Chiyowoyero cha Chitonga (Zambia na Zimbabwe)

ChiTonga (Chitonga), icho chikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Zambezi, ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga (Batonga) awo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Southern, Lusaka, Central na Western ku Zambia, kweniso kumpoto kwa Zimbabwe. Chiyowoyero ichi chikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa Iwe, Toka na Leya, panji na ŵanthu ŵa Kafwe Twa (panji Ila), kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia na Zimbabwe awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero viŵiri. Ku Zambia, chiyowoyero cha Tonga chikusambizgika mu masukulu gha ku Southern Province, Lusaka na Central Provinces.

Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Zambia pamoza na chiBemba, Lozi na Nyanja. ChiTonga cha ku Malawi, icho Guthrie wakuchilongora kuti chili mu chigaŵa cha N15, chili pafupi yayi na chiTonga cha ku Zambia, icho chili mu chigaŵa cha M64, ndipo chingawoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chinyake.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Tonga ndiwo mbakale chomene pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Mu chiyowoyero ichi muli viyowoyero viŵiri: chiyowoyero cha mu chipalamba cha Tonga na chiyowoyero cha ku mapiri. Chigwa cha Tonga chikayowoyeka chomene mu chigwa cha Zambezi na kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Batonga (Ŵanthu ŵa Tonga) apo chigaŵa cha Plateau Tonga chikayowoyeka chomene kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Monze na kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Batonga.A Practical Introduction to Chitonga, C.R. Hopgood, 1992 Edition, Zambia Educational Publishing House, p. x

Chiyowoyero cha Chitonga (Chitonga panji isiTonga) chikamba kuyowoyekanga ndipo chikalembeka yayi m'paka apo ŵamishonale ŵakafikira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chimoza ŵakulemba mazgu ghakupambana.Mweenzu Wafwulwe Ulalila Bowa (An Advanced Chitonga Language Course), R.N. Moonga and F.W. Wafer, Zambia Educational Publishing House, 1997, p. v

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ŵakuŵa na chiyowoyero cha milomo yiŵiri apo viyowoyero vinyake vyapafupi vikuŵa na chiyowoyero cha /mw/, nga umo vikuŵira na mwana'mwana' na kunwa 'kumwa.'Norval Smith, Harry van der Hulst, 1988. Features, Segmental Structure & Harmony Processes, vol. 1 p. 198

Maho (2009) wakuwuskamo ciyowoyero ca Shanjo nga ni ciyowoyero cinyake, ndipo nchambura kukolerana comene.

 Kuyowoya mazgu 

 Mazgu 
BilabialLabio-dentalAlveolarPost-alveolarPalatalVelarGlottalplainpal.NasalPlosive/
Affricatevoiceless()voiced()prenasal vd.()prenasal vl.Fricativevoicelessvoiced()Tap()LateralSemivowelvoicedbreathy()voiceless()

 /l/ can also be heard as a tap sound [ɾ] in free variation.
 Post-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ⁿd͡ʒ/ can also be heard as palatal stops [c, ɟ, ᶮɟ] in free variation among dialects.
 /w/ can also be heard as a labio-palatal [ɥ] when occurring before /i/.
 /f, v/ can also be heard as glottal fricatives [h, ɦ] in the Plateau dialect.
 /sʲ, zʲ/ are heard as voiceless and breathy palatal approximants [j̊, j̤] in the Northern dialects.

 Ma vawelo 
FrontCentralBackClosei iːu uːMide eːo oːOpena aː

 Ntchito 
Viyowoyero vya ku Tonga na Chitonga vikuyana waka. Lizgu limoza lingaŵa na lizgu la munthu, lizgu la nyengo, lizgu la munthu, panji lizgu linyake.
TenseTenses taken from Peace Corps Zambia Trainee's Book: Tonga, 2003Tense markerExampleSubject-(tense marker)-verb root-(ending)First person "ndi" doing something s/he shouldn't be doing "kukuta"Present Simple -(verb root)NdakutaPresent Perfect -a-(verb root)-ideNdikutidePresent Continuous -la-NdilakutaHabitual Present Tense -la-(verb root)-aNdilakutaRecent Past (Past of Today) -ali-(verb root)-idendalikutideSimple Past -aka-ndakakutaRecent Past Continuous -ali-ku-(verb root)ndalikukutaHabitual Past Continuous -akali-ku-(verb root)NdakalikukutaRemote Past -aka-ndakakutaNear Future -la-NdilakutaSimple Future -ya-ku-(verb root)-aNdiyakukutaFuture Habitual -niku-(verb root)-andinikukutaExtended Future (Tomorrow or after tomorrow) -yaku-(verb)-andiyakukuta

 Kapulikikilo 
Chiyowoyero cha ku Tonga chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Kuŵika mazgu mu viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu nkhwakusuzga ndipo kukupambana na viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakwamba na A. E. Mu 1963, ŵa Meeussen ŵakayezga kuti ŵamanye malo agho ŵakwenera kuŵikapo mazgu.

Cinthu cimoza ico cikupangiska kuti mazgu ghapachanya ghaleke kukolerana na malo ghake ghakwambilira na kusamira kumazere.Pulleyblank (1983) Tone in Lexical Phonology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 191.

 íbúsi 'smoke'
 ibusu 'flour'

Mu mazgu agha, lizgu lakwamba ilo likaŵa na lizgu lakuti -sí lili kusinthira ku lizgu lakuti ibu, apo lizgu lakwamba ilo likaŵa na lizgu lakuti -su lili kusintha yayi.

Cakuwonerapo ca zina la munthu ico cili pacanya apa nchipusu kulongosora. Ndipouli, mazgu agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya ghakupulikikwa makora yayi. Cakuwonerapo cimoza ca mafumbo agho Meeussen na Goldsmith ŵakadumbiskana cili pasi apa:

 ndi-la-lang-a 'I look at'
 ba-la-lang-a 'they look at'
 ndi-la-bon-a 'I see'
 ba-lá-bon-a 'they see'

Mazgu ghapachanya agho ghali pa lizgu lacinayi, ghakunisuzga kupulikiska. Usange lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu lakuti bon, nchakusuzga kumanya cifukwa ico likulekera kuwoneka mu lizgu lakuti ndi-la-bon-a.

Ŵasayansi ŵanyake, nga ni Carter na Goldsmith, ŵakuti Tonga wali na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanyake, nga ni Pulleyblank, ŵakugwiliskira nchito fundo za sumu pera, kwambura kuŵikapo mazgu.

 Ukaboni 

 Vigaŵa vya kuwalo 

 Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Chitonga
 Glossary of Chitonga, in English and German
 Chitonga Glossary
 OLAC resources in and about the Tonga language
 OLAC resources in and about the Dombe language
 Chitonga language books, Lubuto Library Special Collections