ubwezi wa vigaŵa viŵiri (binary) ku nthowa zakusuzga comene (n-ary) .

 References 

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