ChiBemba

ChiBemba, ChiBemba (Cibemba, Ichibemba, Icibemba na Chiwemba), ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu icho ŵanthu ŵa ku Bemba ŵakuyowoya chomene kumpoto kwa Zambia.

 Mbiri 

ChiBemba ni ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu Zambia. Pulezidenti wakwamba wa ku Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda, nangauli wakaŵa wa ku Malawi, kweni wakakulira mu mbumba iyo yikayowoyanga Chibemba. Pulezidenti wachitatu, Levy Mwanawasa, wakaŵa wa mtundu wa Lenje, wakufuma ku chigaŵa cha Copperbelt. Purezidenti wachinayi, Rupiah Bwezani Banda wakaŵa wa Chichewa wakufuma ku Eastern Province. Mu vyaka vyati vyajumphapo kufuma apo MMD yikapokera mazaza mu 1991, yikayowoyeka kanandi waka kuti yikutemwa kuyowoya chiBemba kuluska viyowoyero vinyake vya mu charu ichi."UNHCR | Refworld | Chronology for Bemba in Zambia", http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2faa2,469f38f7c,0.html. Retrieved 3 August 2011. Nangauli chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya mu Lusaka, msumba ukuru wa Zambia, ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu Botatwe.

 Viyowoyero vinyake vimoza 

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bemba ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Vinyake mwa viyowoyero ivi ni Chishinga, Lomotwa, Ngoma, Nwesi, Lala, Kabende, Luunda, Mukulu, Ngumbo, na Unga, ivyo vikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ndipo nyengo zinyake vikuwoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chinyake (Nurse 2003). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵa ku Bangweulu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chinyake cha ku Bemba.

 Kulemba na kupulika 

+Kafumilo ka mazgo mu chiwaloLabialAlveolarPalatalVelarNasalPlosive/AffricateplainprenasalvoicelessvoicedFricativeplainvoicelessvoicedprenasalLateralApproximant()

+Ma vaweloFrontCentralBackshortlongshortlongshortlongHighMidLow

Malembo agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito comene, agho pakwamba ghakalembeka na Edward Steere, ghakung'anamura mazgu. Malembo ghake na mazgu agho ghakuyowoya ghali pasi apa.
Letter:ABC/ChDEFGIJKLMNNg'NyOPSShTUWYValue:, 
Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulemba "c" m'malo mwa "ch". Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, para ŵaŵikamo vilembo vinyake, mazgu gha vilembo ivi ghakusintha. Mwaciyelezgero, 'aa' wakusintha kuŵa 'a' utali, 'ae' na 'ai' ŵakusintha kuŵa 'e,' ndipo 'ao' na 'au' ŵakusintha kuŵa 'o' (mu vigaŵa vinyake, kanandi 'y' ŵakugwiliskira nchito kuti ŵapature mavowel ghanyake). 'N' ya mu mphuno yikuzgoka'm' pambere 'b' panji 'p' yindambe, ndipo yikuzunulika kuti ŋ pambere 'k' panji 'g'; pamanyuma pa 'n', 'l' yikuzgoka 'd'. Malango ghose agha ghakusangika mu mathebulu agho ghali pasi apa.

Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, chiyowoyero cha Bemba chili na mazgu ghaŵiri, kweni mazgu agha ghakovwira waka yayi pa ng'anamuro lake. Para mazgu ghakwamba ghasintha, ghangaŵa na ng'anamuro lapadera chomene (wonani mazgu gha vilembo).

 Kalembelo 

Viyowoyero vinandi vya Chibemba vikuyana waka na viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu: vikusazgapo viyowoyero vinyake, vikuthemba chomene pa vilembo vyakwamba, vili na mazina ghakupambanapambana, vigaŵa vinandi vya mazgu na nyengo, vilembo vichoko waka, ndipo nga umo vikuŵira mu Chingelezi, mazgu ghakwendera mwakuyana waka. Vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vyalembeka apa vyafuma ku ivyo vikalembeka na Schoeffer, Sheane na Cornwallis.Schoeffer, West Sheane, J.H.; Madan, Arthur Cornwallis (1907). "A Grammar of the Bemba Language as Spoken in North-east Rhodesia". Clarendon Press, Oxford.

 Mazina 
Zina la Bemba lili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinandi. Vinthu ivi vikuzunulika na vilembo vyakwambilira, ndipo kanandi vikuyana waka na vilembo vyakwambilira, kweni ni vyekha yayi. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyera, mazgu agha ghali kulembeka mu nthowa iyi:

ClasschimozaConcord prefix (singular)UnandiConcord prefix (plural)Vyakulemba1mu-, mw-, m-a (verbs), mu (adjectives), u/w (pronouns)ba-ba-persons, and several inanimate nouns2mu-u- (sometimes mu- for adjectives)mi-i- (sometimes mi- for adjectives)generally inanimate nouns, and most trees and fruit3n-, lu-i (sometimes n- for adjectives), lu-n-shi-generally not human nouns4chi-/ch- (ichi-)chi-/ch-fi-/fy-/f- (ifi-)fi-/fy-/f-augmentatives, kinds, languages5li-, ku-, bu-, lu-same as noun prefixma-ya- (sometimes ma- for adjectives)Plural can be used for singulars of class 3 to emphasise larger number or size6ka-katu-tu-diminutives7bu-bu-nonenoneabstract nouns8ku-ku-nonenoneinfinitives9ku-, mu-, pa-same as noun prefixnot strictly a noun class (see below)

Vilembo vyakwambilira mu kilasi 9 vikulongora kuti mazgu gha mu vilembo ivi ghali mu chiyowoyero cha chiyowoyero chinyake.

 Mlongosoli 

Nga umo vikuŵira mu viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, vimanyikwiro vikulondezga mazgu agho vikuyowoya. Kanandi vimanyikwiro vya mazgu, vigaŵa vya mazgu, panji 'vimanyikwiro vya mazgu,' vikufiska mulimo wawo. Ŵakulemba mazgu ghakuyowoya za munthu ŵakuŵa pamanyuma pa lizgu lakuti zina, na chilembo chakuti -a, ndipo pakati pa vilembo ivi pali chilembo chakuti chintu cha nomba.

 Kupenda 

Nambara za 1 mpaka 10 ni izi:

English:12345678910Bemba: -mo -bili -tatu -ne -sano -mutanda -cine lubali -cine konse konse -pabula -ikumi

Manambala 1-5 ghakusangika na mazgu gha pa chilembo (kupatulako munthu yumoza). Nambara 6 m'paka 10 zikusintha yayi. 'Ikumi' wali na chiŵelengero cha'makumi', icho chingagwiliskirika ntchito nga ni zina pamoza na 'na' (na, with) kupanga manambara ghose mpaka 99: chiyelezgero makumi yatatu na pabula,'makumi ghatatu na ghankhondi na ghatatu'.

 Pronouns 

Vizunuli vya munthu ivyo vikukolerana yayi na gulu ni ivi: 'ine' (munthu wakwamba), 'iwe' (munthu wachiŵiri), 'ifwe' (munthu wakwamba), 'imwe' (munthu wachiŵiri). Vinthu ivi ni vyamahara, ndipo vingawoneka nga ni vinthu yayi. Pali mazina ghanyake gha ŵanthu, ndipo mazina gha ŵanthu ŵatatu ghakuthemba pa gulu. Paliso mazina ghanyake agho ghakulongora kuti munthu wali na nkharo yiwemi.

 Ntchito 

Viyelezgelo vikuŵa vyambura kusuzga, ndipo kanandi vikumalira pa '-a' (pambere 'a' wandafike, vyose vikuŵa'muzu,''muzu' panji'muzu'), ndipo vikupangika mwakuyana na munthu, chiŵerengero, na chigaŵa cha munthu na chinthu, nyengo, kaghanaghaniro, lizgu, na usange vikuyowoya makora panji yayi. Kweniso makuni agha ghakung'anamura vinthu vinyake. Malango agha ghangaŵa ghambura kusuzga kughalondezga, ndipo Bemba ni mazgu ghakukolerana.

 Subject and object prefixes 

Pa vilembo ivi pali vigaŵa viŵiri. Vinthu ivi vikupambana kuyana na umo munthu waliri, ndipo mazgu ghakwamba gha viyowoyero vinyake ghakusintha. Para vyapambana, vigaŵa vyakwambilira vya chigaŵa ivi vikulembeka mu mabokosi.

AffirmativeNegative1st personsingularn-nshi-, shi-pluraltu-tatu-2nd personsingularu- (ku-)tau-pluralmu-tamu-3rd personsingulara- (mu-)taa-, ta-pluralba-taba-

Pakwamba pakuŵa chigaŵa chakwamba, ndipo pamanyuma pakuŵa chigaŵa chakwamba. Para munthu panji cinthu ni zina lakuzirwa mu gulu limoza, ŵakuzunura lizgu lakuti concord, ndipo lizgu lakuti 'ta' likuŵa panthazi pa lizgu ili.

 Tenses and Aspects 

Kuŵika vinthu mu nthowa iyi, ni umo wakacitira Schoeffer. 

Vinyake vikukhumbikwira kuti chilembo chaumaliro cha "a" chizgoke "ile" para chilembo chakwamba cha "a", "i" panji "u", ndipo para chaumaliro cha "e" panji "o" chizgoke "ele". Mu vilembo vinandi muli viheni.

Vinyake mwa vilembo ivi vili pasi apa. Vikuŵapo pamanyuma pa chiŵiya na chinthu, kweniso pambere chiŵiya chindambe kugwira ntchito, kupaturako chiŵiya cha sonosono apa, icho chafiskika, panji icho chachitika kale mu 'na-,' icho chili pakwamba. Para munthu wakusuzgika maghanoghano wakuŵa na mazgu ghakofya ( ́).
Tense/aspectPrefixStemNotesPresent continuativeleunmodifiedUsed for verbs of action to indicate a progressive action; can be used adjectivally, and even as an immediate future (especially when used with verbs of state).Present definiteaunmodifiedUsed for verbs of state, and intransitive verbsStative, necessary habitualOrdinary form; no prefixunmodifiedIndicates a state that is always true, or a habitual action; connotes necessity of the actionVoluntary habituallaunmodifiedFor habitual actions, connoting that they are voluntary, or may otherwise not be necessary; used only for verbs of state; can be used in subordinate clausesImmediate pastaunmodifiedFor actions occurring 'today', or 'nowadays'Recent, completed or historic pastna- (prefix)unmodifiedFor actions completed today; can be used in a historic sense, but does not emphasise a distant pastSpecific past(no prefix)modifiedAlso used for actions done 'today' or 'nowadays', but emphasising more distance in time than the previous two; used in relative clausesSimple past of yesterday (1)aliunmodifiedThe stress must not be on the 'a' of the prefixSimple past of yesterday (2)amodifiedThe stress must not be on the prefixRemote past simpleámodifiedRemote past of durationalimodifiedFor remote actions whose effects are still present, or for states established in the remote past which have not changedRemote past definite, past perfectáliunmodifiedA remote past further distant than some other relevant timePast imperfect or habitualaleunmodifiedUsed for actions once, but no longer, habitualImmediate futurealaunmodifiedImmediate progressive or habitual futureakulaunmodifiedProximal futureleunmodifiedFor future states and conditions to be established shortly, but not necessarily immediatelyFuture indefinitekaunmodifiedFor actions and states at some unknown time in the futureFuture indefinite habitualkalaunmodifiedFor habitual actions and states at some unknown time in the future

 Moods 

Umo ŵanthu ŵakukhala vikuyana waka na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakukhala.

 Imperative 
Lizgu lakwamba ilo likuyowoyeka mu chiyowoyero chinyake likuyana waka na lizgu ili. Mazgu ghaciŵiri ghakupambanapambana ghakusintha '-a' kuŵa '-eni.' Para munthu wakuzunura lizgu lakuti 'aku' panji 'uka-,' wakuŵa na maghanoghano ghakuti waŵaphalire kuti ŵambeso kuchita chinthu chinyake. Para munthu wakuyowoya mazgu ghakukhozga, wakuŵa na chilembo cha " -inda- " icho chikulondezgapo.

 Subjunctive 

Chigaŵa ichi chikuyowoyeka mwakuyana waka, nga ntchigaŵa cha mazgu ghambura kuwoneka makora, mu mazgu ghakukhozga, kweniso mu vigaŵa vya mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Cinthu ico cikumanyikwa na lizgu ili nchakuti lizgu laumaliro la lizgu ili '-a' lasintha kuŵa '-e.' Maofesi agha ghali pasi apa. Apa V ni lizgu la chiyowoyero, ndipo P ni lizgu la chiyowoyero. Malango agho ghakulondezga pa nkhani ya mazgu ghakulondezgapo.

Tense/aspectPrefixNotesSimple presentP-V-eUsed for the present and for verbs for which time is not specifiedPresent of movementka-P-V-eExpresses a change in position, state or mental attitudePresent of insistence, exhortativena-P-V-eSimilar to a first-person plural imperativeFuture immediateP-le-V-aSame as the indicativeFuture immediate of insistencena-P-le-V-aAlso used as an exhortative, or indirect imperative; can take plural in -eni when used imperativelyFuture remote momentaryP-ka-V-eUsed for a single action in the remote futureFuture remote continuousP-kale-V-aUsed for a progressive or habitual action in the remote futureFuture remote of insistenceshina-P-V-eUsed as an indirect imperative for some unknown remote future time

Lizgu lakuti infinitive, ilo ni lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka mu mazgu ghapachoko, lili na mitundu yiŵiri. Mu chiyowoyero chambura kusuzga kuli mazgu ghakuti 'ku-' agho ghasazgikako ku chiyowoyero chambura kusuzga, nga umo vyayowoyekera pachanya apa.

 Voices 

Lizgu lakuti passive likupangika na kuŵika lizgu lakuti '-w-' panthazi pa vowel yaumaliro ya verebu. Lizgu la 'neutral' lingapangika na '-ik-' para lizgu lakwamba ni a, i panji u, ndipo '-ek-' usange lizgu lakwamba ni e panji o. Fundo iyi yikupambana na ya passive chifukwa yikulongosora umo vinthu viliri mu nyengo iyo munthu wakuchita chinthu chinyake. Mu Cingelezi, mazgu ghakuti "the pot is broken", ghakupambana na ghakuti "the ball is kicked").

 Negation 

Kaŵirikaŵiri, chilembo chakulongosora chikuŵa na chilembo cha 'ta-' padera pa chilembo cha munthu wakwamba uyo wakusintha kuŵa 'nshi' panji'shi.' Kanandi lizgu lakuti subjunctive likuŵa na lizgu lakuti 'i' pamanyuma pa lizgu lakuti pronoun prefixes ndipo kanandi lizgu lakuti 'e' likuzgoka 'a.' Nyengo zinyake lizgu lakuti 'te' likuŵa na mazgu ghambura kuzirwa. Ndipouli, malango ghakupulikikwa makora ghakusuzga chomene, ndipo kawonekero kake kakuthemba pa nyengo iyo munthu wakuyowoyera, umo wakuwonekera, na umo wakujipulikira. Para lizgu lakupepuka likuyowoyeka pamoza na lizgu lakwamba 'le,' kanandi likung'anamura kuti chinthu chinyake chindachitike.

 Other forms 

Pali viyowoyero vinyake vinandi ivyo vikusintha lizgu lakwamba mwa kusazgako lizgu linyake pambere lizgu laumaliro la "a" lindambe. Vinthu ivi vili pasi apa.

Tense/aspectFormNotesAppliedThe modified stem, with 'a' (instead of 'e' for the specific past).Used to make an object indirect, usually translated by adding a preposition like 'for' after the verbCompletiveDoubles vowel-consonant pair of the applied stem (e.g., fikila becomes fikilila, from fika, 'to arrive')Expresses completion or finality of an actionReciprocalV-na (or V-nya if V ends in y)Expressing actions done to 'each other'CausativeSoftens the last consonant accordingly: 'ba', 'pa' to 'fya'; 'nda', 'ka' 'la', 'sa', 'ta', to 'shya' or 'ishya', 'ushya'; adds 'y' before the 'a' of 'ema', 'ima', 'uma', 'ana'; adds 'ik' before the 'a' of 'ala', 'ama', 'ana'Several exceptions exist; 'ishya' and 'ushya' is particularly common for verbs of colourIntensiveChanges 'a' to 'ishya' if preceding vowel is 'a', 'i', 'u'; changes 'a' to 'eshya' if 'e', 'o'Adds emphasis or a sense of energy to the verbReversiveChanges 'a' to 'ula' or 'ulula' if preceding vowel is 'a', 'i', 'u'; changes 'a' to 'ola' or 'olola' if 'e', 'o'Expresses a reversal of an action (cf. English 'do', 'undo')FrequentativeChanges 'a' to 'ula'Expresses frequent repetition of an action; translatable by the adverb 'repeatedly'ReflexivePrefixes 'i' to the verb stemExpresses doing 'to oneself'

Paliso mazgu ghanyake agho ghakung'anamulika kuti 'kuli' na 'kuba.'

 Conjunctions 

Vinthu ivi vikugwiliskirika nchito pakunjira mazgu gha kuyana panji ghaciŵiri, nga umo vikuŵira mu Cingelezi.

 Mazgu ghakwamba 

 ee - yes
 awe - no
 Uli shani? - how are you (informal)
 Muli shani? - how are you (formal)
 Shaleenipo - goodbye
 Ishina lyandi ni... - My name is...
 umuntu - person
 umunandi - friend
 umwana - child
 iciBemba - the Bemba language
 na - and, with
 nga - like, as
 suma (adj.) - good/beautiful
 onse (adj.) - all
 uluceelo (adj) - morning
 Natotela - Thank you
 Saana - A lot
 Natotela saana - Thanks a lot

 Mabuku 
Pali mabuku ghanandi mu ciyowoyero ici. Pali nkhani, mapowemu na maseŵero. Ŵanyake awo ŵakalemba mabuku mu chiyowoyero ichi ni Stephen Mpashi, Chongo Kasonkomona, Chishimba, Paul Mushindo, Bwalya Chilangwa, Mwila Launshi na Kambole. 

Mabuku ghanandi gha mu ciyowoyero ca Bemba ghakalembeka pakati pa 1950 na 1980. Sonosono apa, mabuku ghachoko waka ghakusindikizgika mu Zambia chifukwa cha vifukwa viŵiri: ŵaŵazgi mbachoko chomene ndipo chachiŵiri, chifukwa cha chifukwa chakwamba, ŵalembi ŵakukayikira kufumiska mabuku ghachoko waka mu chiyowoyero cha Bemba, chomenechomene mabuku ghatali. Kweni mu mabuku gha Bemba muli nkhani zicoko na mabuku ghaciŵiri.

Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵazga mabuku ghithu yayi, kweni mabuku agho ghakusindikizgika mu chiyowoyero ichi kanandi ghakusangika makora. Kweniso, vikuwoneka kuti pali ŵalembi ŵanandi awo ŵakukhumba kulemba mu ciyowoyero ici kweni ŵakutondeka cifukwa ca vifukwa ivyo vyazunulika pacanya apa na vinyake.

Pa nkhani ya kusanda mabuku, mabuku ghanandi gha mu ciyowoyero ca Bemba ghandasindikizgike. Ici nchifukwa cakuti pali ŵanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakulemba mabuku mu ciyowoyero ca Bemba, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Lutato na Shadreck Kondala. Mabuku gha Cemba ghakale chomene nga Uwauma Nafyala, Pano Calo na Imilimo ya bena Kale.

 Chiyelezgero cha lemba 
Abantu bonse bafyalwa abalubuka nokulingana mu mucinshi nensambu. Balikwata amano nokutontonkanya, eico bafwile ukulacita ifintu ku banabo mu mutima wa bwananyina.

Kung'anamura

Ŵanthu wose ŵakubabika ŵanangwa ndiposo ŵakuyana wanangwa. Ŵali na vinjeru na njuŵi ndipo ŵakwenera kuchitirana mwaubwezi. 

(Ndime 1 ya Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

 Wonaniso 

 Bemba people
 Bantu languages

 Kuŵerenga 



 Posner, Daniel N. (2003). "The Colonial Origins of Ethnic Cleavages: The Case of Linguistic Divisions in Zambia". Comparative Politics. 35 (2): 127–146.

 References 

 Vigaŵa vya kuwaro 

 Bemba Online Project, https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/bemba/
 Links to Bemba Grammatical Description, Texts, and Sound Files
 PanAfrican L10n page on Bemba
 Amalombelo Mu Cilala Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Bemba, digitized by Richard Mammana and Charles Wohlers
 Daniel Chola Musatwe, Mulenga Wa Mpanga, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
 Edward Mwango Kasase, Ku Bwaice, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
 Kapwepwe, S.M., Shalapa Canicadala, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
 Lehmann, Dorothea, Folktales from Zambia: Texts in six African languages and in English, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
 Nyambe Sumbwa, Zambian Proverbs, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
 OLAC resources in and about the Bemba language
 Searchable data base of Bemba proverbs 


Category:Sabi languages
Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Category:Languages of Zambia
Category:Languages of Botswana
Category:Languages of Tanzania
Category:Library of Congress Africa Collection related