JavaScript

JavaScript kanandi kufupikiskika kuti JS, ni chiyowoyero cha mapulogiramu ndiposo tekinoloje yikuru ya World Wide Web, pamoza na HTML na CSS. Mawebusaiti 99 pa 100 ghakugwiriskira ntchito JavaScript pa cigaŵa cha wakulomba pa umo webusayiti yikuchitira. 

Chakuwonela vya pa mahamba gha intaneti chikuŵanga na chendeski cha JavaScript icho chikukhazikiska malembo gha malayizgo gha wakulomba. Injini izi zikugwiriskirikaso nchito mu milamuli ya ntchito yinyakhe na mapulogiramu gha ŵagwiliski ghakupambanapambana . Nthowa yakumanyikwa chomene yakugwiriskira ntchito kwambura browser ni Node.js .

JavaScript ni chiyowoyero chapachanya, kanandi Chiyowoyero icho chikunozgeka nyengo yeneyiyo chikukhumbikwa. ndipo chikukolerana na muyezo wa ECMAScript .  Lili na kulemba kwakusintha, kuwoneska vinthu vyakuyana na chiyelezgero, na milimo ya kilasi lakwamba . Ni viyerezgero vinandi, kukhozgera ivyo vikuchitika, vyakugwira ntchito, na masitayilo ghakukhumbikwa gha mapulogalamu . Lili na chipata cha kuyowoyiskana cha mapulogalamu ghakugwiriskira ntchito (APIs) ghakugwilira ntchito na malemba, mazuŵa, mazgu gha nyengo zose, kapangikiro ka data kakumanyikwa, na Document Object Model (DOM).

Muyezo wa ECMAScript ukusazgapo chara vyakunjilirapo/vyakufumamo (I/O), nthe Kwendeska kwa mikwawo ya mirangura, kusungirako, panji malo ghakuwoneskera. Mukuchita, burauza panji pulogiramu yinyake iyo yikuchitika yikupereka nthowa za JavaScript zakuchitira ntchito ya kunjizga na kufumiska.

Nangauli Java na JavaScript vikuyana waka pa zina na umo vikulembekera, kweni viyowoyero viŵiri vyeneivi ni vyakupambana ndipo vikupambana chomene pa umo vili kupangikira.

 Mbiri 

 Kupanga ku Netscape 
Webusayiti yakwamba yakumanyikwa chomene iyo yili na vithuzithuzi vyakugwiriskira ntchito, Mosaic, yikafumiskika mu 1993. Ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozganga pa kupanga Mosaic ŵakambiska kampani ya Netscape, iyo yikafumiska pulogiramu yakutowa chomene, Netscape Navigator, mu 1994. Ici cikaŵa cakugwiriskirika ncito mwaluŵiro mwaluŵiro. 

Mu vyaka ivi vyakupanga webusayiti, mahamba gha pa webusayiti ghangaŵa waka ghambura kusintha, kwambura luso lwa kusintha vyakuchitika pamanyuma pakuti hamba laŵikika mu browse-seer. Pakaŵa khumbo mu malo ghakutukuka gha webusayiti ghakukwezga mphaka iyi, ntheura mu 1995, Netscape wakasankha kusazgako lulimi lwa mazgu ku Navigator. Ŵakaluta mu nthowa ziŵiri kuti ŵafike pa ivi: kugwira ntchito na Sun Microsystems kuti ŵaŵike mu chiyowoyero cha Java, uku ŵakunjizgaso Brendan Eich kuti ŵaŵike mu chiyowoyero cha Scheme.

Chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti “chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵanandi,” “ŵawovwire awo mbakulemba yayi kupanga malo ghakusinthasintha, ghakusunkhunyika na mawoko gha pa Webusayiti.” Ŵalongozgi ŵa Netscape ŵakasankha kuti nthowa yiwemi chomene yikaŵa yakuti Eich walembe mazgu ghaphya, na vimanyikwiro vya mazgu nga ni Java ndiposo nga ni Scheme panji viyowoyero vinyake vyakulembeka pa nyengo iyo. Nangauli mazgu ghaphya na ŵaŵazgi ŵake ŵakacemekanga LiveScript apo ŵakatumizga kakwamba nga ni chigaŵa cha kuyezga kwa Navigator mu Seputembala 1995, zina ili likasinthika na kuŵa JavaScript kuti liŵe lakukwana mu Disembala.

Kusankha zina la JavaScript kwapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵasoŵe kupulikiska, kuti likukhwaskana chomene na Java. Pa nyengo iyo, kukura kwa dot-com kukayamba ndipo Java chikaŵa chiyowoyero chiphya chakumanyikwa, ntheura Eich wakawona kuti zina la JavaScript ni nthowa yakuguliskira ya Netscape.

 Kuzomerezgeka na Microsoft 
Microsoft yikafumiska Seer wa pa Intaneti mu 1995, ndipo yikambiska nkhondo ya ŵantu awo ŵakupenja vinthu na Netscape. Pa chigaŵa cha JavaScript, Microsoft yikapanga chinthu chake chakung'anamulira chakuchemeka JScript. 

Microsoft yikafumiska JScript kakwamba mu 1996, pamoza na wovwiri wakwamba wa CSS na vyakuwonjezera ku HTML. Chilichose mwa vigaŵa ivi chikaŵa chakupambana chomene na ŵanyawo mu Netscape Navigator. Kupambana uku kukapangiska kuti viŵe vyakusuzga ku ŵakupanga mawebusaiti kuti ŵagwirenge ntchito makora mu ma browser ghose ghaŵiri, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵagwiriskirenge nchito vimanyikwiro vya "vikuwoneka makora mu Netscape" na "vikuwoneka makora mu Internet Explorer" kwa vyaka vinandi. 

 Chimanyikwiro cha malonda 
“JavaScript” is a trade-mark of Oracle Corporation in the United States. The trade-mark was first given to Sun Microsystems on 6 May 1997, and was handed over to Oracle when they bought Sun in 2009. 

Kalata yikatumizgika pafupifupi mu Seputembala 2024, iyo yikalongozgeka na Ryan Dahl, kuchiska Oracle kuti waleke kuguliska chimanyikwiro cha JavaScript. Brendan Eich, uyo wakapanga JavaScript pakwamba, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 14,000 awo ŵakasayinira ndipo ŵakakhozgera foni iyi.

 Kugwiriskira ntchito kwa kasitomala wa pa webusayiti 
JavaScript ndiyo yikulongozga pa ma script-lulimi lwa ŵalendo pa webusayiti, ndipo 99% ya mawebusayiti ghose ghakugwiriskira ncito pa mulimo uwu. Malemba ghakuŵikika mukati panji kwiza kufuma ku malemba gha HTML ndipo ghakuchita na Writing-Tree (DOM). "Usage Statistics of JavaScript as Client-side Programming Language on Websites". 

Mawebusayiti ghose ghakurughakuru ghali na injini ya JavaScript iyo yitimba khodi pa chilwero cha munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito webusaiti iyo.

 Viyelezgero vya nkharo yakulembeka mwa script 

 Kuŵika vinthu viphya pa webstead kwambura kuviŵikaso, kwizira mu Ajax panji WebSocket. Mwachiyelezgero, awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito fellowship-web (social media) ŵangatuma na kupokera mauthenga kwambura kufumapo pa hamba ilo ŵalipo.
 Mawonekero gha Webstead, nga ni vinthu ivyo vikulongoreka mukati panji kuwaro, kusintha kukura kwake, na kuvibisa.
 Kuseŵera maseŵero ghakupenja-kuwona.
 Kulaŵilira kuseŵera kwa vithuzithuzi vyakusuntha-mazgu (kuseŵera kwa media).
 Kupanga vinthu vyakulongora panji mabokosi ghakuchenjezga.
 Kuwona ivyo vyalembeka mu fomu ya webstead pambere data yindatumizgike ku seva ya webstead.
 Kulemba ivyo munthu wakuchita pa nthowa zake na kuvituma ku seva. Mweneko wa webstead wangaseŵezeska data iyi pakusambira, kulondezga vinthu vyakuwoneska (masaska), na kupanga vinthu mwakuyana na ivyo wakukhumba.
 Kulongozga munthu ku hamba linyake.
 Kusunga na kusanga data pa chida cha munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito, kwizira mu kusunga (kusunga) panji IndexedDB.