Ufumu wa Mapungubwe

Ufumu wa Mapungubwe (Maphungubgwe, c. 1075 c. 1220) ukaŵa ufumu wa ku South Africa uwo ukaŵa ku mphepete mwa milonga ya Shashe na Limpopo, kumwera kwa Great Zimbabwe. Zina ili lili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha TjiKalanga na Tshivenda. Zina ili likung'anamura "Phiri la Viyuni vya Nkhaza" panji "Vikumbusko vya malibwe". Ufumu uwu ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu nyengo iyo Ufumu wa Zimbabwe ukapangika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., ndipo ukaguliskanga golide ku Rhapta na Kilwa Kisiwani ku Africa. Ufumu wa Mapungubwe ukatora vilimika pafupifupi 80, ndipo apo ukaŵa kuti wafika pachanya, msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 5,000.Huffman, page 376

Malo agha ghakaŵa gha Ufumu wa BuKalanga, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa Kalanga ŵakufuma kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Botswana na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, Ŵanambiya kumwera kwa Dambo la Zambezi, na Ŵavenda kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa. Mapungubwe Collection of artifacts found at the archaeological site is housed in the Mapungubwe Museum in Pretoria. Mapungubwe Collection of artifacts found at the archaeological site is housed in the Mapungubwe Museum in Pretoria.

 Mizilo 


Chikaya chikuru chomene icho chikachemeka Chikaya cha Leopard's Kopje chikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Chikaya cha K2 ndipo chikaŵa chakwambilira cha Chikaya cha Mapungubwe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku K2, awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Shona na Kalanga ŵa kumwera kwa Africa, ŵakakopeka na chigaŵa cha Shashi-Limpopo. Kweniso malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene chifukwa cha njovu. Kulamulira malonda gha golide na njovu kukakhozga comene nkhongono za ndyali za K2. Kuzakafika mu 1075, ŵanthu ŵa ku K2 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafumamo mu malo agha na kusamira ku Mapungubwe Hill.Hrbek, page 324

 Kuzenga malibwe 
Mu ufumu wa Mapungubwe, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito viliŵa vya malibwe kuti ŵamanye malo ghakuzirwa. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa viliŵa vya malibwe ivyo vikwenera kuti vikaŵa vya mulongozgi wa boma. Ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga lumoza nchito malibwe na makuni. Kweniso pakwenera kuti pakaŵa khuni lakuzingilizga Phiri la Mapungubwe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakakhalanga mukati mwa linga la kumanjiliro gha dazi..Hrbek, page 325

 Umo zina ili likambira 
Msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu ukachemekanga Mapungubwe, ndipo ndiwo ukafumira zina ili. Malo agha sono ghali kulembeka kuti ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale chomene ku South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa umo zina lakuti Mapungubwe likambira. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Mapungubwe likung'anamura "malo gha vibululu", panji "malo agho vibululu vikulyera", panji kuti thavha ya dzi phunguhwe. 1). Lizgu ili likung'anamuraso kuti "malo gha vinjeru" kweniso "malo agho malibwe ghakusintha kuŵa maji".

 Mwambo na ukhalilo 
Ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakughanaghana kuti mapungubwean ndiwo ghakaŵa malo ghakwamba ku Africa kumwera, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga chomene.

Umoyo mu Mapungubwe ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene ku mbumba na kulima. Malo ghakupambanapambana ghakapangika kuti ghaŵe na maukaboni gha kutandika, milimo ya mu nyumba, na milimo yinyake ya pa umoyo.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulutilira kuyowoya kuti vinthu vikaŵa makora chifukwa cha nyumba izo zikaŵa pasi pawo, chifukwa Ŵapungubweans ŵakaŵavya mabuku.

Ufumu uwu ukagaŵikana mu magulu ghatatu, na ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu malo ghachoko, ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakakhalanga pa mapiri ghachoko, na msumba ukuru wa Mapungubwe nga ni mazaza ghapachanya. Ŵanakazi ŵa ufumu ŵakakhalanga mu mapiri. Ŵanakazi ŵa ufumu ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghawo kutali na themba. Ŵanalume ŵakuzirwa ŵakasunganga nyumba za mbiri pa mphaka za msumba. Kupatura kwa malo agha kukachitika pakwamba ku Mapungubwe kweni kukachitikaso ku Butua na Rozwi.

 Kusangikaso 
Pa Zuŵa la Chaka Ciphya mu 1932, ESJ van Graan, mulimi na msambiri wa ku malo agha, pamoza na mwana wake, uyo wakaŵa msambiri wa pa Yunivesite ya Pretoria, ŵakaluta kukapharazga nkhani yinyake iyo ŵakapulika.

Kuyana na nkhani iyo yikalembeka mu 1985, yikang'anamulika kufuma mu mazgu gha Chifrikansi: Vikaŵa vyakusangika pa malo ghakupwanthirapo pa phiri. Vikaŵa vyakusangika mu nyengo ya m'ma 1000.

Mapungubwe yikaŵa sukulu ya ku South Africa ya vyaka vya m'ma 6 mu 2003.

 Kuŵazika pa Phiri la Mapungubwe 

Pa mapiri gha Mapungubwe pakaŵa viwangwa pafupifupi 24 kweni 11 pera ndivyo vikaŵa kuti vingayezgeka. Viwangwa vinandi vikasungika na vinthu vichoko waka panji vikaŵavya. Vinthu viŵiri ivyo ŵanthu ŵakasunga ŵanthu ŵakuru (vyenevivivi vikaŵa na nambara 10 na 14 pa malo agho ŵakasoperapo kale) kweniso chiwangwa chimoza chambura kulembeka (chakuchemeka kuti chiwangwa chakwamba cha golide) vikaŵa na vinthu vyagolide. Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti viwangwa viŵiri vyakwambilira ivi vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoi na San. Nangauli ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamanyanga vinandi, kweni ŵakasungika mu malo agho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasungikanga. Thupi la mwanalume la nambara 10 likaŵa na ndodo ya golide mu woko lake.

Chiŵiya cha viwangwa icho chikaŵa na nambara 14 (mwanakazi) chikasungika pamoza na vingwe 100 vya golide mu viwangwa vyake ndipo mu dindi lake mukaŵa mphete 1,000 za golide. Munthu waumaliro uyo wakasungika na golide (mwanalume), uyo wakwenera kuti wakaŵa fumu, wakasungika na mutu na vinthu vitatu vya golide ivyo vikaŵa pa khuni. Pa ciyerezgero ici pakaŵaso visko vinyake viŵiri, kweni ŵakumanyikwa yayi usange vikaŵa mu dindi linyake.

Mu chaka cha 2007, boma la South Africa likapeleka chilolezo kuti viwangwa ivyo vikazengeka mu 1933 viŵikikikengeso pa Phiri la Mapungubwe.

Malo gha Mapungubwe ghakapharazgika kuti ni malo gha ŵanthu pa caru cose pa Julayi 3, 2003.

 Mapungubwe National Park 

Malo agha sono ghali ku chigaŵa cha Mapungubwe National Park, icho nacho chili ku chigaŵa cha Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Ku South Africa, malo agha ni Mapungubwe National Park, Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve, Limpopo Valley Conservancy, Mapesu Private Game Reserve, Mogalakwena Game Reserve, Vhembe Game Reserve, na minda yinyake yichoko. Malo ghose agho ghazamuzengeka ghazamuŵa mahekitala 256,100 panji 53% gha malo ghose gha Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Charu cha Botswana chili na malo ghakuchemeka Northern Tuli Game Reserve, agho ghali na malo ghakukwana 71,173 ha. Mu cigaŵa caciŵiri, malo agha ghakwenera kusazgikira comene cifukwa ca kulima minda ya Central Tuli na Shashe CCA. Kweniso chigaŵa icho chili kufuma ku tawuni ya Mathathane North m'paka ku Kobojango na ku Mlonga wa Shashe nacho chizamuŵa chigaŵa cha GMTFCA. Pafupifupi, boma la Botswana likwenera kovwirapo pa mulimo wa TFCA pa malo ghakukwana 135,000 ha, panji kuti 28 peresenti ya malo ghose gha Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Malo gha Sentinel Ranch, Nottingham Estate na Tuli Circle Safari Area ni malo agho Zimbabwe yikovwira ku GMTFCA. Mu chigaŵa chachiŵiri, malo gha Maramani, Machuchuta na Hwali Wildlife Management Areas nagho ghangaŵamo, ndipo ichi chikovwira kuti chigaŵa cha Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area icho Zimbabwe yikupeleka chiŵe na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 96,000 panji 19%.

 Wonaniso 

 Other ruins in South Africa
 Blaauboschkraal stone ruins in Mpumalanga
 Machadodorp baKoni Ruins in Mpumalanga
 Kaditshwene in North West province
 Kweneng' Ruins in Gauteng
 Mapungubwe in Limpopo
 Sedan Beehive stone huts in Free State
 Tlokwe Ruins in Gauteng
 Thulamela in Kruger National Park, Limpopo
 Similar ruins outside South Africa
 Bumbusi in Zimbabwe
 Danangombe in Zimbabwe
 Engaruka in Tanzania
 Khami in Zimbabwe
 Manyikeni in Mozambique
 Naletale in Zimbabwe
 Thimlich Ohinga stone ruins in Kenya
 Ziwa in Zimbabwe
 baKalanga
 Mapungubwe Collection
 Order of Mapungubwe
 List of Castles and Fortifications in South Africa

 Vyakulemba 

 Ukaboni 









 Duffey, Sian Tiley-Nel et al. The Art and Heritage Collections of the University of Pretoria.Univ. of Pretoria, 2008.

 Vigaŵa vya kuwalo 

 World History Encyclopedia – Mapungubwe
 Mapungubwe National Park