Arkansas

Arkansas ( ) ni boma ilo lili na mphepete mwa nyanja yayi ilo lili ku chigaŵa cha pakati na kumwera kwa United States.Jones, Daniel (1997) English Pronouncing Dictionary, 15th ed. Cambridge University Press. . Ku mpoto kuli Missouri, kumafumiro gha dazi kuli Tennessee na Mississippi, kumwera kuli Louisiana, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Texas na Oklahoma. Zina lake likufuma ku ciyowoyero ca Osage, ciyowoyero ca Dhegiha Siouan, ndipo likuyowoya za ŵabali ŵawo, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Quapaw. Malo ghakupambanapambana gha mu chigaŵa ichi ghakukwana ku mapiri gha Ozark na Ouachita, agho ghakupanga U.S. Ku mapiri gha ku America, ku malo gha nkhorongo gha ku Arkansas, ku mapiri gha ku Mississippi na Arkansas.

Arkansas ni boma la 29 pa vigaŵa vikuru na la 34 pa vigaŵa ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 3 miliyoni. Msumba ukuru na uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene ni Little Rock, uwo uli pakati pa boma ili. Msumba uwu ndiwo ukwendeska vinthu vinandi, ni malo gha malonda, gha mitheto, na gha boma. Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawochi, kuphatikizapo Fayetteville  -  Springdale - Rogers Metropolitan Area ndi Fort Smith metropolitan area, ndi chigawo cha anthu, maphunziro, ndi chuma. Msumba ukuru comene uwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici ni Jonesboro. Msumba ukuru comene uwo uli kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa boma ili ni Pine Bluff.

Charu cha Arkansas, icho kale chikaŵa chigaŵa cha French Louisiana, chikazomerezgeka kuŵa chigaŵa cha United States pa Juni 15, 1836. Mu Delta, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima thonje, ndipo awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakagwiranga nchito za ŵazga ŵa ku America. Mu 1861, boma la Arkansas likafumako ku United States ndipo likamba kuwungana na Confederate States of America mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose. Ŵakati ŵawelera ku United States mu 1868, boma la Arkansas likalutilira kusuzgika pa nkhani ya ndalama chifukwa cha kugomezga chomene ulimi wa minda yikuruyikuru. Cotton ndiyo yikaŵa cakurya cikuru comene, ndipo msika wa cotton ukakhira. Pakuti ŵalimi na ŵamalonda ŵakaŵavya vinthu vinandi, ndipo mafakitale ghakaŵavya ndalama zinandi, boma likaŵa na suzgo la ndalama. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, boma likapeleka malango ghanyake agho ghakaŵa nga ni la Jim Crow kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa ŵaleke kupika wanangwa wa kusankha. Ŵazungu ndiwo ŵakendeskanga ndyali mu boma la Arkansas, ndipo ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wa kuvota. Ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wa kuvota. Pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ya m'ma 1950 na 1960, ku Arkansas na ku Little Rock kukaŵa nkhondo yikuru iyo yikacitikanga kuti ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu ŵakolerane.

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, mu 1940, boma la Arkansas likamba kuŵa na vinthu vinandi ndipo vinthu vikendanga makora. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, boma ili ndilo likaŵa likuru la kampani ya Walmart, iyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene pa charu chose. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma cha ku Arkansas chikuthemba pa ntchito za pa msewu, ndege, viyuni, visulo, na vyakurya vya ku malo ghakupambanapambana.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakusangika mu nyumba zakuwoneskeramo vinthu vyakale, mu malo ghakuwoneskeramo mafilimu, mu mabuku, pa TV, mu malo ghakurya, na mu malo ghanyake ghakuwoneskeramo maseŵero. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ku chigaŵa ichi ni William Fulbright, uyo wakaŵa wandale kweniso wakwimira masambiro gha ŵanthu; Bill Clinton, uyo wakaŵaso kazembe wa chigaŵa cha Arkansas; Wesley Clark, uyo wakaŵaso mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa NATO; Sam Walton, uyo wakambiska Walmart; Johnny Cash, Charlie Rich, Jimmy Driftwood, na Glen Campbell; Billy Bob Thornton, uyo wakapanganga mafilimu; C. D. Wright; William L. McMillan, uyo wakambiska kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vinthu ivyo vikwenda makora comene; Maya Angelou, uyo wali kupika nkhombo ya Nobel; Douglas MacArthur; Al Green, uyo wakwimba; Alan Ladd, uyo wakwimba; Scottie Pippen, uyo wakuseŵera basketball; Ne-Yo, uyo wakwimba; Chelsea Clinton; Sheryl Underwood, uyo wakwimba; na John Grisham, uyo wakulemba mabuku.

Zina

Zina lakuti Arkansas pakwamba likayowoyanga vya Mlonga wa Arkansas. Lizgu ili likung'anamulika kufuma ku lizgu la Cifurenci lakuti, Arkansas, ilo ni lizgu la ŵanthu ŵanandi ilo likung'anamulika kufuma ku lizgu lakuti akansa, ilo ni lizgu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Algonquian la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Quapaw. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Dhegiha Siouan ndipo ŵakakhala mu Arkansas ca m'ma 1200. Zina lakuti Kansa likwenera kuti likufuma ku zina la msumba wa Kansas, uwo ukathya zina la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kaw.

Zina ili likuzunulika na kulembeka mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Mu 1881, boma la Arkansas likati mazgu gha mu malo agha ghakwenera kuŵa na "s" yayi (nga umo vikuŵira mu Cifurenci). Pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa ŵaŵiri ŵa mu wupu wa ŵalara ŵa boma pa nkhani ya umo mazgu ghakwenera kuyowoyekera. Ŵanyake ŵakumutemwa   (), ndipo ŵanji  ().

Mu 2007, wupu wa malango wa boma ukadumura fundo yambura kuzomerezgeka iyo yikayowoya kuti zina la boma ni Arkansas, ndipo boma la boma ili likulondezga fundo iyi.

Mbili

Early history

Pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandambe kukhala ku North America, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Caddo, Osage, na Quapaw ŵakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakamba kupenja malo. Munthu wakwamba kufika ku Europe wakaŵa Hernando de Soto wa ku Spain mu 1541, ndipo wakambuka Mlonga wa Mississippi na kwambuka Arkansas na mapiri gha Ozark. Wakati wasanga kuti palije cinthu cilicose cakuzirwa ndipo wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, iyo na ŵanalume ŵake ŵakawelera ku Mlonga wa Mississippi uko De Soto wakalwara. Apo wakaŵa pafupi kufwa, wakalangura ŵanalume ŵake kuti ŵakome ŵanalume wose ŵa mu muzi wapafupi wa Anilco, awo wakawopanga kuti ŵakakolerananga na gulu linyake lankhongono ku Quigualtam. Ŵanalume ŵake ŵakapulikira ndipo ŵakakoma ŵanalume pera yayi, kweni ŵakakomaso ŵanakazi na ŵana wuwo. Wakafwira pafupi na McArthur, Arkansas, mu Meyi 1542. Thupi lake likathika na mchenga ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakamuŵika mu dindi la maji mu Mlonga wa Mississippi. De Soto wakayezga kupusika ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha kuti ŵaghanaghanenge kuti iyo ni ciuta wambura kufwa, zuŵa la dazi, mwakuti ŵaleke kutimbanizgika na Ŵamwenye ŵa ku America awo ŵakakwiya na ŵasilikari ŵake awo pa nyengo iyi ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamba kufota. Kuti ŵalutilire kucita cinthu ici, ŵanalume ŵake ŵakaphalira ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici kuti De Soto wakwera kucanya. Wati wafwa, wakalemba mu chikalata chake kuti "ŵapika ŵanayi ŵa ku India, mahachi ghatatu, na nkhumba 700" ŵaguliskike. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakamba kukoma nkhumba, ndipo pamasinda, ŵakayezga kuwelera ku Mexico. Ŵakafika ku Texas pambere ŵandafike mu cigaŵa ico kukaŵa kwakomira comene kuti munthu wangalimamo tirigu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga ŵacoko comene mwakuti ŵakatondekanga kusanga cakurya mwa kwiba ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici. Ŵakawelera ku Arkansas mwaluŵiro. Ŵakati ŵapanga maboti ghacoko waka, ŵakakhilira ku Mississippi ndipo pamasinda ŵakaluta ku Mexico.Davidson, James West. After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection Volume 1. Mc Graw Hill, New York 2010, Chapter 1, p. 2,3

Mu 1673, ŵanthu ŵa ku France, Jacques Marquette na Louis Jolliet, ŵakaluta ku malo agha, ndipo mu 1681, ŵanthu ŵa ku France, Robert La Salle na Henri de Tonti, nawo ŵakaluta ku malo agha. Mu 1686, Tonti wakambiska malo ghakucemeka Arkansas Post mu muzi wa Quapaw, ndipo uwu ukaŵa msumba wakwamba wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku France ndiwo ŵakamba kupenja malo agha, ndipo ŵakacipa zina ili. Zina ili likwenera kuti likafuma ku zina la fuko la Quapaw, ilo likakhalanga musi mwa mlonga. Zina lakuti Arkansas likuzunulika na kulembeka mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Chigaŵa ichi chikapangika kuŵa chigaŵa cha Arkansaw pa Julayi 4, 1819, ndipo pa Juni 15, 1836, chikapangika kuŵa chigaŵa cha Arkansas. Zina ili kale likaŵa /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/, /ɑːrˈkænzəs/, na ghanyake ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakujichema kuti "Arkansans" panji "Arkansawyers". Mu 1881, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Arkansas yikapeleka dango la Arkansas Code 1-4-105 (lemba lakuzomerezgeka):
Pakuti pali kukhuŵara pa umo zina la boma lithu likuyowoyekera, ntchakukhumbikwa kumanya umo zina ili likuyowoyekera nadi para tikuyowoya na ŵalara ŵa boma.
Ndipo nkhani iyi yasanda makora comene na wupu wa State Historical Society na wa Eclectic Society of Little Rock, ndipo wose ŵakukolerana kuti zina ili likwenera kuzunulika makora.
Ntheura nyumba zose ziŵiri za wupu wa malango zikwenera kusankhirathu kuti zina la boma ili, ilo likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku France, ndilo likazunulikanga makora na ŵanthu ŵa ku India, ndipo likalembeka mu mazgu gha Chifurenchi agho ghakwimira lizgu ili. Lizgu ili likwenera kuzunulika mu vilembo vitatu, ndipo paumaliro wa vilembo ivi, "s" waleke kuzunulika, ndipo pa vilembo vyose viŵiri, "a" waleke kuzunulika, ndipo pa vilembo vyose viŵiri, "a" waleke kuzunulika, ndipo pa vilembo vyose viŵiri, "a" waleke kuzunulika. Kuyowoya mazgu mwakudumura pa lizgu laciŵiri na lizgu la "a" mu "man" na lizgu laumaliro la "s" ni cinthu ciphya ico tikwenera kucikanizga.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa cha Kansas kanandi ŵakuzunura mlonga wa Arkansas kuti /ɑːrˈkænzəs ˈrɪvər/, mu nthowa yakuyana waka na umo zina la chigaŵa chawo likuyowoyekera.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakambanga kukhalamo, nga ni awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupenja vikumba, ŵakasamira ku Arkansas mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ofesi ya Arkansas Post nga ni malo ghakusungiramo katundu. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakoloni, caru ca Arkansas cikaŵa mu mawoko gha France na Spain pamasinda pa Nkhondo ya Vyaka 7, nangauli pakaŵavya uyo wakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe gha Ŵakoloni. Mu Epulero 1783, ku Arkansas kukacitika nkhondo yimoza pera mu Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira ku America, apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain, Captain James Colbert na ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Choctaw na Chickasaw, ŵakazingilizga malo agha kwa kanyengo.

Purchase and statehood

Mu 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte wakaguliska Louisiana ku United States, pamoza na chigaŵa chose cha Arkansas. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakhalanga ku Arkansas Post. Ŵakati ŵagura malo agha, vinthu vikamba kusintha pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku America na ŵa ku Arkansas. Ŵakapangana kuti ŵazga ŵaŵepo mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo pa Julayi 4, 1819 ŵakaŵika boma la Arkansas. Mu Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵakakana kuti ŵazga ŵaŵe ŵazga, ndipo mulara wa nyumba ya malango, Henry Clay, wakazomerezga kuti ŵazga ŵaŵe ŵazga.

Mu Arkansas, nkhani ya wuzga yikaŵa yakusuzga chomene, ndipo yikaŵa yakusuzga kwa vyaka vinandi. Awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kulima vipasi ku Arkansas ŵakakhozgeranga comene wuzga, cifukwa ŵakawonanga kuti nchito ya muzga ndiyo yikaŵa yiwemi panji "yekha" yakovwira pa mulimo wa kuvuna. "Chipiri" cha kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Arkansas chikaŵavya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga waka ntchito zaulimi.Scroggs 1961, pp. 231–232.

Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vyose vya East Coast na Midwest, mu ma 1830, boma la United States likamba kufumiska mafuko ghanandi gha ku America na kughatolera ku Arkansas na Indian Territory kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi.

Ŵakaŵafumiskaso mu 1833 apo ŵakaŵachimbizganga mu chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pasi pa Ŵachiindiya. Mu 1821, msumba ukuru ukasamuka ku Arkansas Post na kuluta ku Little Rock.
Apo boma la Arkansas likapempha kuti liŵe laciŵiri ku United States, nkhani ya wuzga yikayambikaso ku Washington, D.C. Paumaliro, pamanyuma pa maora 25, khoti likakolerana na dango la Arkansas, ndipo pa Juni 15, 1836, likapokelera Arkansas kuŵa boma la nambara 25 kweniso la nambara 13. Boma la Arkansas likaŵa na suzgo la misonkho, ndipo suzgo ili likalutilira chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama, kweniso chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likaŵako mu 1837.Scroggs 1961, p. 243.

Civil War and Reconstruction

Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga kuti ŵasange ndalama. Pa zuŵa lakwamba la nkhondo ya cikaya ya ku America mu 1860, ŵazga ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa 111,115, ndipo ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 25 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu boma ili. Nkhondo yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbikira chomene kulima thonje, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti boma na chigaŵa ichi vileke kuŵa pa mtende na charu vyaka vinandi. Usambazi uwo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakasanganga ukacitiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana pa ndyali pakati pa Northwest na Southeast.

Ŵandyali ŵanandi ŵakasankhika kufuma mu gulu la Family, ilo likaŵa gulu lakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South ku Arkansas pambere nkhondo yindambe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga kuti nkhondo yileke kucitika. Apo vyaru vya ku Gulf vikafumako ku United States mu 1861, ŵimiliri ŵa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Arkansas ŵakadumbiskana usange Arkansas nayo yikwenera kufumako ku United States.Bolton 1999, p. 22. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Arkansas ŵakafumapo yayi mu boma ili m'paka apo Abraham Lincoln wakapempha kuti ŵatumizge ŵasilikari ku Fort Sumter kuti ŵakakome ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma. Pa Meyi 6, ŵimiliri ŵa boma la Arkansas, ŵakati ŵakumbuskika na mulongozgi wa boma ili, ŵakavota kuti boma la Arkansas lileke kuŵa mu wupu wa United States na kunjira mu wupu wa Confederate States of America.thumb|Cannons at Battle of Pea Ridge site

Boma la Arkansas likaŵa lakuzirwa comene ku ŵakugaluka, cifukwa likaŵa na mazaza pa Mlonga wa Mississippi na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera. Nkhondo ya ku Wilson's Creek iyo yikachitikira ku Missouri, yikawofya ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Arkansas awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti nkhondo iyi yizamovwira kuti Ŵamwera ŵathereske luŵiro. Nkhondo izo zikachitika ku Arkansas, zikusazgapo Nkhondo ya Cane Hill, Nkhondo ya Pea Ridge, na Nkhondo ya Prairie Grove. Mu 1862, Samuel Curtis, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Union, wakambukira ku Helena mu Delta. Chaka chakulondezgapo, msumba wa Little Rock ukapokeka. Boma likawuskako likuru la Confederate ku Hot Springs, ndipo kufuma apo likaweleraso ku Washington kufuma mu 1863 kufika mu 1865, mpaka nkhondo yikamara. Mu cigaŵa cose ici, nkhondo za ŵasilikari zikayuzga mizi na kuparanya misumba. Ŵakapulikiranga yayi ivyo ŵasilikari ŵa Confederate ŵakayowoyanga.

Kuyana na dango la Reconstruction Act, Congress yikayowoya kuti boma la Arkansas laweleraso ku United States mu Juni 1868, pamanyuma pakuti boma la Arkansas lazomera ivyo vyayowoyeka mu dango la 14 la mu United States. Wupu wakulongozga wa Republican ukakhazikiska mazaza gha ŵanalume (nangauli nyengo yeneyiyo ŵakakanizga ŵasilikari ŵa Confederate awo wose ŵakaŵa ŵa Democrats), sukulu ya ŵanthu wose ya ŵanthu ŵafipa na ŵazungu, na kukhazikiska malango ghakovwira kuti boma liŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Boma ili likamba kulongozgeka na ŵa Radical Republicans na ŵa Unionists, ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na Kazembe Powell Clayton, ndipo ŵakalongozga nyengo iyo vinthu vikasuzga chomene chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Confederate na ŵa Ku Klux Klan ŵakalimbana na vinthu viphya, chomenechomene vya kuvota kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa.

End of Reconstruction and late 19th century
Mu 1874, Nkhondo ya Brooks-Baxter, iyo yikaŵa pakati pa magulu gha chipani cha Republican, yikasunkhunya Little Rock na boma. Kweni nkhani iyi yikamara apo Pulezidenti Ulysses S. Grant wakalangura Joseph Brooks kuti waparanyenge ŵalwani ŵake.

Nkhondo ya Brooks-Baxter yikati yamara, boma liphya likazomerezga dango la boma, ndipo likapeleka wanangwa ku awo ŵakaŵa ku Confederate, na kumazga Reconstruction.

Mu 1881, boma la Arkansas likapeleka dango lakuti zina la boma ili lipharazgike mwakupambana na umo likayowoyekeranga. (Wonani Law and Government pasi apa.)

Pamanyuma pa nyengo ya Reconstruction, boma ili likamba kupokelera ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasamira ku United States. Ŵanalume ŵa ku China, Italy, na ku Syria ŵakagwiranga nchito za mu minda mu cigaŵa ca Delta. Palije yumoza wa ŵanthu aŵa uyo wakakhala nyengo yitali ku munda; comene-comene Ŵacitchayina, cifukwa ŵakazgoka ŵamalonda ŵacoko mu matawuni ghakuzingilizga Delta. Ŵacina ŵanandi ŵakamba kucita malonda mu matawuni ghacoko, mwakuti ŵana ŵawo ŵakasambira ku koleji.William D. Baker, Minority Settlement in the Mississippi River Counties of the Arkansas Delta, 1870–1930 , Arkansas Preservation Commission. Retrieved May 14, 2008

Kuzengeka kwa njanji kukawovwira kuti ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵafike pa msika. Vinthu vikasintha mu vigaŵa vinyake vya boma ili, nga ni Ozarks, uko ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghakupumulirako. Mwaciyelezgero, mu vilimika vicoko waka kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, msumba wa Eureka Springs, ku Carroll County, ukaŵa na ŵanthu 10,000. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa mahotelo ghaphya na malo ghakupumulirapo agho ghakazengeka kuzingilizga visimi vya maji, ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni vyakovwira pa umoyo. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵanga maseŵero gha kucimbira pa mahaci na vyakusanguluska vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakakolerananga nayo comene, ndipo ŵakamba kutemweka comene nga ni umo ŵakutemwera maji ghakuzizima.

Rise of the Jim Crow laws and early 20th century

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1880, suzgo ya vyaulimi yikakura chomene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵambe kukolerana. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, Ŵademocratic ku Arkansas ŵakalondezga ivyo vyaru vinyake vya kumwera vikacita, ŵakazomerezga malango agho ghakakanizganga ŵanthu ŵafipa na ŵakavu kuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha. Mu 1891 ŵaboma ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe mayeso gha kuŵazga na kulemba, cifukwa ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafipa na ŵazungu ŵaleke kuŵazgika. Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 25 peresenti mu caru ici ŵakamanyanga yayi kuŵazga na kulemba. Mu 1892, ŵakasintha dango la boma kuti ŵaŵike msonkho pa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa icho, ndipo ivi vikakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵakavu na ŵalimi ŵacitima, ndipo ŵakafumiska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafipa na ŵazungu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵakavu mu mavoti.

Kuzakafika mu 1900, chipani cha Democratic Party chikamba kugwiliskira nchito mazina gha ŵanthu ŵacisungu pa mavoti gha mu vigaŵa na gha mu vigaŵa, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵaleke kunjira mu ndyali. Pa mavoti ghakwambilira pera ndipo pakaŵa mpikisano pakati pa awo ŵakakhumbanga kupika maudindo, chifukwa awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghose ŵakaŵa ŵa chipani cha Democratic. Boma ili likaŵa la chipani chimoza cha Democratic kwa vyaka vinandi, mpaka apo ŵakazomerezga dango la Civil Rights Act la mu 1964 na Voting Rights Act la mu 1965 kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵeso na wanangwa wakuvota."White Primary" System Bars Blacks from Politics—1900, The Arkansas News, Old State House, Spring 1987, p.3. Retrieved March 22, 2008. 

Pakati pa 1905 na 1911, ku Arkansas kukamba kwiza ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Germany, Slovakia, na Scots-Irish kufuma ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany na ku Slovakia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Ireland ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany ŵakaŵa ŵa Lutere ndipo ŵa ku Slovakia ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ireland ŵakaŵa ŵaprotesitanti ŵa ku Ulster, Scots, na Northern Borders. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakafuma ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakapangiska kuti mu Delta muŵe ŵanthu ŵanandi kuluska mu vigaŵa vinyake. Mu vyaka ivi, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵafipa ŵakasamira mu chigaŵa ichi chifukwa chakuti kukaŵa malo ghawemi ghakukanilira vyakurya na katundu wawo.

Ŵakulima ŵafipa ŵakamba kuyezga kupanga wupu wa ŵalimi pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Ŵakapemphanga ŵabwana ŵacaru ŵa ku malo agha kuti ŵaŵapenge ndalama zinandi. Ŵazungu ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti vinthu visinthe ndipo kanandi ŵakayezganga kutimbanizga maungano ghawo. Pa Seputembala 30, 1919, ŵazungu ŵaŵiri, kusazgapo nduna yinyake, ŵakakhumba kutimbanizga ungano wa ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga wupu wa ŵalimi. Pamanyuma pakuti mulara wa ŵasilikari wazungu wakomeka pa ungano uwu, nkhani iyi yikathandazgika mu tawuni yose. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵa ku Phillips na vigaŵa vyapafupi ŵakacimbira kuti ŵakome ŵazungu, ndipo ŵakamba kuŵawukira. Kazembe Charles Hillman Brough wakapempha ŵasilikari ŵa boma kuti ŵalekeske ivyo ŵakacemanga kuti kukomeka kwa Elaine. Ŵazungu ŵakambukira mu chigaŵa chose, ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵafipa pafupifupi 237 pambere nkhaza zikamara pa Okutobala 1.Elaine Massacre, Arkansas Encyclopedia of History and Culture; accessed April 3, 2008. Ŵazungu ŵankhondi nawo ŵakakomeka. Kazembe uyu wakaluta na ŵasilikari aŵa ku malo agha, ndipo Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson wakazomerezga kuti ŵagwirenge nchito ŵasilikari aŵa.thumb|Map of the flood of 1927 in Arkansas
Cigumula cikuru ico cikacitika mu 1927, cikazuzga malo agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Ouachita na milonga yinyake yinandi.

Pakulondezga dango la Pulezidenti Franklin D. Pamasinda pakuti boma la Japan laŵawukira ku Pearl Harbor, ŵanthu pafupifupi 16,000 ŵa ku Japan ŵakafumiskika ku West Coast na kuŵikika mu misasa yiŵiri ku Arkansas Delta. Msasa wa Rohwer uwo ukaŵa mu Desha County, ukaŵako kwambira mu Seputembala 1942 m'paka mu Novembala 1945. Mu msasa uwu mukaŵa ŵakayidi pafupifupi 8,475. Ku malo agha kukaŵanga ŵanthu pafupifupi 8,000.

Fall of segregation
Khoti Likuru Chomene likati kusankhana mitundu mu masukulu gha boma nkhuswa dango. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954), ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kukolerana mu masukulu gha mu boma ili. Mu 1957, boma la Arkansas likamanyikwa chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Little Rock chifukwa boma likaŵavikilira ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa mtundu wa African-American awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵasambirenge ku sukulu ya sekondare ya mu msumba uwu. Kazembe Orval Faubus wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Arkansas kuti ŵawovwire ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kupatura ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake kuti ŵaleke kuzomerezga ŵana ŵasukulu 9 ŵa mtundu wa African-American kuti ŵanjire sukulu ku Little Rock. Wakati wayezgapo maulendo ghatatu kuti wayowoye na Faubus, Pulezidenti Dwight D. Eisenhower wakatuma ŵasilikari 1,000 kufuma ku 101st Airborne Division kuti ŵavikilire ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa apo ŵakalutanga ku sukulu pa Seputembala 25, 1957. Pakukana kupulikira ivyo khoti likadumura, kazembe na msumba wa Little Rock ŵakadumura kuti ŵasunge masukulu ghapachanya mu cilimika cose ici. Kuzakafika mu 1959, masukulu gha ku Little Rock ghakaŵa ghakukolerana.

Makhalilo gha malo


Boundaries
Kumwera, Arkansas wakuthyana na Louisiana, kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi na Texas, kumanjiliro gha dazi na Oklahoma, kumpoto na Missouri, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi na Tennessee na Mississippi. Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikulongosora kuti Arkansas ni boma la kumwera kwa United States. Mlonga wa Mississippi ndiwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa ichi, kupaturako mu Clay na Greene, uko mlonga wa St. Francis River ndiyo ni mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Missouri Bootheel, ndipo mu malo ghanandi, mlonga wa Mississippi wazgoka (panji kuti wazgoka wakunyoloka na munthu) kufuma pa nthowa yake yakwamba ya mu 1836.

Terrain

Kanandi Arkansas wakugaŵikana paŵiri, malo ghapachanya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi na malo ghapachanya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi. Malo agha ghali ku chigaŵa cha mapiri gha Ozarks na Ouachita Mountains. Kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi kuli malo ghakucemeka Gulf Coastal Plain na Arkansas Delta. Kugaŵikana uku kungapangiska kuti malo ghagaŵikike kumpoto, kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na pakati pa Arkansas. Vigaŵa ivi ni vyakutali ndipo vikupambana na vigaŵa vinyake. Arkansas ili na vigaŵa 7 vyakupambana: Ozark Mountains, Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas River Valley, Gulf Coastal Plain, Crowley's Ridge, na Arkansas Delta, ndipo Central Arkansas nyengo zinyake yikusazgapo vigaŵa vinandi.


Chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas icho chili kuyana na Dambo la Mississippi nyengo zinyake chikuchemeka Arkansas Delta. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuthambalara ndipo ghakaŵanga na dongo liwemi chifukwa cha maji ghanandi agho ghakendanga mu Mlonga wa Mississippi. Kufumira kutali na mlonga, ku cigaŵa ca kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, ku Grand Prairie, kuli malo ghakutowa comene. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ni vyakurya vinandi. Mumphepete mwa Delta muli malo agho ghakumanyikwa kuti Crowley's Ridge. Mumphepete mwa mapiri, Crowley's Ridge wakwera mamita 76 mpaka 152 kufuma pa mapiri agho ghakazingilizga malo agha ndipo ghakukhala mu matawuni ghakuru gha ku Arkansas.

Kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas ni chigaŵa cha Ozark Plateau na Ozark Mountains, kumwera kuli Ouachita Mountains, ndipo vigaŵa ivi vikupambana na Mlonga wa Arkansas; vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas vikuchemeka Lowlands. Mapiri agha ghali ku U.S. Cigaŵa ca Interior Highlands, ico cili pakati pa Rocky Mountains na Appalachian Mountains. Malo ghapachanya chomene mu chigaŵa ichi ni mapiri gha Ouachita, agho ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 839 kufuma pasi pa nyanja.thumb|Cedar Falls in Petit Jean State Park

Ku Arkansas kuli mphanji zinandi, nga ni za Blanchard Springs Caverns. Wupu wa State Archeologist ukalemba malo ghakujumpha 43,000 agho Ŵamwenye ŵa ku America ŵakakhalanga, uko ŵakasoperanga, na kupanga viteŵetero. Crater of Diamonds State Park kufupi na Murfreesboro ni malo ghekha pa caru capasi agho ghali na dayamondi agho ŵanthu ŵangacimapo. Ku Arkansas kuli vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vili na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 158,444. Mu vigaŵa ivi muli malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukasopa, kukasomba, kukendera mapiri, na kuzenga misasa. Mu vigaŵa ivi mulije magalimoto panji malo ghakukanizgika.

Hydrology
Ku Arkansas kuli milonga yinandi, nyanja, na madambo. Mlonga wa Arkansas, White, na wa St. Francis River. Mlonga wa Arkansas ukwenda mu Mlonga wa Mulberry na Fourche LaFave mu chigodobu cha Mlonga wa Arkansas, uko kuli Nyanja ya Dardanelle. Mlonga wa Buffalo, Little Red, Black na Cache ni milonga iyo yikuthira mu Mlonga wa White, uwo nawo ukuthira mu Mlonga wa Mississippi. Mlonga wa Bayou Bartholomew, Saline, Little Missouri, na Caddo ni milonga iyo yikuthira mu Mlonga wa Ouachita kumwera kwa Arkansas, ndipo yikuthira mu Mlonga wa Mississippi ku Louisiana. Mlonga wa Red River ndiwo ukuyana na Texas. Ku Arkansas kuli nyanja zichoko waka na visimi vinandi:  Bull Shoals Lake, Lake Ouachita, Greers Ferry Lake, Millwood Lake, Beaver Lake, Norfork Lake, DeGray Lake, na Lake Conway.Smith 1989, p. 25.

Flora and fauna
Nkhalango ya ku Arkansas yili na vigaŵa vitatu: Ozark, Ouachita-Appalachian Forests, Mississippi Alluvial and Southeast USA Coastal Plains, and the Southeastern USA Plains. Boma ili liri na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri: Arkansas Valley, Boston Mountains, Mississippi Alluvial Plain, Mississippi Valley Loess Plain, Ozark Highlands, Ouachita Mountains, na South Central Plains. Kafukufuku wa United States Forest Service mu 2010 wakalongora kuti malo ghakukwana mahekitala 7,580,000 gha ku Arkansas ni nkhorongo, panji 56% ya malo ghose gha boma ili. Vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu nkhorongo ya Arkansas ni Quercus (oak), Carya (hickory), Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine) na Pinus taeda (loblolly pine).

Vyakumera vya ku Arkansas vikupambana kuyana na nyengo na malo agho vili. Mumphepete mwa phiri ili muli makuni ghanandi agho ghakufuma ku Arkansas m'paka ku Texas. Mu cigaŵa cose ici muli makampani ghakupanga mathabwa na mapepara. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Arkansas, kuli Taxodium (cypress), Quercus nigra (water oaks), na hickories. Kufupi na malo agha kuli malo ghekha agho kuli makuni gha tulips. Malo gha ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa charu ichi ghali na makuni gha oak na hickory, kweniso makuni gha Ozark white cedar, cornus, na Cercis canadensis. Ku malo ghapachanya gha mu Mlonga wa Arkansas, kuli mitundu yinandi ya viyuni vyamuthengere, nga ni Physematium scopulinum na Adiantum (maidenhair fern) pa Phiri la Magazine. Vinyama vyamuthengere vya ku Arkansas vikumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca viyuni vya white-tailed deer, elk, na bald eagle. Nyama ya White-tailed deer ndiyo ni nyama yakututuŵa ya boma.

Climate

Ku Arkansas nyengo njakuthukira comene. Nangauli ku Arkansas kulije mphaka na Gulf of Mexico, kweni uko kuli maji ghakutentha, ndiko kukupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yiwemi mu boma ili. Ku Arkansas, nyengo ya chihanya yikuŵa yakotcha kweniso ya chithukivu, ndipo nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa yakuzizima. Ku Little Rock, nyengo yakuzizima yikufika pa 34 °C ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikufika pa 23 °C mu mwezi wa Julayi. Mu mwezi wa Janyuwale, nyengo ya maji yikukwera kufika pa 11°C ndipo nyengo ya maji yikukhira kufika pa 32°C. Ku Siloam Springs kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawochi, kutentha kwapakati pa mwezi wa Julayi ndi 89 ndi 67 ° F (32 ndi 19 ° C) ndipo mu Januwale kutentha kwapakati ndi 44 ndi 23 ° F (7 ndi -5 ° C). Chaka chilichose mu chigaŵa ichi mukuwa maji ghakukwana mamilimita 1,000 na 1,500. Kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi kuli maji ghanandi, ndipo kumpoto kwake kukuwa. Mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi mukuŵa chiwuvi chichoko waka. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Little Rock ndiko kuli viwuvi vyakofya chomene. Ku Arkansas, nyengo yakotcha chomene ni 49 °C pa Ozark pa Ogasiti 10, 1936; nyengo yakotcha chomene ni -29 °F pa Gravette, pa Febuluwale 13, 1905.

Ku Arkansas kukucitika vinthu vyakofya comene ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuŵa mphepo. Caka cilicose cikuŵa na mphepo za ŵaleza, vivula vya mphepo, vula ya matalala, na mphepo za ciwuvi. Pakati pa mapiri gha ku Great Plains na Gulf States, ku Arkansas kukuŵavya vula mazuŵa 60. Arkansas wali mu chigaŵa chakuchemeka Tornado Alley, ndipo ntheura mu chigaŵa ichi mukachitika vindindindi vyakofya chomene mu mbiri ya United States. Nangauli Arkansas yili kutali na mphepete mwa nyanja, kweni para kwawa cimphepo cikuru, nyengo zinyake cikuŵa nga ni mphepo ya cimphepo ico cikucitiska kuti kuŵe vula yinandi mu nyengo yichoko waka, ndipo kanandi pakuŵa vindindindi vichoko.

Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Arkansas Cities City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg Fayetteville 44/24(7/-4) 51/29(10/-2) 59/38(15/3) 69/46(20/8) 76/55(24/13) 84/64(29/18) 89/69(32/20) 89/67(32/19) 81/59(27/15) 70/47(21/9) 57/37(14/3) 48/28(9/-2) 68/47(20/8) Jonesboro 45/26(7/-3) 51/30(11/-1) 61/40(16/4) 71/49(22/9) 80/58(26/15) 88/67(31/19) 92/71(34/22) 91/69(33/20) 84/61(29/16) 74/49(23/9) 60/39(15/4) 49/30(10/-1) 71/49(21/9) Little Rock 51/31(11/-1) 55/35(13/2) 64/43(18/6) 73/51(23/11) 81/61(27/16) 89/69(32/21) 93/73(34/23) 93/72(34/22) 86/65(30/18) 75/53(24/12) 63/42(17/6) 52/34(11/1) 73/51(23/11) Texarkana 53/31(11/-1) 58/34(15/1) 67/42(19/5) 75/50(24/10) 82/60(28/16) 89/68(32/20) 93/72(34/22) 93/71(34/21) 86/64(30/18) 76/52(25/11) 64/41(18/5) 55/33(13/1) 74/52(23/11) Monticello 52/30(11/-1) 58/34(14/1) 66/43(19/6) 74/49(23/10) 82/59(28/15) 89/66(32/19) 92/70(34/21) 92/68(33/20) 86/62(30/17) 76/50(25/10) 64/41(18/5) 55/34(13/1) 74/51(23/10) Fort Smith 48/27(8/-2) 54/32(12/0) 64/40(17/4) 73/49(22/9) 80/58(26/14) 87/67(30/19) 92/71(33/21) 92/70(33/21) 84/62(29/17) 75/50(23/10) 61/39(16/4) 50/31(10/0) 72/50(22/10) Average high °F/average low °F (average high °C/average low°C)

Cities and towns


Little Rock ni msumba ukuru wa boma la Arkansas kwambira mu 1821 apo ukasinthira malo gha Arkansas Post kuŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha Arkansas. Nyumba ya boma yikasamukira ku Hot Springs ndipo pamasinda yikaluta ku Washington mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa caru ca America apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Union ŵakasuzga msumba uwu mu 1862, ndipo boma la boma ili likawelera ku Little Rock yayi mpaka nkhondo yikamara. Mazuŵa ghano, Little Rock na North Little Rock ni vigaŵa vikuruvikuru chomene mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo mu 2013 mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 724,385.

Chigawo cha Fayetteville- Springdale -  Rogers Metropolitan ndi chigawo chachiwiri chachikulu kwambiri ku Arkansas, chomwe chikukula mofulumira kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi komanso kukula kwa University of Arkansas ndi Walmart.

Boma ili lili na misumba 8 iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 50,000 (kuyana na census ya mu 2010). Vili mu malo ghakupambanapambana, ni Little Rock, Fort Smith, Fayetteville, Springdale, Jonesboro, North Little Rock, Conway, na Rogers. Pa malo agha, Fort Smith na Jonesboro pera ndigho ghakaŵa kuwaro kwa mizi yiŵiri yikuru. Mizinda yinyake ya ku Arkansas yikusazgapo: Pine Bluff, Crossett, Bryant, Lake Village, Hot Springs, Bentonville, Texarkana, Sherwood, Jacksonville, Russellville, Bella Vista, West Memphis, Paragould, Cabot, Searcy, Van Buren, El Dorado, Blytheville, Harrison, Dumas, Rison, Warren, and Mountain Home.

 Chiwerengero cha ŵanthu 

Population

Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikati pa Julayi 1, 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ku Arkansas chikaŵa 3,017,804, ndipo ichi chikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwera na 3.49% kufuma pa chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu icho chikachitika mu 2010. Kuyana na census ya ku U.S ya mu 2020, Arkansas yikaŵa na ŵanthu 3,011,524.

Mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakaŵapo 15,000, kweni mu 1835 ŵakaŵapo 52,240. Mu 1836, boma likati laŵikika, ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga kaŵiri pa vyaka khumi. Boma ili likalutilira kukura mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikajumpha, kweni likalutilira kuchepa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900.

Mu 1950 na 1960, ŵakalemba ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga chifukwa cha vinthu vinandi, nga ni umo minda yikapangikira na mashini, kuchepa kwa ntchito, kweniso chifukwa chakuti mu boma mukaŵavya vinthu vinyake vyakupambana na ulimi. Mu Arkansas ŵanthu ŵakasazgikirangaso, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyi ŵanthu ŵakasazgikirangaso comene, ndipo mu 1980 ŵanthu ŵakasazgikirangaso kufika pa 2 miliyoni. Kuyana na umo vinthu vikusinthira mu Arkansas, vyaka ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala, kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito vikukolerana na umo vinthu viliri mu charu chose. Kweniso ivyo vikulongosoreka vya ŵanthu ŵachoko mu vyaru vinyake vikuyana waka na ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake. Ku Arkansas kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America kuluska ku United States. Mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Perry, pafupi na Nogal.

Kuyana na lipoti la HUD la mu 2022, ku Arkansas kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2,459 awo ŵakaŵavya nyumba. 

Race and ethnicity
Kuyana na kawonekero ka ŵanthu ka mu 2019, ku Arkansas, ŵanthu 72.0% ŵakaŵa ŵazungu, 15.4% ŵakaŵa ŵafipa, 0.5% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku America, 1.5% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Asia, 0.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Hawaii, 0.1% ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghanyake, 2.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghaŵiri panji kujumpha apa, ndipo 7.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku America. Mu chaka cha 2011, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakuwaro 80.1% (74.2% ŵakaŵa ŵazungu), 15.6% ŵakaŵa Ŵachifwiti panji Ŵafirika, 0.9% ŵakaŵa Ŵachihebere na Ŵazungu, 1.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Asia, ndipo 1.8% ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America, panji ŵa mtundu uliwose, ŵakaŵapo 6.6 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Mu 2011, 39.0% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyambura kukwana 1 ŵakaŵa ŵachoko.
Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census Race and ethnicityAloneTotal White (non-Hispanic)   African American (non-Hispanic)   Hispanic or Latino   Asian   Native American   Pacific Islander   Other  
+ Arkansas Racial Breakdown of Population Racial composition  1990  2000 2010 White  82.7%  80.0%  77.0%  African American  15.9%  15.7%  15.4%  Asian  0.5%  0.8%  1.2%  Native  0.5%  0.7%  0.8%  Native Hawaiian andother Pacific Islander  –  0.1%  0.2%  Other race  0.3%  1.5%  3.4%  Two or more races  –  1.3%  2.0% 

Ŵazungu ŵa ku America ŵali na ŵanthu ŵanandi ku mpoto kwa Ozarks na ku chigaŵa chapakati cha boma ili. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukhala comene kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa boma ili. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas awo mbakufuma ku Ireland, England, na Germany ŵakukhala kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ozarks kufupi na mphaka ya Missouri. Ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Ireland awo ŵakakhalanga ku Ozark ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Scotland na Ireland, ndipo ŵanji ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Northern Ireland, Scotland, na kumpoto kwa England. Ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Great Britain na Ireland pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yindambe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England na Scotland awo ŵakasamira ku Ireland ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵali kufuma ku England ŵakusangika mu chigaŵa chose ichi.

Mu 2010, kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America ni: 15.5%, ŵa ku Ireland 12.3%, ŵa ku Germany 11.5%, ŵa ku America 11.0%, ŵa ku England 10.1%, ŵa ku Mexico 4.7%, ŵa ku France 2.1%, ŵa ku Scotland 1.7%, ŵa ku Netherlands 1.7%, ŵa ku Italy 1.6%, na ŵa ku Ireland 1.4%.

Ŵanandi awo ŵakuti "Ŵamerica" ni ŵa ku England panji ŵa ku Scotland na Ireland. Mbumba zawo zikaŵa mu boma ili kwa nyengo yitali, kanandi zikaŵanga zindaŵeko, ntheura ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵe waka ŵa ku America panji ŵakamanyanga yayi uko ŵakafuma. Mphapu yawo yikamba na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru 13 ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa United States, ndipo pa cifukwa ici, ŵanandi mwa iwo lero ŵakuyowoya waka kuti mba ku America. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuti mbakufuma ku Ireland, mbakufuma ku Scotland na Ireland.Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera.Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.

Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu America mu 2006 na 2008, ŵanthu 93.8% ŵa ku Arkansas (awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha vinkhondi) ŵakayowoyanga waka Chingelezi pa nyumba. Pafupifupi 4.5% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi pa nyumba zawo. Pafupifupi 0.7% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero cinyake ca ku India. Pafupifupi 0.8% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca ku Asia, ndipo 0.2% ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vinyake.

Religion

Nga ni vyaru vinandi vya kumwera, Arkansas nayo njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti. Vipingo vikuru-vikuru mu 2010 ni Southern Baptist Convention na 661,382; United Methodist Church na 158,574; non-denominational Evangelical Protestants na 129,638; Catholic Church na 122,662; na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints na 31,254. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu boma ili ŵali mu visopa vinyake, nga ni Chisilamu, Chiyuda, Wicca/Paganism, Chihindu, Chibuda, ndipo ŵanyake ŵalije chisopa.

Mu 2014, Pew Research Center yikati ŵanthu 79 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ku America ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mpingo wa Southern Baptist. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake, Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndilo likaŵa likuru chomene yayi ku Arkansas. Mu 2014, pa ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti Chiuta kulije, ŵanthu 2 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakugomezga yayi kuti Chiuta waliko. Kuzakafika mu 2020, wupu wa Public Religion Research Institute ukati 71% ya ŵanthu wose mu caru ici ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ŵaprotesitanti ŵanandi na ŵa visopa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wakufipa ŵakalutilira kuwusa mu Arkansas.

Chuma


Mu Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama yayi, ndipo ku malo ghapachanya kukaŵanga minda ya viŵeto. Mu 2015, GDP ya boma ili yikaŵa $119 biliyoni. Makampani ghankhondi na limoza gha mu Fortune 500 ghali mu Arkansas, kusazgapo Walmart, Tyson Foods, J.B. Maofesi gha Hunt, Dillard's, Murphy USA, na Windstream nagho ghali mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 2015, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikaŵanga $39,107, ndipo zikaŵa pa nambara 45 mu caru cose. Mu 2011 kufika mu 2015, ndalama izo mbumba zikasanganga zikaŵanga $41,371, ndipo zikaŵanga pa nambala 49 mu caru cose. Vyakurya ivyo vikufumiskika mu charu ichi ni nkhuku na mazira, mbuto za soya, sorghum, ng'ombe, thonje, mpunga, nkhumba, na mkaka. Vinthu ivyo vikupangika mu mafakitale ni vyakurya, vinthu vya magesi, visulo, makina, na mapepara. Mu migodi ya ku Arkansas mukufuma gasi, mafuta, malibwe, bromu, na vanadium. Kuyana na CNBC, Arkansas ni boma la 20 pa maboma ghose pa charu chose pa nkhani ya bizinesi, ndipo ni lachiŵiri pa maboma ghose pa nkhani ya ndalama zakwendeskera bizinesi, lachiŵiri pa nkhani ya ndalama zakwendeskera umoyo, lachiŵiri pa nkhani ya ndalama zakwendeskera umoyo, la 11 pa nkhani ya ntchito, la 20 pa nkhani ya ndalama, la 28 pa nkhani ya ntchito za ŵanthu ŵakusambira, la 31 pa nkhani ya vinthu vyakukhumbikwa, kweniso la 32 pa nkhani ya malango ghakwendeskera bizinesi. Kufuma mu 2011, boma la Arkansas lili kukwera chomene pa malo 12 pa malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuchita bizinesi. Kuzakafika mu 2014, uwu ukaŵa msumba uwo ukaŵa na ndalama zinandi yayi.

Kufika mu mwezi wa June, 2021 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵavya nchito chikaŵa pa 4.4%; ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵavya nchito mu mwezi wa November, 2021 chikaŵa pa 3.4%.

Industry and commerce
Vinthu vyakwamba ivyo vikacitikanga ku Arkansas vikaŵa malonda gha vikumba na ulimi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima viŵeto vya thonje mu malo ghakufupi na Mlonga wa Mississippi. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose ku America, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga.

Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugwira nchito zaulimi, kweni ni mulimo wakuzirwa comene mu vyaru ivi. Arkansas ndiyo yikupanga comene mpunga, viŵeto vya nkhuku, na viyuni vya ku Turkey, ndipo yili pa malo ghatatu pa vyakurya vya thonje, viŵeto vya nkhuku, na somba. Ku Arkansas kuli makuni ghanandi, ndipo charu ichi chili pa malo ghachinayi pa charu chose kweniso pa malo ghakwamba ku South pa nkhani ya makuni. Makampani agho ghakupanga vigaŵa vinyake vya galimoto ghakujura mafakitare ku Arkansas kuti ghapange magalimoto mu vigaŵa vinyake. Bauxite kale yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa chomene pa chuma cha boma ili, ndipo yikafumanga mu chigaŵa cha Saline.U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Poultry—Production and Value, 2010 Summary, data indicates Arkansas led the nation in 2008, 2009, and 2010, in both broilers and turkeys.

Ntchito ya zokopa alendo ndiyofunikanso kwambiri pa chuma cha Arkansas; dzina la boma la boma "The Natural State" linalengedwa kuti liwonetsere zokopa alendo m'zaka za m'ma 1970, ndipo likugwiritsidwabe ntchito lero. Boma la Arkansas lili na malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusungirako vinthu, ndipo National Park Service yili na malo 7. Nyumba ya William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Library iyo yili ku Little Rock yikamara kuzengeka, ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza mu tawuni iyi na kuzakasanga malo ghakuguliskirako mabuku mu chigaŵa cha River Market. Mizinda yinandi yikupangaso viphikiro, ivyo vikukopa ŵalendo kuti ŵamanye mitheto ya ku Arkansas, nga ni The Bradley County Pink Tomato Festival ku Warren, King Biscuit Blues Festival, Ozark Folk Festival, Toad Suck Daze, na Tontitown Grape Festival.

Mayendelo


Boma la Arkansas ndilo likulaŵilira za mendero mu chigaŵa ichi. Pali misewu yinandi iyo yikujumpha mu Little Rock, kusazgapo Interstate 30 (I-30) na I-40 (msewu wachitatu uwo ŵanthu ŵakwendamo comene mu caru ici). Mu 1924, boma la Arkansas likamba kupanga misewu yinandi. Ku Arkansas kukaŵa misewu yakwamba ya msewu wa Dollarway, ndipo yikaŵa yakwamba pa misewu yose ya Interstate Highway System. Boma ili lili na misewu yinandi, kweniso misewu yinyake 8 na misewu yinyake 20 ya ku United States. Nthowa.

Kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas, I-55 yikwenda kumpoto kufuma ku Memphis kuya ku Missouri, na nthowa yiphya ya ku Jonesboro (I-555). Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Arkansas kumatumikiridwa ndi gawo la I-49 kuchokera ku Fort Smith mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Bella Vista Bypass. Chigawo cha I-49 panopa chimatsatira njira yomweyi monga gawo lakale la I-540 lomwe linkafikira kumpoto kwa I-40. Boma ili lili na misewu yikuru chomene ya 13 mu charu chose.thumb|The Missouri and Northern Arkansas Railroad

Ku Arkansas kuli njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita 4,430, iyo yili na makampeni gha njanji ghakukwana 26, kusazgapo njanji zitatu za Class I. Njanji zakunyamulira katundu zikugwira nchito comene kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas kuti ziwovwire mafakitale mu cigaŵa ici. Sitima ya Texas Eagle, iyo yikwenda na ŵanthu ŵa Amtrak, yikwenda pa malo ghankhondi mu chigaŵa cha Walnut Ridge, Little Rock, Malvern, Arkadelphia, na Texarkana.

Kweniso Arkansas wakusangirapo candulo cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito milonga yake pa malonda. Mlonga wa Mississippi na wa Arkansas ni milonga yikuru. Gulu la ŵasilikari la United States Army Corps of Engineers likusungilira nthowa ya McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, iyo yikovwira kuti maboti ghamanyenge kwambuka mlonga wa Arkansas kuya ku Port of Catoosa ku Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Pali vipatala vinayi vya malonda: Clinton National Airport (kale Little Rock National Airport panji Adams Field), Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport, Fort Smith Regional Airport, na Texarkana Regional Airport, na vipatala vinyake vichoko-vikuru mu boma ili.

Ŵalaraŵalara na ŵanthu awo ŵali na suzgo la kupendera ŵakwendeska magalimoto mu malo ghakupambanapambana.

Boma

Nga umo viliri na boma la United States, mazaza gha ndyali mu Arkansas ghali kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vitatu: wupu wakulongozga, wupu wa malango, na wupu wa ŵeruzgi. Ŵalaraŵalara wose ŵakugwira nchito kwa vilimika vinayi. Awo ŵakugwira nchito mu ofesi iyi ŵakukhala mu ofesi yiliyose kwa nyengo yichoko waka, ndipo ŵakukhala mu ofesi iyi kwa nyengo yichoko waka.

Executive

Kazembe wa boma la Arkansas ni Sarah Huckabee Sanders, wa ku Republican, uyo wakimikika pa Janyuwale 10, 2023. Mu Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵankhondi na umoza awo ŵakwimikika na boma ni mulara wa boma, nduna ya boma, loya wa boma, musungichuma, mulaŵiliri wa ndalama, na mulaŵiliri wa vyaru. Kazembe wakwimikaso ŵalongozgi ŵa mabungwe ghanyake gha boma, makomiti, na maofesi. Ŵabwanamkubwa ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakateŵeteranga kwa vyaka viŵiri, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakaŵasazgirako vyaka vinayi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika kuti ŵateŵetere mu maofesi agha ŵakukhala mu maofesi ghaŵiri kwa vyaka vinayi.

Ku Arkansas, mulongozgi wa boma wakusankhika mwakupambana na mulongozgi wa boma, ntheura wangaŵa wa chipani chinyake.

Legislative

Wupu wa Arkansas General Assembly ni wupu wa boma uwo uli na nyumba ziŵiri za malango, Senate na House of Representatives. Nyumba ya Senate yili na mamembara 35 kufuma ku vigaŵa ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵakuyana. Vigaŵa ivi vikusankikaso para kucitika kalembera wa ŵanthu ku United States, ndipo mu vilimika vya mavoti ivyo vikumalira pa "2", wupu wose ukuŵaso na mazaza. Pambuyo pa chisankhochi, theka la mipandoyo imadziwika kuti mipando ya zaka ziwiri ndipo imatha kusankhidwa kachiwiri mzaka ziwiri, "zigawozigawozi" siziwerengera malire a nyumba yamalamulo. Ŵanyake wose ŵakugwira nchito kwa vilimika vinayi. Ivi vikupangiska kuti mavoti ghaŵengeko pachokopachoko mwakuti hafu ya wupu uwu yikusankhikaso para pajumpha vyaka viŵiri. Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakasankha ŵa Republican kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza ghanandi mu Nyumba ya Senate. Ŵabali ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakukhala mu Nyumba ya Malamulo kwa vyaka viŵiri. Nyumba za mu chigaŵa ichi zikugaŵika na boma la Arkansas Board of Apportionment. Mu 2012, maRepublican ghakasanga vigaŵa 51 pa 49 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Chipani cha Republican chili na unandi mu Nyumba ya Wimiliri ya boma la Arkansas pamanyuma pa visankho vya mu 2012, ndipo ni chipani chakwamba kufuma mu 1874. Arkansas ndiyo yikaŵa boma laumaliro mu Confederation kuti lileke kuŵa na vipani vya Republican mu nyumba yiliyose kufuma apo nkhondo ya pakati pa vyaru vya America yikambira.

Para malango gha boma ghasintha, kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu boma ŵalije nkhongono. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵali na mazaza ghanandi chifukwa chakuti ŵamazaza awo ŵakusoleka ŵakusinthana.

Judicial

Boma la Arkansas lili na makhoti ghankhondi: Arkansas Supreme Court, Arkansas Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, District Courts na City Courts.

Milandu yinandi yikwamba mu khoti la ku chigaŵa, ilo likugaŵikana mu makhoti gha ku chigaŵa na makhoti gha ku chigaŵa. Makhoti gha chigaŵa gha boma ghakupanga malango pa chigaŵa chose pa chigaŵa icho chapangika na General Assembly, ndipo makhoti gha chigaŵa ghakupanga malango pa chigaŵa ichi na ŵeruzgi awo ŵakugwira ntchito ya nyengo yichoko. Pali makhoti 28 gha Circuit Court, ndipo makhoti ghose ghali na vigaŵa vinkhondi. Khoti Likuru ku Arkansas ndilo likusankha malo agho khoti ili likwenera kuzenga mulandu, ndipo palije mwaŵi wakuti khoti ili lichite apilu ku khoti likuru. Khoti Likuru Chomene la ku Arkansas lingawonaso milandu ya ku Court of Appeals para pali munthu yumoza uyo wali mu mulandu, para Court of Appeals ndiyo yapempha, panji usange khoti likuru la ku Arkansas likuwona kuti likwenera kupika mulandu uwu. Ŵeruzgi 12 ŵa khoti la apilu la Arkansas ŵakusoleka kufuma mu vigaŵa vyawo kuti ŵeruzgenge kwa vyaka 6.

Khoti Likuru Chomene la Arkansas ni khoti laumaliro mu boma ili, ndipo lili na ŵeruzgi 7 awo ŵakwimikika kwa vyaka 8. Khoti ili likakhazikiskika mu 1836 na dango la boma la Arkansas.

Federal
Ŵanalume ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Arkansas awo ŵali mu wupu wa United States, John Boozman na Tom Cotton, ni Ŵarepabulikani. Boma ili lili na mipando yinayi mu U.S. Nyumba ya Malamulo. Vipando vyose vinayi vya mu wupu wa Republican: Rick Crawford (1st district), French Hill (2nd district), Steve Womack (3rd district), na Bruce Westerman (4th district).

Politics

 Party registration as of June 2, 2021 Party Total voters Percentage  Nonpartisan 1,552,641 87.93%  Republican 123,726 7.01%  Democratic 88,508 5.01% Other 806 0.05% Total 1,765,681 100.00%
Kazembe wa boma la Arkansas, Bill Clinton, wakayowoya nkhani yitali pa ungano wa chipani cha Democratic National Convention mu 1988, ndipo wakakhozgera Michael Dukakis. Ŵanandi ŵakayowoya kuti ivyo wakayowoya vikaŵa vyakofya ku ivyo wakakhumbanga. Clinton wakati nkhani iyi yikaŵa "yakukhozga waka maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera". Mu 1992, wakasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti wa caru ici. Wakayowoya kuti ni "Mdemokratiki Muphya" ndipo wakagwiliskira nchito George H. W. Mu 1992, Clinton wakathereska mavoti 43.0 pa 100 gha mavoti gha Bush 37.5 pa 100 gha mavoti gha mulara wa boma Ross Perot 18.9 pa 100 gha mavoti gha mulara wa boma.

Ŵakaŵa na nkhongono chomene ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa boma ili, chomenechomene ku Fort Smith na Bentonville, kweniso kumpoto kwa Central Arkansas kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Mountain Home. Mu vigaŵa ivi, awo ŵakakolerananga na boma la Republican ŵakasanga mavoti 90 pa 100 panji kujumpha apa, apo awo ŵakakolerananga na boma la Democratic ŵakasanga mavoti ghanandi. Pamanyuma pa chaka cha 2010, ŵasilikari ŵa Republican ŵakalutilira kuthandazgikira kumpoto na kumwera. Ŵademocrat ŵakukhala ku Little Rock, Mississippi Delta, Pine Bluff, na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Louisiana.

Ku Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵatatu pera ndiwo ŵali kuvota ku U.S. Wupu wa Senate kufuma pa Reconstruction: Tim Hutchinson, uyo wakathereskeka na Mark Pryor; John Boozman, uyo wakathereska Blanche Lincoln; na Tom Cotton, uyo wakathereska Pryor mu 2014. Pambere chaka cha 2013 chindafike, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikaŵavya mazaza gha chipani cha Republican, chifukwa chipani cha GOP chikaŵa na mipando 51 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya chigaŵa ichi ndipo chikaŵa na mipando 21 (pa mipando 35) mu Nyumba ya Senate ya chigaŵa ichi. Boma la Arkansas likaŵa limoza mwa maboma ghatatu agho ghakatumizga ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa chipani cha Democratic ku United States. Ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Florida na Virginia.

Mu 2010, ŵa Republican ŵakathereska mipando yitatu pa mipando yinayi ya ku United States. Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mu 2012, ŵakasora ŵanthu wose ŵanayi ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Boma la Arkansas likaŵa na mazaza ghakupambanapambana pa vyaru vyose vya U.S. Wupu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ukapangika na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵapo pa nkhondo (Rick Crawford, Army; Tim Griffin, Army Reserve; Steve Womack, Army National Guard; Tom Cotton, Army). Apo Pryor wakathereskeka mu 2014, gulu lose la mavoti likaŵa mu mawoko gha chipani cha Republican, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kufuma apo vinthu vikasinthira.

Ku Arkansas kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakugomezga visambizgo vya Cikhristu. Ivi vikacitika pamanyuma pakuti Khoti Likuru Chomene ladumura mulandu wa Dobbs v. Wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanakazi wa Jackson, ku Arkansas, ukaŵa yumoza wa vigaŵa vinkhondi na vinayi ivyo vikukanizga kubaba. Kuyana na dango la boma la Arkansas, munthu waliyose wali na wanangwa wa kugwira nchito. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasora boma ili ŵakakanizga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera mu 2004, ndipo 75% ŵakakolerana nayo, nangauli dango ili likagwira ntchito yayi kufuma apo Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumulira mulandu wa Obergefell v. Hodges.

Mu Arkansas ŵakulutilira kupeleka chilango cha nyifwa. Nthowa zinyake izo ŵakutolera kuti ŵamukome ni mpando wa magesi.

Military
Chipatala cha Strategic Air Command ku Little Rock Air Force Base chikaŵa chimoza mwa vipatala 18 vya 308th Strategic Missile Wing (308th SMW), ndipo chimoza mwa vipatala 9 vya 374th Strategic Missile Squadron (374th SMS). Gulu la asilikari ili ndilo likagwiranga nchito ya Launch Complex 374 ⁇ 7, uko mu 1980 kukawa bomba la Titan II Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) ku Damascus, Arkansas.

Taxation
Dipatimenti ya Arkansas ya Vyachuma na ya Vyakupwelelera Boma ndiyo yikusonkheska misonkho.

Umoyo

Kuyana na 2012, Arkansas, nga ni vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa United States, wali na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakufwa mwamabuchi, awo ŵakufwa na nthenda ya mtima, kweniso awo ŵakufwa chifukwa cha ntchito. Boma ili lili pa malo gha nambara 43 pamoza na New York pa ciŵerengero ca ŵanthu ŵalara awo ŵakucita maseŵero mwakukhazikika. Kanandi boma la Arkansas ndilo likuŵa na ŵanthu ŵambura umoyo uwemi chomene chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakututuŵa chomene, awo ŵakukhweŵa hona, na awo ŵakukhala waka, kweni kuyana na kafukufuku wa Gallup, boma la Arkansas ndilo likachita makora chomene pa nkhani ya kuchepeska unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵalije inshuwalansi. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵalije inshuwalansi mu Arkansas chikakhira kufuma pa 22.5 mu 2013 kufika pa 12.4 mu Ogasiti 2014.

Mu 2006, boma la Arkansas likakanizga ŵanthu kusumba hona mu nyumba zawo, kweni mu malo ghanyake yayi.

Mu Arkansas, chipatala chilichose icho chili mu gulu la chipatala cha Arkansas Hospital Association ndicho chikupeleka wovwiri wa vyaumoyo. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikuŵa na maofesi ghakupambanapambana ni Baptist Health, Community Health Systems, na HealthSouth. Yunivesite ya Arkansas ya Medical Sciences (UAMS) ku Little Rock yili na UAMS Medical Center, chipatala icho chikusambizga vya kansa na nthenda ya misipa. Dipatimenti ya vya ŵana ya UAMS Medical Center yikumanyikwa kuti Arkansas Children's Hospital, ndipo yikumanyikwa chomene pa nkhani ya nthenda ya mtima na opareshoni ya mtima. Vipatala viŵiri ivi ni vyekha ivyo vili na malo ghakuponerako ŵalwari.

Masambiro

Ku Arkansas kuli vipatala vyakukwana 1,064 ivyo vikusanga ndalama kufuma ku boma, kweniso masukulu gha pulayimale, gha junior na gha sekondare.

Boma likugwiliska nchito yunivesite na makoleji gha boma, kusazgapo yunivesite ziŵiri zikuruzikuru: Arkansas State University System na University of Arkansas System. Yunivesite ya Arkansas, iyo yili ku Fayetteville, yikaŵa pa malo gha 63 pa masukulu gha boma mu charu chose cha United States. News & World Report. Maunivesite ghanyake ni University of Arkansas ku Pine Bluff, Arkansas Tech University, Henderson State University, Southern Arkansas University, na University of Central Arkansas. Kweniso mu tawuni iyi muli makoleji na mayunivesite ghakukwana 11, kusazgapo Hendrix College, limoza mwa makoleji 100 gha maluso agho ghakusangika mu charu ichi. News & World Report.

Mu ma 1920, boma likalangura kuti ŵana wose ŵanjire sukulu za boma. Chaka cha sukulu chikaŵa na mazuŵa 131, nangauli vigaŵa vinyake vikaŵavya mazuŵa agha.

Ku Arkansas, ŵana ŵa sukulu 20,083 ŵali kukomeka pa sukulu ya boma, kuyana na ivyo boma likayowoya mu 2011-12. Ciŵerengero ca ŵana awo ŵakutambuzgika mu masukulu gha boma cikuluska mu Mississippi pera.

Educational attainment
Arkansas ni limoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira comene. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵali na digiri ya ku sekondare panji ya ku koleji, caru ici cili pa malo ghaumaliro. Boma ili likutondeka kupeleka ndalama zakukwana ku sukulu, malipiro gha ŵasambizgi ngakudokeka, kweniso ndyali zikunjilirapo pa masambiro.

Malipoti ghakukhwaskana na masambiro mu nyengo yakale ghakaŵa ghambura kukolerana ndipo ghakaŵa ghakugomezgeka yayi. Maofesi ghanandi gha boma ghakapelekanga lipoti lose yayi kwa nduna ya boma, iyo yikaŵanga nga ni mulara wa masukulu gha boma. Kweni ciŵerengero ca ŵazungu ŵa vyaka vyakujumpha 20 awo ŵakamanyanga yayi kuŵazga na kulemba cikaŵa:
1840, 21%
1850, 25%
1860, 17%

Mu 2010, ŵana ŵa sukulu ku Arkansas ŵakalemba 20.3 pa mayeso gha ACT, ndipo pa charu chose ŵakalemba 21. Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa unandi wa ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakalemba mayeso kufuma apo ŵakambiskira sukulu ya Academic Challenge. Masukulu ghapachanya ghakumanyikwa na U.S. Nkhani & World Report zikupharazgika mu chigaŵa chose, kusazgapo Haas Hall Academy mu Fayetteville, KIPP Delta Collegiate mu Helena-West Helena, Bentonville, Rogers, Rogers Heritage, Valley Springs, Searcy, na McCrory. Sukulu zose za ku Arkansas zikaŵa 81 ndipo zikaŵa pa malo ghakwamba. Lipoti la mu 2012 la News & World.

Arkansas wali pa malo gha 32 pa malo gha Morgan Quitno Smartest State Award, 44 pa malo gha ŵanthu awo ŵali na diploma ya high school, na 48 pa malo gha ŵanthu awo ŵali na degree ya bachelor's degree. Boma la Arkansas lacita makora comene pa nkhani ya kusintha masambiro. Mlungu wa Masambililo walumba boma ili, likukhala pa malo 10 pachanya pa Quality Counts Education Rankings chaka chilichose kufuma mu 2009 apo likukhala pa malo 5 pachanya mu 2012 na 2013. Boma la Arkansas likapokera A pa nkhani ya kusintha vinthu na kulondezga malango gha boma pa nkhani ya sukulu za ŵana ŵachoko, masambiro gha ku koleji, na ntchito. Kazembe Mike Beebe wakuyezgayezga kuti waŵike ndalama zinandi pa masambiro, ndipo ivi vyawovwira kuti masambiro ghaŵeko ghawemi. Boma ili ndilo likwamba kusintha masukulu kuti ghaŵe na masukulu ghakukonkhera ŵana ŵa sukulu kuti ŵalute ku masukulu gha sekondare, ndipo likutumbika ŵasambizgi awo ŵakufiska makora masambiro ghawo, kweniso likutumbika ŵalongozgi ŵa masukulu awo ŵakugwira nchito mu masukulu gha pasi pa sekondare.

Funding
Nga ni umo vyaru vikapangikira, ndipo pamasinda mu mazuŵa ghakwambilira gha kuŵa boma, masambiro ghakaŵanga na ndalama izo zikafumanga ku malonda gha malo gha boma agho ghakaŵa pasi pa boma. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa yakukwana yayi ndipo yikaŵanga yakusuzga kupokera vimbundi. Mu 1854, Kazembe Elias N. Conway wakati, "Tili na dango la masukulu ghakukolerana, ilo likukhumba kuti tisange masukulu ghakukolerana mu vigaŵa vyose vya boma; kweni pakuti kulije ndalama zakukwana, masukulu ghachoko waka ghakugwira nchito mwakuyana na dango ili". Pa nyengo iyo, pa ŵana 100, mwana yumoza pa ŵana ŵanayi ndiyo wakaŵa pa sukulu. Apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambanga, boma likaŵa na masukulu 25 pera gha ŵanthu wose.

Mu 1867, ŵamazaza ŵa boma ŵakaŵa ŵa Confederate. Likapeleka dango la masukulu agho ghakazomerezganga kuti masukulu gha ŵanthu wose ghaŵe gha ŵazungu pera.

Mu 1868, wupu wa malango ukakanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Confederate kuti ŵaleke kunjira usilikari, ndipo ukapeleka dango likuru chomene ilo likalongosoranga vya ndalama na vinthu vinyake, na kuzomerezga ŵana ŵa ŵanthu ŵafipa kuti ŵalute ku sukulu. Kuti ivi vicitike, mu 1868 boma likapeleka dango lakuti munthu waliyose wapelekenge msonkho wa ndalama zakwendeskera masukulu. Mu 1868, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulongozga masukulu gha mu County.

Mu 2014, boma la Arkansas likagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana $9,616 pa msambiri waliyose, pakuyaniska na ndalama zakukwana $11,000 izo boma la Arkansas likagwiliskiranga nchito pa sukulu zose.

Timeline
 1829 Territorial legislature permits townships to establish schools
 1868 State law requires racial segregation of schools
 1871 University of Arkansas established
 1873 University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff established as a school to train black teachers
 1877 Philander Smith College established as a school for black students
 1890 Henderson State University established (as a private school, becoming Henderson State Teachers College in 1929)
 1885 Arkansas School for the Deaf and Arkansas School for the Blind established
 1909 Arkansas Tech University, Southern Arkansas University, University of Arkansas at Monticello and Arkansas State University established as schools offering high school diplomas and vocational training
  Schooling made compulsory
 1925 University of Central Arkansas established (as Arkansas State Normal School)
 1948 University of Arkansas School of Law admits a black student
 1957 Governor Orval Faubus uses National Guard troops to oppose racial integration of Little Rock Central High School
 1958 United States Supreme Court overrules the governor
 1983 Arkansas State Supreme Court rules that the state's funding of education is Constitutionally deficient

Media
Mu 2010, manyuzipepara gha ku Arkansas ghakaŵa gha WEHCO Media, Lancaster Management, Paxton Media Group, Rust Communications, Stephens Media, na GateHouse Media.

Culture

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakutemwa kurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, kuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, na viphikiro vyawo. Maseŵero nagho ngakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu aŵa, kusazgapo bola, baseball, basketball, kuvina, na ulovi. Cinthu cinyake ico cikumanyikwa comene mu cikaya ca ku Arkansas nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cikaya ici mbanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mapiri. Zina ili likamba kumanyikwa apo ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake ŵakayowoya kuti malo agha ghakaŵa nga ni mapopa ghakofya agho mukaŵa vigeŵenga na ŵankhungu. Chinthu chinyake icho chikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi ni buku la The Arkansas Traveller, ilo likulongosora nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas mu vyaka vya m'ma 1840. Nangauli mazgu agha ghakayowoyanga vya ŵanthu ŵasambazi ŵa ku Arkansas na ŵanthu ŵakavu ŵa ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa Arkansas, kweni ghakazgoka waka mazgu gha munthu wa ku mpoto uyo wali mu mapiri gha Ozarks pa hachi lituŵa. Boma ili likusuzgikaso cifukwa ca kusankhana mitundu uko kukacitikanga mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Confederate, ndipo vinthu vyapadera nga ni ivyo vikacitika ku Little Rock vikawovwira kuti zina la Arkansas liŵe likuru.

Mu nyumba zakuwoneskeramo vinthu vyakale muli vinthu vyakuzirwa ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas na ŵalendo ŵakukondwa navyo. Mu 2012, ŵanthu 604,000 ŵakaluta ku Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art ku Bentonville. Mu nyumba iyi muli nthowa zakwenda na malo ghakusambizgirapo, kweniso muli vinthu vyakujumpha 450 ivyo vikulongora luso la ku America lwa vyaka 500 ivyo vyajumpha. Mzinda wa Arkansas uli na malo ghanandi agho ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale. Ghanyake mwa malo agha ni Historic Washington State Park, Powhatan Historic State Park na Davidsonville Historic State Park.

Mu Arkansas muli nyimbo zakupambanapambana za ŵanthu ŵa ku West Memphis, Pine Bluff, Helena ⁇ West Helena, rockabilly, bluegrass, na nyimbo za ku Ozarks. Vyakukondwelera nga ni King Biscuit Blues Festival na Bikes, Blues, na BBQ vikulumba mbiri ya blues mu boma ili. Ozark Folk Festival ku Mountain View ndi chikondwerero cha chikhalidwe cha Ozark ndipo nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi oimba a folk ndi bluegrass. Mabuku gha ku Arkansas nga ni I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings gha Maya Angelou na A Painted House gha John Grisham ghakulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga mu nyengo zakupambanapambana.Sutherlin 1996, p. 17.Sutherlin 1996, p. 20.Blevins 2009, p. 30.Arnold et al. 2002, p. 115.Blevins 2009, p. 15.

Sports and recreation
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero, ndipo ŵakukondwa kuŵapo pa maseŵero ghakupambanapambana na kuwona ivyo vikucitika.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha pa timu, comenecomene maseŵero gha pa koleji. Mpira wa pa koleji ku Arkansas ukayamba mu 1894. Kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakuwona kuti timu ya Arkansas Razorbacks ndiyo yikulongora kuti boma ili ndakuzirwa. Nangauli Yunivesite ya Arkansas yili ku Fayetteville, kweni timu ya Razorbacks yikaseŵereskanga kamoza pa nyengo yiliyose pa War Memorial Stadium ku Little Rock kuti yikondweske ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas.

Arkansas State University ndiyo yikaŵa timu yaciŵiri ya NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) (iyo pa nyengo iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti Division I-A) mu boma ili mu 1992 pamanyuma pakuseŵera mu vigaŵa vya pasi kwa vilimika pafupifupi makumi ghaŵiri. Masukulu ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa kuti ghandachitepo maseŵero agha chifukwa cha dango la Yunivesite ya Arkansas lakuti ŵaleke kuseŵera maseŵero gha mu vigaŵa vinyake. Masukulu ghanyake ghaŵiri gha ku Yunivesite ya Arkansas ghakaŵa mu gulu la I. Yunivesite ya Arkansas ku Pine Bluff ndi membala wa Southwestern Athletic Conference, ligi yomwe mamembala ake onse amasewera mpira mu Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). Yunivesite ya Arkansas ku Little Rock, iyo yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Little Rock, yikamba kuseŵera mu Sun Belt Conference, ndipo yikamba kuseŵera mu Ohio Valley Conference mu 2022. Wina wa chigawo I membala wa boma ndi University of Central Arkansas (UCA), amene anagwirizana ndi ASUN Conference mu 2021 atachoka ku FCS Southland Conference. Chifukwa chakuti ASUN sikukonzekera kuyamba mpikisano wa mpira wa FCS mpaka chaka cha 2022, mpira wa UCA ukuchita mpikisano ku Western Athletic Conference ngati gawo la mgwirizano wapakati pa masewera awiriwa. Ma koleji ghanayi gha ku Arkansas ghakwimba mu NCAA Division II, ghanayi mu Great American Conference ndipo limoza mu Lone Star Conference. Masukulu ghanyake ghaŵiri gha ku Arkansas ghakuseŵera mu NCAA Division III, uko masukulu gha maseŵero ghakukanizgika. Maseŵero gha mpira mu masukulu gha ku sekondare ghakamba kutchuka ku Arkansas mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900.

Maseŵero gha baseball ghakaŵako ku Arkansas ndipo ghakatemwekanga chomene pambere charu ichi chindambe kuchitiska maseŵero gha baseball ku Hot Springs kwambira mu 1886 m'paka m'ma 1920. Timu ziŵiri za ku Little League zili mu chigaŵa ichi. Gulu la Arkansas Travelers likusewera ku Dickey  ⁇  Stephens Park ku North Little Rock, ndipo Northwest Arkansas Naturals ikusewera ku Arvest Ballpark ku Springdale. Timu yiliyose yikupambana mu Double-A Central.

Ŵalwani ŵakulutilira kupenja nyama mu caru ici. Mu 1915, boma la Arkansas likakhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya somba na nyama. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Arkansas ŵakutemwa kupenja nkhunda mu mlonga wa Mississippi, kweniso mbaŵala mu chigaŵa chose.Sutherlin 1996, p. 164. Wupu wa Ducks Unlimited ukati msumba wa Stuttgart, ku Arkansas, "ni malo ghakupambanapambana pa caru cose". Ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kupenja vilwero na mauta ŵali na malo ghakukwana mahekitala ghanandi.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Arkansas ŵakutemwa chomene kukoma somba, ndipo boma la Arkansas nalo likovwirika chifukwa cha kuzenga madamu ghanandi mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵasambiri ŵa Baibolo ŵakamba kupenja nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu kuti ŵasambire unenesko wa mu Baibolo. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu nyumba za ŵacekuru, nga ni Bull Shoals, Hot Springs Village, na Fairfield Bay, ŵakukondwa comene cifukwa cakuti ŵali pafupi na nyanja ya somba. Wupu wa National Park Service ukasungilira Mlonga wa Buffalo National River kuti uleke kunangika, ndipo ŵalovi ŵakuluta kukawuwona chaka chilichose.

Attractions
Ku Arkansas kuli malo ghanandi agho ghakusungika na National Park System. Zina mwa izo ni izi:
 Arkansas Post National Memorial at Gillett
 Blanchard Springs Caverns
 Buffalo National River
 Fort Smith National Historic Site
 Hot Springs National Park
 Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site
 Pea Ridge National Military Park
 President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site
 Arkansas State Capitol Building
 List of Arkansas state parks

Wonaniso
 Index of Arkansas-related articles
 Outline of Arkansas
 Spanish Empire
 History of Louisiana
 USS Arkansas, 5 ships



Vyakulemba

Ukaboni

Bibliography












 Vyakulemba vinyake 

 Blair, Diane D. & Jay Barth Arkansas Politics & Government: Do the People Rule? (2005)
 Deblack, Thomas A. With Fire and Sword: Arkansas, 1861–1874 (2003)
 Donovan, Timothy P. and Willard B. Gatewood Jr., eds. The Governors of Arkansas (1981)
 Dougan, Michael B. Confederate Arkansas (1982),
 Duvall, Leland. ed., Arkansas: Colony and State (1973)
 Hamilton, Peter Joseph. The Reconstruction Period (1906), full length history of era; Dunning School approach; 570 pp; ch 13 on Arkansas
 Hanson, Gerald T. and Carl H. Moneyhon. Historical Atlas of Arkansas (1992)
 Key, V. O. Southern Politics (1949)
 Kirk, John A., Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940–1970 (2002).
 McMath, Sidney S. Promises Kept (2003)
 Moore, Waddy W. ed., Arkansas in the Gilded Age, 1874–1900 (1976).
 Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974).
 Thompson, Brock. The Un-Natural State: Arkansas and the Queer South (2010)
 Thompson, George H. Arkansas and Reconstruction (1976)
 Whayne, Jeannie M. Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives (2000)
 White, Lonnie J. Politics on the Southwestern Frontier: Arkansas Territory, 1819–1836 (1964)
 Williams, C. Fred. ed. A Documentary History Of Arkansas (2005)

 Vigaŵa vya kuwalo 

 Arkansas.gov—Official State Website
 Arkansas State Facts from USDA
 Official State tourism website
 Encyclopedia of Arkansas
 Energy & Environmental Data for Arkansas
 U.S. Census Bureau
 2000 Census of Population and Housing for Arkansas, U.S. Census Bureau
 USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Arkansas
 Arkansas Summer Camps
 Arkansas Shakespeare Theatre



 Arkansas State Code (the state statutes of Arkansas)
 Arkansas State Databases—Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Arkansas state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.


Category:1836 establishments in the United States
Category:South Central United States
Category:Southern United States
Category:States and territories established in 1836
Category:States of the Confederate States of America
Category:States of the United States
Category:Contiguous United States