Kuyambana za mphaka mu Chigaŵa cha Luapula (Zambia)

Nkhani iyi yikulongosora za chigaŵa icho chili pa mphaka ya Democratic Republic of Congo na Zambia, mu chigaŵa cha Luapula.https://www.theafricareport.com/38156/zambia-drcs-disputed-territory-in-tanganyika-since-colonial-era/

 Umo phangano la mu 1894 likambira 

Mphaka ya kumpoto ya Zambia yikalembeka mu phangano la Anglo-Belgian la mu 1894, pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1884. Ivi vikalongora kuti chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Rhodesia, kufuma ku Pweto m'paka kumwera kwa mlonga wa Lunchinda, chikaŵa pasi pa Northern Rhodesia nangauli charu cha Belgian Congo ndicho chikalamuliranga chigaŵa ichi vyaka vinandi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Belgium ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malo agha. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵa ku Belgium awo ŵakalongozganga ntchito ya umishonale mu vyaru vya masambiro na vyaumoyo, comenecomene ŵa tchalitchi la Katolika na ŵalovi ŵa ku Greece, ŵakakhumbanga malo ghanandi ghakuloŵera somba. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵa ku Belgium ŵakakhumbanga kutora malo agha. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Britain, ŵalara ŵa boma ku Lusaka ŵakapemphanga ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa na ŵa vigaŵa kuti ŵapeleke fundo zakukhwaskana na malo agho ghakakhuŵazgika.

Nkhani ya mphaka ya Northern Frontier yikayowoyeka kuti yikaŵa pa Cape Akalunga ya mu Nyanja ya Tanganyika, iyo yikuzunulika mu phangano ili. Nakuti ŵamazaza ŵakasangana na masuzgo ghanandi kuti ŵamanye uko kukaŵa congo ici. Mapu gha ku Britain ghakulongora mphaka ya Cape Pungu (Chitankwa) apo mapu gha ku Belgium gha 1955 ghakulongora mphaka ya Cape Kipimbi iyo yili kumwera kwa Cape Pungu.

Pa nyengo iyo pakaŵa wupu wa Central African Federation, Muteŵeti mulara wa boma la Northern Rhodesia, zina lake Fraser, wakagomezganga kuti mu Pweto mungaŵa visulo vya migodi ndipo ntheura boma likwenera kuvikilira mazaza ghake. Weedens Minerals & Chartered Exploration yikaŵa na wanangwa wa kupenja malo mu cigaŵa ici. Kweni palije uyo wakususka fundo izi. Mu 1936, ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium ŵakapempha malo ghakukwana maekali 180 (730,000 m2) gha charu cha Northern Rhodesia. Ndipouli, palije ukaboni uliwose wakuti ufumu wa Britain ukazomera. Mu 1957, A. V. Ellison, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa dipatimenti yakuwona vya malo na boma, wakaphalira boma la Northern Rhodesia kuti komiti yakuwona vya mphaka ya Anglo-Belgian Boundary Commission yikachita kafukufuku wa vigaŵa vitatu kufuma mu 1911 m'paka mu 1913. Mphaka iyi yikulongora kuti Pweto ndiyo yikaŵa kumpoto kwa mphaka ya kumpoto.

Belgian interests

Mu 1931, pakaŵaso komiti yinyake yakuwona vya mphaka ya Britain na Belgium. Ŵakapempha kuti paŵe phangano la Peake na Gendarme. Ŵakapeleka fundo yakuti pa malo agho pakaŵa Nyanja ya Mweru na Nyanja ya Tanganyika, paŵe msewu unyake wakwendendeka. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakakana kusinthana na ŵanthu aŵa. Mu Julayi 1958, Thomson, mulara wa chigaŵa uyo wakendera chigaŵa cha Chief Puta, wakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza ku Northern Rhodesia kufuma ku chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pasi pa Ŵabelgiji. Ŵakachimbiranga ku vigaŵa vya ku Pweto uko ŵakaŵachichizganga kulima. Fundo njakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵakuchimbira kwawo yayi nga umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira mazuŵa ghano. Ŵakalimbana na boma la Belgium ilo likaŵasuzganga comene. Utali na mtengo wake vikaŵa vifukwa viwemi chomene ivyo ŵamazaza ŵa Britain ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakaŵavikiliranga yayi. Paumaliro pake, padera pa makampani gha migodi, ivyo Britain likaghanaghananga pa ivyo vikakhumbanga kucita ku Northern Rhodesia vikaŵa vyambura kupulikikwa, padera pa kutora malo.

Pa Ogasiti 8, 1958, boma la Belgium na boma la Rhodesia na Nyasaland ŵakacita ungano wakunozgekera kudumbiskana za mphaka ya kumpoto kwa Rhodesia na Congo. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakimiranga vyandulo vya Northern Rhodesia:
A W Osminara – Assistant Secretary and Chair
W H H Jones – Acting Solicitor General
T W Fraser – Assistant Secretary (W)
P W W Allin – Surveyor General
S G Burlock – Acting Land Commissioner
M S Wagner – Assistant Secretary (R)
J C L Durrant – Acting Assistant Secretary (N)
G Howe – Administrative Officer
F N N Parry – Federal Government representative
M S Benoy – 	

Vinthu ivyo vyakhwaska caru ca Belgium ku mpoto vikawonekanga nga ni somba na kuvina mu cigaŵa ca Nyanja ya Mweru, ndiposo kukhala pa cirwa ca Kilwa. Pakapangika phangano lakukhwaskana na somba la Mweru-Luapula pakati pa Northern Rhodesia na Belgium Congo lakukhwaskana na:

 Type of nets used
 Fishing rights
 Off-season responsibilities

Pa ungano uwu, ŵakadumbiskana vya mapu na mapulani gha vigaŵa ivi. Northern Rhodesia yikakhumbikwiranga msewu wa Pedicle Road uwo ukakolerananga chigaŵa cha Luapula na Copperbelt. (Chipiri ichi chili mukati mwa charu cha Zambia ndipo chili nga ni konongo.) Ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium ŵakakondwa yayi na msewu uwu, kweni ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito kuti ŵadumbiskane nkhani zinyake za mphaka. Pakwamba boma likakhumbanga kupanga njanji yakuluta ku Luapula nga ni umo vikayowoyekera na Mufulira Copper Mines Ltd. Kweni kuti ŵanozge njanji ŵakeneranga kuwoneseska kuti malo agha ghali pasi pa boma. Parry wakawonaso uwemi wa kwendera njanji ya ku Rhodesia na ya ku Congo. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakawonanga kuti wanangwa wawo ngwakuzirwa yayi.

Apo boma la Germany likakhumbanga kuwusa chigaŵa ichi, ŵa ku Belgium ŵakakhumbanga kuti malo ghaŵe ghawo. Ungano uwu ukadumura kuti:
 Boma la kumpoto kwa Rhodesia likakhumbanga kusinthiska malo agho ghakaŵa ku mphaka ya kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Lubemba na malo ghanyake gha Mokambo agho ŵakaŵa nagho ŵa ku Belgium. Ici mphanyi cikapangiska kuti Pweto wapelekeke ku Congo. Ndipouli, palije phangano ilo likaŵa na fundo iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mokambo ŵakalutilira kukhala mu caru ca Belgian Congo, kweni ŵakakhalanga pa mphaka ya kumpoto. Nakuti ŵakalutilira kuwusa kwambura kuleka.  Mu caka ceneco, 1958, D. F. Smith, movwiri wa cigaŵa pamoza na ŵanthu 11 ŵa ku Africa (ŵanyake ŵaŵiri ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakumanya uko kukaŵa Cape Akalunga) ŵakaluta ku malo gha Mporokoso kuti ŵakasambire vya Baibolo.

 Find out the populace
 Find Cape Akalunga

He visited 11 villages.  He met with Chief Mulilo who told him Cape Akalunga was near Chisenga River and had once been called Mutunga village.  It had been under Congolese rule.

18 Novembala 1958

Notes on the Northern Frontier, from the Assistant Secretary to the Executive Council.

a) Belgians concern: Kilwa island, fishing and hunting rights in Lake Mweru area

b) British concern: Nkana trespass, Mokambo strip.

Muteŵeti wa wupu uwu wakawona kuti Northern Rhodesia yikaŵa na mazaza ghakudumbiskirana. Wakasachizga kuti wupu wa Anglo-Belgian Fisheries Advisory Board ukumanenge mwakukhazikika kuti wamanye mazaza gha malo ghose ghakukozgera somba, kukolerana pa nthowa za kuloŵera za ku Africa, kukolerana kuti ŵa ku Europe ŵagure somba izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukora (Ŵagiriki ŵa ku Mpweto kale ŵakaloŵanga somba zinandi ndipo ŵakakananga kugura somba zinandi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa), kuwona malango, na kuwona umo boma la Belgian Congo likukhumba kukoma ng'ona. Mulara uyu wakati Ŵabelgiji ŵakakolerana nayo yayi.

22 Disembala 1958

Kazembe Mukuru wa Britain ku Leopoldville wakalembera kalata Minisita wa vya Kunja wa boma ku Salisbury. Iyo wakawona kuti pakuti mphaka pakati pa Rhodesia na Belgian Congo yili mu nyanja ya Mweru ndiposo pa luŵa la Luapula mu cigaŵa cinyake ca mlonga uwu, nchiwemi kuti waliyose wa vyaru vya mumphepete mwa mlonga uwu wagwiriske nchito wanangwa wake mu maji agho ghali pasi pa mazaza ghake.

Mapu ghakulongora kuti mphaka yikupatuka pakati pa nyanja na kuluta kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chilumba cha Kilwa, ico Ŵabelgiji ŵakatenge ni chirwa icho chili ku chigaŵa cha Belgium.

Mu 1958, Bowles wakaluta ku Brussels na kudumbiskana nkhani za mphaka na Mr. Grosjean, mulaŵiliri mulara wa munthavi. Palije maukaboni ghakukhwaskana na ungano uwu, kweni tikumanya kuti ivyo boma la Britain na la Belgium likacita vikacitikanga pa nyengo iyo nkhondo ya wanangwa wa vyaru viŵiri ivi, comenecomene Congo, yikakuranga comene. Mu 1960, charu cha Congo chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Mu 1958, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti malo agho ŵakatenge ngawo ghapelekeke ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo.

20 March 1961

Sgt. G. F. Tredwell, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa chigaŵa cha kumpoto, wakalemba kuti Cape Akalunga yikaŵa kumpoto kwa mlonga wa Libondwe na kumwera kwa mlonga wa Chisenga. Chikaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita ghaŵiri kufuma ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Mu dambo ili ndimo mukaŵa muzi wa Mulara Mutunga vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha. Malo agha ghakaŵa pasi pa boma la Belgium.

17 April 1961

Pakuzgora fumbo lakukhwaskana na mphaka ya pakati pa Nyanja ya Mweru na Nyanja ya Tanganyika, mulara wa boma E. L. Button wakati: "Nangauli mphaka iyi njambura kupulikikwa makora, kweni yikupangiska masuzgo yayi, ntheura ntchiwemi kuti ntcheŵe izo zili mu tulo zileke kupwetekeka". Palije cinthu cinyake mu diplomacy ico cingaŵa caucindere nga ni mazgu agha pa nkhani ya mazaza pa caru, nga ni umo nkhani ya Kasikili/Sedudu pakati pa Namibia na Botswana yikulongolera. Mu mazgu ghanyake, munthu wa ku Britain uyu wakaŵa wakukondwa kulekerathu caru ca Zambia ku Congo cifukwa cakuti cikaŵa cipusu, kweni ndimo vikaŵira yayi apo ŵa ku Britain panji awo ŵakaŵawovwiranga ndiwo ŵakalongozganga caru ici.

29 April 1961

Muteŵeti wa Secretary wakalembera kalata Kazembe wa Northern Rhodesia. Iyo wakaphalira Kazembe kuti ku Belgian kuli vigaŵa vinayi, kusazgapo Mpweto na Lunchinda. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi ŵakacicizgika kuŵa na makadi ghakulongora kuti mba ku Congo ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Belgium. Ŵalongozgi awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Ŵabelgi ŵakalongozganga mafuko ghawo.

February 1965

Ku Luapula kukacitika cinthu cinyake pa mphaka, kweni palije ico cikalembeka. Pakuti sono charu cha Congo na Zambia vikaŵa kuti vyafwatuka, nkhani iyi yikaŵa pakati pa vyaru viŵiri viphya ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵasilikari.

30 April 1965

Nduna ya vya masambiro John Mwanakatwe na Alex Shapi ŵakaluta ku chigaŵa cha Mweru. Ŵakapika vilwero na kuyuzgika na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Congo (Katangese) ŵakati ŵambuka mlonga wa Lunchinda ku Chipungu. Nangauli ŵakaŵalongosolera makora, kweni ŵakaŵapa mulandu wakuti ŵakaŵa mu caru ca Congo. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, mulara wa boma wa ku Congo uyo wakayowoyanga Chibemba wakaŵaponoska ndipo wakaŵaphepiska cifukwa ca kuŵacitira nkhaza. Ŵakambuka Lunchinda uku ŵakumanya kuti ŵakaŵa kuti ŵachali mu caru ca Zambia, nga ni umo mapu ghakulongolera. Pa nyengo iyi, ku Chipungu kukaŵavya chipatala, ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakalutanga ku chipatala cha ku Mpweto. Nanga ni ndalama za ku Belgium (Belgian Congolese franc) zikaŵa zakukwana mu chigaŵa cha Chipungu, nga umo vikaŵira mu Pweto. Fundo njakuti Mwanakatwe wakaluta ku malo ghake, nga umo mapu gha Zambia ghakulongolera.

30 September 1966

Ŵadokotala ŵaŵiri ŵa ku England, a Premoli na Bratley, pamoza na ŵanthu 22 ŵa ku Zambia, ŵakeneranga kufiska kafukufuku pa nyanja ya Tanganyika pakati pa Moliro na Nsumbu. Ŵakakakika na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Congo (Katangese) ndipo mapu ghawo ghakapokeka. Ku Congo kukaŵa nkhondo. Mapu gha ku Zambia ghakalongora kuti malo agha ghakaŵa gha ku Zambia.

November 1966

Mu Zambia, Secretary Permanent mu Ministry of Lands wakalembera kalata Permanent Secretary mu Ministry of Foreign Affairs yakuyowoya za mphaka ya Mpweto/Lake Tanganyika. Wakayowoya kuti pakuti mphaka yikaŵa yambura kuwoneka makora, ntchakukhumbikwa kuyowoyeskana ndipo wakaphalira kuti paŵe Komiti Yakukolerana ya Mphepete mwa Malire.

Mulembi munyake, D. J. B. Copeland, mu kalata yake ya pa Ogasiti 18, 1966, wakakumbuka ivyo vikacitika mu 1961. Ŵantchito awo ŵakatumika na De Beers Prospecting Ltd ŵakakumana na ŵalara ŵa boma la Congo kufupi na Mpweto. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakaŵa mu caru ca Congo na kupenja golide mu caru ca Moba. Ŵanthu ŵakakhuŵara cifukwa ca umo mphaka yikulongosorekera.
Belgian border coordinates	South latitude 8 degrees 18 minutes
British border coordinates	South latitude 8 degrees 14 minutes

The Police report showed that they had been arrested at the Chisenga River near Chipunelu.

30 September 1967
Foreign Affairs Assistant Secretary Lishomwa Muuka suggested the need for a boundary commission to discuss the dispute over:

 The Congolese claim of 8 degrees 18 minutes south
 The Zambian claim of 8 degrees 15 minutes south

Iyo wakawona kuti nchakukhumbikwa kuti wamanye usange wakunena Cape Akalunga panji Cape Kipimbi. Wakalembera kalata mulara wa boma la Britain kuti wamuphalire uko mphaka yake yili, kweni wakaphalirika kuti palije nangauli ŵakadumbiskanapo vya mphaka mu 1927 na 1933. Vikawoneka kuti ŵa ku Britain ŵakambapo yayi kudumbiskana nkhani iyi ndipo ŵakakondwa yayi usange vyaru viŵiri ivi vingaŵa pa nkhondo cifukwa ca mphindano ya mphaka iyo iwo ŵeneco ŵakavikilira kwa vilimika vinandi.

1968

Ŵa ku Congo ŵakakwesananga pa malo gha mu mphepo na wanangwa wakwenda pa Nippon Mining, iyo yikaŵa na wanangwa wa kupoka Chipushi.

 Kuyowoya mwakudumura 
Nkhani ya mphaka yili mu chigaŵa cha Chienge, kumpoto kwa Zambia, mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mweru. Mu 1867, David Livingstone wakaluta ku chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Mweru apo wakapenjanga uko mlonga wa Zambezi ukufuma. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Berlin uwo ukacitika mu 1889, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵa Belgian, Germany, na Britain ŵaŵe na malo agho ghakaŵa pakati pa Nyanja ya Nyasa, Mweru, Tanganyika, na Victoria. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1870, Reichardt na Bohn, kweniso mu 1878, gulu likuru la ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Germany awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Wissman, ŵakaluta ku malo ghakuzingilizga Nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵabelgi ŵakaghanaghananga kale za kukolonia caru ca Congo kusazgapo cigaŵa ca kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Mweru.

Harry H. Johnston wakalemba mu nyuzipepara yinyake ya ku London kuti "Cape to Cairo" ni nthowa yiwemi chomene. Dipatimenti yakuwona vya vyaru vya kuwaro yikamutuma ku Southern Africa kuti wakagwire nchito na kampani yinyake yakucemeka African Lakes Company (ALC). Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Scotland awo pakwamba ŵakakhumbanga kuti Ŵaarabu ŵaleke kuguliska ŵazga, ndipo pamasinda ŵakaguliskanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ndiwo ŵakambiska kampani iyi. Johnston wakaŵa Commissioner wa African Lakes Company, ndipo boma la Britain likamutuma kuti:
 Consolidating the Protectorate of His majesty’s Government over the chiefs
 Advising the local chiefs on their external relations with the locals and foreigners
 Securing peace and order
 Ending the slave trade

Ofesi ya vyaru vya kuwaro yikatondeka kumupa ndalama zakukwana kuti walongozge caru ico cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain, ntheura Johnston wakawelera kwa Cecil Rhodes, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa British South Africa Company (BSAC), ndipo wakambiska ubwezi na iyo. Wakapempha Rhodes kuti wamovwire na ndalama. Rhodes wakacita nthena cifukwa cakuti Johnston wakawoneseskanga vyakukhumba vya British South Africa Company mu vigaŵa ivyo wakeneranga kuwusa. Rhodes wakakhumbanga kuti munthazi wanganjilira mu kampani yinyake yakuchemeka African Lakes Company, chifukwa ichi chikapangiska kuti BSAC yiŵe na mazaza pa charu cha Nyasaland. Ntheura, Rhodes wakathaska ndalama zakwendeskera boma la Johnston. Johnston wakawovwira chomene kuti chigaŵa ichi chiŵe pasi pa muwuso wa Britain. Sir Johnston wakawovwiraso pakukhazikiska nchito ya boma yakwamba mu NER, ndipo pamanyuma pake Alfred Sharpe na Robert Edward Codrington ŵakayinozga.

Johnston wakaŵa na wofi chomene na umo Ŵabelgiji na Ŵachijeremani ŵakakhwaskiranga charu cha Congo kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Mweru. Iyo wakamanyanga kuti mu ma 1870, ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Germany ŵakaluta ku malo agha ndipo wose ŵakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe ghawo. Pakukhumba kulongora kuti boma la Britain ndilo lili na mazaza pa caru ici kweniso kuti likukhumba yayi kuti Ŵabelgiji panji Ŵachijeremani ŵanjire mu caru ici, Sir Johnston wakatuma Richard Crawshay, uyo wakaŵa ciŵinda ndipo sono ni muteŵeti wa African Lakes Company, kuti wakhazikiske malo ghakukhazikika mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mweru mu 1890. Crawshay wakasanga malo ku Puta, uko mlonga wa Chienge ukunjira mu Nyanja ya Mweru, ndipo wakakhazikika kwenekura. Malo agho ghakaŵa kumpoto kwa Puta ku Mpweto, ku Congo Free State, ghakaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa munthu munyake wa ku Belgium zina lake Captain Jacques. Nangauli ungano wa ku Berlin ukagaŵa vyaru vya ku Africa, kweni pakaŵavya mphaka pakati pa charu cha Congo Free State na Northern Rhodesia. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakati ŵafika ku Tanganyika na Zanzibar uko ŵakakhazikiskanga malo ghawo, Sir Johnston wakawona kuti ntchiwemi kukumana na mulongozgi wa ku Belgium, Kaputeni Jacques. Nangauli pakaŵa ndondomeko yakuti ŵapolisi ŵa Chienge ŵambe kutumizga makalata, kweni pakajumpha waka vyaka vinayi. Pa Meyi 12, 1894, ŵakamalizga kulemba mapangano ghakukhwaskana na mphaka pakati pa Congo Free State, pasi pa Themba Leopold la ku Belgium, na Ufumu wa Britain wa Themba George.

Wakati wasanga malo gha ku Britain, Sir Johnston wakasankha kuti wasinthe zina la Puta na kucemeka kuti Puta station Rhodesia, kuyana na zina la munyawo Cecil Rhodes. Crawshay wakakhalanga ku Rhodesia kufuma mu 1890 m'paka mu 1891 apo wakafumapo pa malo agha na kuwelera ku Blantyre ku Nyasaland.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Mweru awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Africa Lakes Company ŵakaŵa Ba Bwile panji Ba Ansa awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵalongozgi ŵa Mpweto, Puta, Kalembwe, na Mwabu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga nawo kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakaŵa Ŵashila awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mulara Mununga, Nkula, na Nshimba. Ŵarabu ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa awo ŵakaguliskanga vilwero, mafuta gha gunpowder, na ŵazga nawo ŵakizanga kuzakatiwona. Kwa kampani ya African Lakes Company, malo ghakuzirwa comene ghakaŵa Abercorn pa nyanja ya Tanganyika na Rhodesia pa nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kaputa ŵakacitanga mchere ndipo ŵakaguranga vyakurya mu vigaŵa vyakutowa. Johnston wakafipanga mtima kuti Crawshay wafumapo mwaluŵiro pa malo gha Rhodesia, ndipo wakapempha Cecil Rhodes kuti wapeleke ndalama zakwendakwenda ku malo agha na wachiŵiri wake kuti wawone umo vinthu vikaŵira. Cecil Rhodes wakazomera ndipo Alfred Sharpe, uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa Johnston, wakaluta kukawona malo agha.

Apo Alfred Sharpe wakendanga mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya mu chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Mweru, kusazgapo Rhodesia (Puta post) na Kaputa, wakasanga kuti Abdullah bin Suleiman, (uyo ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakumumanya kuti Selemani) mulongozgi wa Chiswahili uyo wakakhalanga pa mtunda wa makilomita 60 kufuma ku Kalungwishi, wakachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti mizi yinyake yipeleke mchere. Kweniso pakaŵa ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ŵakaŵasuzganga. Wakati wawelera ku Blantyre, Sharpe wakapeleka lipoti lakudunjika kwa Johnston. Sir Johnston wakakhumba kuti malo agha ghajulikeso ndipo wakatuma ŵantchito ŵaŵiri, Kidd na Bainbridge kuti ŵatore Rhodesia na kulutilira kulongora mazaza gha boma la Britain. Ndipouli, Kidd na Bainbridge ŵakaluta yayi ku Rhodesia, kweni ŵakazenga malo ghaphya ku Kafulwe, mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 20 kufuma ku malo gha Puta, mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Kalungwishi, uko kukaŵa msewu wakale wakuya ku Kazembe, makilomita pafupifupi ghatatu kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵatore zina lakuti Rhodesia, chifukwa malo ghakale agha ŵakaghaleka. Kidd na Bainbridge ŵakalutilira kuteŵetera m'paka mu 1894, apo wose ŵakafwa. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵakaloŵeka. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵakavikilirika na mulongozgi wa boma. Mkula, uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Nsama cifukwa ca adada ŵake, pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵanayi ŵa ku Africa ŵakalembeka kuti ŵawovwire wakusonkha ndalama.

Mu 1896, Hubert T. Harrington, uyo ŵanthu ŵakamumanyanga kuti Chiana, wakapika mazaza pa chigaŵa cha Mweru. Wakasamuskika ku malo agho Dr. Blair Watson ndiyo wakalamuliranga. Harrington wakayowoya kuti Kalungwishi ni boma la malinga ghankhongono. Kidd na Bainbridge ŵakasungika pasi pa malibwe agha. Wakazenga boti lakucemeka Scotia panji Mandala, ilo likamara kuguliskika mu 1919 na kuleka ku Chienge mu 1922. Kaŵirikaŵiri boti ili likendanga pakati pa Chienge na chilumba cha Kilwa. Pali maukaboni agho ghakulongora kuti Hube Harrington wakaŵa mubali wa mbumba ya Harrington iyo yikakhalanga ku Western Province ya Zambia. Mu 1899, Nasoro bin Suleiman, uyo wakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Chisesa kweniso wakaŵa mubali wa Abdullah bin Suleiman, wakasuzganga ŵanthu ŵa ku Ba Bwile na Shila. Harrington wakakora Abdullah bin Suleiman na kumujalira mu jele la Kalungwishi.

Siteshoni ya Rhodesia yikajalika pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Kidd na Bainbridge ndipo yikajulika yayi m'paka mu 1907, panyake cifukwa ca kusoŵa ŵantchito. Siteshoni iyi yikawelera ku malo ghake ghakale ku Puta, Chienge nga Boma. Awo ŵakajura Boma ili ŵakaŵa J. F. Sealy na GT Wenham ŵakakhalako vyaka vitatu. Mu 1908, siteshoni iyi yikajalika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ntchentche. Mu 1909-10, Alfred Sharpe wakatuma Dr. J.D. Brunton, Mr. WH Jollyman ku Chienge kuti ŵakawovwirepo pa ntchito ya kulwara nthenda ya kugona.

Ŵalongozgi awo ŵakateŵeteranga mu Chienge Boma kufuma nyengo yira ni aŵa:

1910	S Hillier
1912	G H Jones
1917	PCJ Reardon and wife (January) Reardon went mad and ended up in an asylum.
1917	VR Anley and wife (August)
1918	ACJ Elworthy (October)
1919	S Hillier (December)
1920	Matthews (March)
1920	CP Oldfield (September)
1922	Wickins and wife (April)
In November 1922, the station was closed due to lack of funds.
In April 1925 G H Morton reopened the station

1926	FO Hoare (December)
1927	G H Morton (October) He went mad and was sent to Cape Town asylum
1929	FO Hoare (January)
1929	March, Hoare contracted black water fever and died at Kafulwe on his way to Kawambwa.
1929	JB Thomson (June)
1930	SL Langford (January)
1932	EGF Thomson (March)
1932	SL Langford (September)

Mu 1933, siteshoni ya Chienge yikajalika chifukwa cha kusoŵa ŵantchito na ndalama ndipo chigaŵa cha nyanja ya Mweru chikasazgikana na Mporokoso.

Mu 1941, kampani ya African Lakes Company yikachita kafukufuku pa malo ghakujumpha maekala 8 mu Chienge. Gulu la ALC likaŵa na famu ku Chienge uko ŵakayowoya kuti kukaŵa mkuŵa. Malo agha ghakalembeka na Luangwa concessions, kampani ya migodi, kweni ŵakasungapo yayi ivyo ŵakagomezganga.

Ellingworth na Lewis, ŵamishonale ŵaŵiri ŵa tchalitchi la Seventh Day Adventist ŵakufuma ku Chimpempe, ŵakaluta ku Ponde Mission, iyo yikaŵa ku Kalembwe. Ŵakabira mu Nyanja ya Mweru ndipo ŵakasungika ku Ponde pa Ogasiti 31, 1952.

Chienge wakawusika kufuma ku Mporokoso mu 1933, pamanyuma kufuma ku Kawambwa ndipo mu ma 1970, Nchelenge. Mulara Mukuru wa sono wa Puta (Kasoma) wakacemeka Hillier pamanyuma pa mulaŵiliri Mr. S Hillier. Mulara Puta Kasoma wakababika mu 1910 ndipo wakimikika mu 1937 pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Puta Mulolwa.

Chienge wakaweleraso ku boma la Kaunda UNIP mu 1973.

Pambere nyengo yakwamba ya Pulezidenti Frederick J.T. Boma la MMD la Chiluba, likakhozga chomene kuti Chienge chiŵe chigaŵa chakukwana. Dr. Katele Kalumba, uyo wakaŵa muteŵeti wa pa Nyumba ya Malamulo kweniso wachiŵiri wa nduna ya vyaumoyo kufuma mu Novembala 1991 m'paka Meyi 1996, ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa nduna ya vyaumoyo, wakafiska. Dr. Kalumba wakaŵa na vilato viwemi. Kufuma apo wakanjilira mu boma, wakakhumbanga kuti waŵe mwimiliri wa Chienge. Pa Okutobala 30, 1996, Secretary Permanent of the Ministry of Local Government and Housing wakapeleka chikalata chakuchemeka Circular No. 25/96 icho chikati Chienge ni chigaŵa chiphya kuyana na chigaŵa cha 3 cha Local Government Act No. 22 ya 1996. Pa nyengo iyi, Bennie Mwiinga wakaŵa nduna ya boma na nyumba.

Nkhani yakulondezga ungano wa Council ya Nchelenge pa 12-13 Disembala 1996 yikati chigaŵa chiphya cha Chienge ni malo agho ghakwamba kufuma ku mlomo wa mlonga wa Kefulwa pa Nyanja ya Mweru, mphaka yikulondezga mlonga wa Kefulwa mu mzere wakunyoloka m'paka apo mlonga wa Kasinga ukusanganirana. Mphepete mwa chigaŵa ichi muli msewu wakunyoloka kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka uko kukukumana na mlonga wa Kapako; kufuma apo, msewu uwu uli kumpoto m'paka uko kukukumana na mphaka ya Kaputa-Nchelenge; kufuma apo, msewu uwu uli kumpoto m'paka ku mphaka ya Zambia-Zaire; kufuma apo, msewu uwu uli kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku mlonga wa Musungwishi m'paka ku mphaka ya Kaputa-Nchelenge; kufuma apo, msewu uwu uli mu msewu wakunyoloka m'paka ku mphaka ya Zambia-Zaire m'paka ku mulomo wa mlonga wa Lualaba uko ukufuma mu nyanja ya Mweru. Kufuma apo, mphaka yikulondezga mphaka ya Zambia na Zaire kufupi na nyanja ya Mweru m'paka ku mlomo wa Mlonga wa Kefulwa, uko yikambira.

Chienge wakababikaso pamanyuma pa vilimika 106 kufuma apo wakajulikira. Wakajulika pa Cinkhondi, Disembala 20, 1996, apo pakaŵa mphala ya Chienge kweniso nduna ya vyaumoyo Dr. Katele Kalumba pamoza na ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa chipani na boma. Dr. Kalumba, pamoza na Commissioner of Town and Country Planning mu Ministry of Local Government Dr. Khonje, Director of Health Planning and Development, Mr. Vincent Musowe wa Ministry of Health, ndipo ŵakudangilira na Mr. T.S. Phiri, Secretary wa Council ku Nchelenge, wakawonelera kusankhika kwa Mr Mwanda wa Senior Chief Puta ̊s kuŵa Chairman wa Council wa Chienge, apo Mr Bowa wa Senior Chief Mununga ̊s wakaŵa Vice Chairman.

Masiku ghakuzilwa

1798		death of Dr De Lacerda in Chienge?
1890-1		Crawshay opened the First known British colonial post and left the service of British central Africa and abandoned Rhodesia (PUTA) station as it was later named.
1893		Dr Blair Watson arrived at Kalungwishi as tax Collector of Mweru District
1895		Major Forbes visited Kalungwishi
1900-3		Dr Watson was Civil Commissioner and Magistrate
1901		African Lakes Company opened 2 shops at Kalungwishi and Puta
1902		ALC opens a shop at Kazembe
1902		R Codrington visits Kalungwishi
1906		R Codrington visits Kalungwishi
1907		Judge Beaufort visits Chienge
1908		E Averay Jones opened a station at Kawambwa
1908		ALC opens a shop at Kawambwa
1908/9		Hut tax introduced
1909		Male labour taken to Kasama and Fort Roseberry for the salt industry; to Salisbury to work in the mines; to Congo Free State and Angola to work for the border commission
1911		Mweru-Luapula district created.  It included Chienge, Kawambwa and Fort Roseberry
1911		GGP Lyons was appointed District Commissioner and Magistrate of Mweru-Luapula
1911		Nsama’s line deregistered as chiefs and Mukupa’s line took over (end of the Katele wa pe Lemba rule)
1911		Mweru Marsh Game reserve established.  Natives given game licences.
1922		Chienge closed for economic reasons (lack of funds)
1928/9		Hut tax removed
1929		Luangwa concession survey
1929		Indirect rule through chiefs was introduced with the Native ordinance act
1933		Chienge amalgamated with Mporokoso district under Babemba province, later to be called northern province
1936		Native treasuries introduced
1949		Ice factory built at Mulwe village.  Aluminium boats, barge and 2 motorboats
1953/4		District Education Authority formed
1957		Chienge became part of Luapula province
1908 - 28	salt trading, tree cutting, fish and game
1908 - 32	Yearly census conducted by tribe of all males, females and children
1909 - 27	Cattle was owned by Chiefs Mukupa, Puta, Chiliata, Abdullah, Sefu, Malipenga and Mupini

 Sleeping sickness came from the Congo. Kalungwishi was abandoned because of Glossina palpalis.

Trees found in the area: mulombwa, nsaninga, mukula, mupa, mwenge.

 Mazina gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain 

Crawshay – Kamukwamba
Bainbridge – Pembeleni
GGP Lyons – Kalelamukoshi
HJ Harrington – Chiana
White fathers – Bapatili

Missions in Chienge

1900		London Missionary Society Mr & Mrs Purves on Mbereshi River
1901		Plymouth Brethren (Garanganze) Mr & Mrs Henderson at Johnstone falls
1902		French Fathers, Peres Blancs D’Algers, Pere Foulon & Pere Sellellas at Luali
1921		Zambezi Union Mission of Seventh Day Adventists, Mr & Mrs HJ Hurlow at Chimpempe Falls
NB. These missions are listed under Rhodesia Post (Chienge) as this was before other Bomas were established. Should not be mistaken with the current administrative structures.

 Nyama iyo yikasangika ku Mweru, 1908-56 

Njovu, nkharamu, nkhalamu, nyalubwe, nyerere, nyerere za mu chipalamba, nyerere za mu chipa Mu 1956, malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ghakaŵa Chisenga Island, Mununga, na Chama.

 Ŵakucita maluso 
Ŵakuzenga njerwa, ŵakuzenga njerwa, ŵakuŵaja mathabwa, ŵakuzenga macanue, ŵakunozga, ŵakuzenga maboti, ŵakusazga

Malonda
Somba, vyakupangira visulo, viŵiya na mphasa, hona, kupanga maboti

Category:History of Zambia
Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Zambia border
Category:Territorial disputes of Zambia