Nthamba ya data

Mu virangura, Nthamba ya data ni ndondomeko yakuwunganya data panji mtundu wa malo ghakusungirako data ugho ukuthemba pa kugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko yakulongozgera data (database management system) ( DBMS), pulogiramu iyo yikukolerana na awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito, mapulogiramu, na database iyo yene kuti yikole na kusanda data.  DBMS yikukhwaska vipangizgo vyakulongozgera database. Chiŵelengero chose cha database, DBMS na mapulogalamu ghakukhwaskana navyo vingachemeka kuti database system. Kanandi lizgu lakuti "Nthamba ya data" liku gwiriskikaso ntchito pakuyowoya za DBMS yamtundu uliwose, ndondomeko ya database panji pulogiramu iyo yikukolerana na database.

Ma database ghachoko-ghachoko ghangasungika pa file system, apo ma database ghakuru-ghakuru ghakusungika pa miwunjiko ya makompyuta panji pa cloud storage. Kupanga ma database kukukhwaska nthowa zakumanyikwa za ndondomeko na kughanaghanira vyakuchitika, kusazgapo kupanga data modeling, kuyimilira na kusunga makora data, viyowoyero vya mafumbo, chivikiliro na chisisi cha data yakuzirwa, na masuzgo gha luso la kwendeska ma computer mwakugaŵanika, kusazgapo kukhozgera kusanga kwa nyengo yimoza(ndiyo concurrent access) na kulekelera viheni (ndiyo fault tolerance).

Ŵa sayansi ya kompyuta kanandi ŵakugaŵa ndondomeko zakulongozgera database kuyana na mitundu ya database iyo ŵakukhozgera. Ma database ghakukhwaskana na ubwezi ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa chomene mu vilimika vya m’ma 1980. Ivi vikulongora data nga ni mizere na mizati mu mndandanda wa matebulo, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira nchito SQL pakulemba na kufumba data. Mu ma 2000, ma database ghambura-kukolerana (ndiyo non-relational database) ghakamba kumanyikwa chomene, pamoza ghakuchemeka gha NoSQL, chifukwa ghakugwiliskira ntchito viyowoyero vya mafumbo .

 Mazgu gha kusanthura na kuwoneseska mwausani 
Mwakuzomerezgeka, "database" yikung'anamura mtoro wa data wakukhwaskana-khwaskana uwo ukusangika kwizira mu kugwiliskira ntchito "database management system" (DBMS), uwu ni mtoro wakukolerana wa mapulogalamu gha pa kompyuta agho ghakuzomerezga awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito kuti ŵayigwiliskenge database yimoza panji zinandi ndipo kupeleka mwaŵi wakusosolapo data iyo yilimo mu database iyo (nangauli pangaŵa vipingo ivyo vikukanizga ŵanthu kusanga data yinyake). DBMS yikupereka milimo yakupambanapambana iyo yikuzomerezga kunjira, kusunga na kufunya uthenga unandi ndiposo yikupereka nthowa zakulongozgera umo uthenga uwo ulikundandikira.

Chifukwa cha ubwezi wapamtima pakati pawo, lizgu lakuti "database" kanandi likugwiriskirika ntchito mwambura kughanaghanira pakuyowoya za database na DBMS wuwo iyo yikugwiriskirika ntchito pakuyigwiliskira ntchito.

Kuwalo kwa luso la unkhwantha la information technology, lizgu lakuti database kanandi likugwiriskirika ntchito pakuyowoya za msonkho uliwose wa data yakukhwaskana-khwaskana (nga ni spreadsheet panji index-khadi) pakuti ukuru na ivyo vikukhumbikwa pakugwiriskira ntchito vikukhumbikwira kuti yigwiriskikenge ntchito DBMS.

Ma DBMS agho ghalipo nakale sono ghakupereka milimo ya kupambana-pambana iyo yikuzomerezga kulongozga database na data yakhe iyo yingagaŵikika mu magulu agha ghanayi ghakuru-ghakuru ghakugwira ntchito:

 Kulongosora kwa data – Kupanga, kusintha na kuwuskapo vilongosolero ivyo vikulongosora umo data yikwenera kundandikikika.
 Kusintha – Kuŵika, kusintha, na kufunyapo data iyo yene. 
 Kuwezga – Kusankha data mwakuyana na ndondomeko yakumanyikwa (mwachiyelezgero, fumbo, malo mu ndondomeko, panji malo ghakukhwaskana na data yinyake) na kupeleka data iyo panji mwaluŵiro kwa uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito, panji kuyipangiska kuti yiŵepo kuti yilutilire kugwiliskirika ntchito na database iyo yene . panji na mapulogiramu ghanyake. Data iyo yasangika yingaŵapo mu nthowa yakudunjika panji yambura kusintha, nga umo yikusungikira mu database, panji mu nthowa yiphya iyo yikusangika mwa kusintha panji kuyisazga na data iyo yilipo kufuma mu database. 
 Kulaŵilira – Kulembeska na kulaŵilira awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito, kukhozgera chivikiliro cha data, kulaŵilira umo yikuchitira, kusunga kugomezgeka kwa data, kugwira ntchito na kulaŵilira kwa nyengo yimoza, na kusangaso uthenga uwo wanangika na chinthu chinyake nga ni para dongosolo latondeka mwamabuchibuchi. 

Database na DBMS yakhe vikukolerana na fundo za chiyelezgero cha database. [5] "Sistimu ya database" yikulongora mwausani ku chiyelezgero cha database, ndondomeko ya kulongozga database, na database. [6]

Pakuwoneka, maseva gha database ni makompyuta ghakujipeleka agho ghakusungamo database yenecho ndipo ghakwendeska DBMS pela na mapulogiramu ghanyake ghakukhwaskana nayo DBMS iyo. Ma seva gha database kanandi ghakuŵa makompyuta maprosesa ghanandi, ghakuŵa na memory yikuru ndiposo ma disk gha RAID agho ghakugwiriskira nchito kuti ghasungike makora. Hardware database accelerators, yakulumikizgika ku seva yimoza panji zinandi kwizira mu nthowa ya luwiro, yikugwiriskirikaso nchito mu malo ghakuru ghakupangira malonda . Ma DBMS ghakusangika mu mtima wa mapulogalamu ghanandi gha database. Ma DBMS ghangazengeka kulondezga kernel ya multitasking iyo yili na nkhongono za networking zamumo na kale, kweni ma DBMS gha mazuŵa ghano ghakuthemba pa mapulogalamu ghalala kuti ghapeleke ghakwaniske milimo yene iyi. [<span title="This has become a mish-mash people's opinion and while boardly accurate may be in places undue and ignored e.g. SAN storage and needs cited rewrite from scrach (January 2020)">umboni ukukhumbikwa</span> ]

Pakuti maDBMS ghali na msika ukuru, ŵakuguliska makompyuta na vyakusungirako data kanandi ŵakughanaghanira ivyo vikukhumbikwa na ŵanthu pa DBMS mu ndondomeko zawo zakupangira vinthu. [7]

Ma database na ma DBMS ghangagaŵika mwakuyana na chiyezgero cha database (ndiyo database model) iyo ghakukhozgera (nthena relational panji XML ), mtundu wa kompyuta iyo ghakugwirapo ntchito (kufuma ku gulu la seva kufika pa foni yamumawoko ), chiyowoyero cha mafumbo (ndiyo query language) ŵakugwiliskira ntchito kuti ŵasange vya mu database (nga ni SQL panji XQuery ), na uinjiniya wawo wa mukati, uwo ukukhwaska umo ŵakugwilira ntchito, scalability, kuzizipizga, na uvikiliro.

 Mbiri 
Ukuru, nkhongono, na kugwira ntchito kwa ma database na ma DBMS ghawo ghakukura mu ndondomeko ya kukura. Kukwera kwa ntchito uku kukapangika na kuluta panthazi kwa tekinoloje mu vigaŵa vya ma processor, memory ya kompyuta, kusunga makompyuta, na makompyuta . Fundo ya database yikapangika chifukwa cha kuwoneka kwa vyakusungirako vyakuchitika mwaluŵiro nga ni magnetic disks, ivyo vikamba kusangika chomene pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1960; ndondomeko zakale zikathembanga kusunga mwakulondezganako kwa data pa tepi ya maginito . Kupangika kwakulondezgapo kwa tekinoloje ya database kungagaŵika mu nyengo zitatu mwakuyana na chiyelezgero cha data panji kapangikiro: navigational, [8] SQL / ubwezi, na panyuma pa ubwezi.