Alaska

Alaska ( ) ni boma la ku United States ilo lili kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa North America. Charu cha United States, chili na mphaka na British Columbia na Yukon ku Canada kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo chili na mphaka na Chukotka Autonomous Okrug ku Russia. Kumpoto kuli Nyanja ya Chukchi na Beaufort ya Arctic Ocean, ndipo kumwera na kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Nyanja ya Pacific.

Alaska ni boma likuru chomene ku U.S. ndipo lili na chigaŵa chikuru kuluska vigaŵa vitatu vikuruvikuru vya Texas, California, na Montana. Ndipo ni chigaŵa cha nambara 7 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chose chapasi. Ni boma lachitatu ilo lili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene mu U.S. State, kweni lili na ŵanthu 736,081 mu chaka cha 2020, ndipo ni boma ilo lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu U.S.  Msumba wa Juneau ndiwo msumba waciŵiri ukuru mu United States, ndipo msumba wakale wa Alaska, Sitka, ndiwo msumba ukuru comene mu United States. Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska ŵakukhala mu tawuni ya Anchorage.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska ŵakamba kukhalako vyaka vinandi chomene, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti malo agha ndigho ghakaŵa malo ghakwamba ghakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku North America ŵambe kukhalamo. Boma la Russia ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kukhazikiska maboma mu chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ndipo pamasinda likakhazikiska charu cha Russia ku America, icho chikaŵa mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1867 caru ici cikaguliskika ku U.S. pa mtengo wa madola 7.2 miliyoni cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi ndiposo cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo pakucita mulimo uwu. (equivalent to $ million in ). Malo agha ghakasintha kanandi waka pambere ŵandambe kughasazga kuŵa chigaŵa pa Meyi 11, 1912. Ndipo pa Janyuwale 3, 1959, yikazgoka boma la nambara 49.

Vinthu vyakuthupi vyakukwana vyawovwira Alaska kuŵa na ndalama zinandi pa munthu yumoza, ndipo bizinesi ya somba, ya gasi, na mafuta, ndivyo vikupangiska kuti Alaska yiŵe na ndalama zinandi. U.S Boma likupeleka malo ghanandi ku ŵasilikari na ku ŵakwendakwenda. Malo ghakujumpha hafu ya chigaŵa ichi ghali na nkhorongo, mapaki, na malo ghakusungira vinyama.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska ndiwo mbacoko comene mu caru cose ca U.S., ŵakujumpha 15 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵali na mazaza ghakuru pa ndyali.

Zina
Zina lakuti "Alaska" (Russian: Аля́ска, tr.), zina lakuti Alyáska likamba kuzunulika mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Russia, apo likalembekanga kuti Alaska Peninsula. Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la ciyowoyero ca Aleut lakuti alaxsxaq, ilo likung'anamura "caru cinyake" panji, "cinthu ico cikulongozgeka na nyanja"., at pp. 49 (Alaxsxi-x = mainland Alaska), 50 (alagu-x = sea), 508 (-gi = suffix, object of its action).Ransom, J. Ellis. 1940. "Derivation of the Word "Alaska", " American Anthropologist n.s., 42: pp. 550–551

Mbili

 Pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kukhala mu vyaru vinyake 
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Alaska ŵakakhalanga kwenekuko vyaka vinandi pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike. Kusanda viyowoyero na DNA uko kwacitikira pa malo agha, kwapeleka ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku North America ŵakakhala pa malo agho ghakaŵa pafupi na Bering. Ku malo ghakucemeka Upward Sun River mu Tanana Valley ku Alaska, ŵakasanga viwangwa vya bonda wa masabata ghankhondi na limoza. DNA ya mwana uyu yikalongora kuti wakaŵa wa mtundu unyake uwo ukaŵa wakupambana na mitundu yinyake iyo yikaŵako ku New World mu nyengo ya Pleistocene. Ben Potter, uyo ni nkhwantha ya vya m'mabwinja pa Yunivesite ya Alaska ku Fairbanks, ndiyo wakafukura viswaswa vya ŵanthu aŵa mu 2013 pa malo ghakuchemeka Upward Sun River.

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tlingit ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agho mazuŵa ghano ni Southeast Alaska, British Columbia, na Yukon. Kweniso kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Haida, awo sono ŵakamanyikwanga comene cifukwa ca maluso ghawo ghapadera. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tsimshian ŵakiza ku Alaska kufuma ku British Columbia mu 1887, apo pulezidenti Grover Cleveland, ndipo pamasinda pulezidenti wa U.S. Ŵakazomerezgeka kukhala pa Chirwa cha Annette na kusanga tawuni ya Metlakatla. Ŵanthu ŵatatu aŵa, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Northwest Coast, ŵakasuzgika na nthenda ya nthomba kwambira kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 m'paka m'ma 1800. Nthenda iyi yikakura comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1830 na 1860, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa.Brian C. Hosmer, American Indians in the Marketplace: Persistence and Innovation among the Menominees and Metlakatlans, 1870–1920 (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1999), pp. 129–131, 200.

Mu virwa vya Aleutian mukukhala ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Aleutian awo ŵakwenda mu nyanja, nangauli ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kuyuzgika na Ŵarussia. Kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Alaska ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yup'ik, ndipo ŵabali ŵawo ŵa mtundu wa Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa icho lero ni Southcentral Alaska. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Gwich'in awo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi mbanthu ŵa mtundu wa Athabaskan ndipo lero ŵakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa chakuti ŵakuthemba chomene nyama za mtundu wa caribou izo zili mu chigaŵa cha Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Ku North Slope na ku Little Diomede Island ndiko kukukhala ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Inupiat.

Chikoloni


Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala ku Alaska mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti mu 1648, ŵakwendeska sitima za Semyon Dezhnyov ŵakiza ku Alaska na kukhazikiska malo agha. Fundo iyi yikuthemba pa ukaboni wa Nikolai Daurkin, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa vya mu caru ca Chukchi, ndipo wakaluta ku Alaska mu 1764-1765 ndipo wakayowoya za muzi unyake uwo ukaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Kheuveren, uwo ukaŵa na "ŵanalume ŵavyoni" awo "ŵakalombanga ku vikozgo". Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuti Kheuveren ni Mlonga wa Koyuk.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti sitima ya ku Europe ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba kufika ku Alaska. Gabriel wakulongozgeka na M. S. Gvozdev na movwiri wake I. Fyodorov pa Ogasiti 21, 1732, pa ulendo wa A. F. Shestakov na Dmitry Pavlutsky (1729-1735).Аронов В. Н. Патриарх Камчатского мореходства. // "Вопросы истории рыбной промышленности Камчатки": Историко-краеведческий сб.—Вып. 3.—2000. Вахрин С. Покорители великого океана. Петроп.-Камч.: Камштат, 1993. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakizaso ku Alaska mu 1741, apo Vitus Bering wakadangiliranga gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Russia ilo likaluta ku Alaska pa sitima ya St. Peter. Wati wawelera ku Russia na vikumba vya viyuni ivyo ŵakaviwonanga kuti ni viwemi comene pa caru cose capasi, ŵamalonda ŵa vikumba ŵakamba kwambuka nyanja ya Siberia kuluta ku virwa vya Aleutian. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala mu msumba uwu mu 1784.

Pakati pa 1774 na 1800, caru ca Spain cikaluta ku Alaska kanandi waka kuti cikapoke malo gha ku Pacific Northwest. Mu 1789, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakazenga msumba wa Nootka Sound. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaluta ku malo ghanyake nga ni Valdez, Bucareli Sound, na Cordova. Pamanyuma, Russian-American Company yikambiska pulogiramu yikuru ya kukolonizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Sitka, uyo kufuma mu 1804 mpaka 1867 wakacemekanga New Archangel, wakaŵa pa cirwa ca Baranof mu Alexander Archipelago, ico sono ni Southeast Alaska, ndipo wakaŵa msumba ukuru wa Russia America. Ndipo likaŵa likuru la caru ici nanga ni apo boma la United States likaŵapoka. Ŵarusiya ŵakakolonyapo yayi Alaska, ndipo nchito iyi yikaŵanga yakukondweska yayi. Mu vigaŵa vyose vya kumwera kwa Alaska, pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha.

William H. Mu 1867, Seward, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya boma la United States, wakadumbiskana na boma la Russia pa nkhani ya kugura Alaska (panji kuti Seward's Folly) pa mtengo wa $7.2 miliyoni. Themba la Russia Alexander II, Themba la Poland na Grand Duke wa Finland, nalo likakhumbanga kuguliska nyumba iyi, ndipo likaguliska pa March 30, 1867. Pakati pajumpha myezi yinkhondi na umoza, ŵabali ŵakafika ku Sitka ndipo ŵakanozga vyakuti ŵakamupeleke ku ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari 250 ŵa ku United States ŵakaluta ku nyumba ya kazembe ku "Castle Hill", uko ŵasilikari ŵa ku Russia ŵakakhizga ndembera ya ku Russia na kukwezga ya ku United States. Pa Okutobala 18, zuŵa ili likukondwelera kuti ni Zuŵa la Alaska.The man who $old Alaska  – Anchorage Daily News

Pakwamba boma la Alaska likaŵa la ŵasilikari pera, ndipo likamba kuwusa nga ni chigaŵa mu 1884, ndipo kazembe wakimikikanga na pulezidenti wa United States. Mu Sitka mukaŵa khoti likuru la boma. Mu vyaka vinandi ivyo Alaska wakaŵa pasi pa ndembera ya United States, Sitka ndiwo ukaŵa msumba umo mukakhalanga ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Ŵakakhazikiska "boma la kanyengo kachoko", ilo likaŵa boma lakwamba ku Alaska, kweni likaŵa lakwamba yayi. Dango ilo likazomerezganga ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza gha msumba likapelekeka mu 1900, ndipo boma likaŵa na mazaza ghacoko waka mu misumba iyi, ndipo likaŵavya m'paka mu 1959.

 Alaska ni chigaŵa cha United States 

Kufumira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890 m'paka mu 1910, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenja golide ku Alaska na ku Yukon. Mu 1912, boma la Alaska likazomerezgeka kuŵa chigaŵa. Msumba wa Alaska uwo ukaŵa ku Sitka m'paka mu 1906, ukasamukira kumpoto ku Juneau. Kuzenga nyumba ya kazembe wa Alaska kukayamba mu cilimika ici. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakafuma ku Norway na Sweden nawo ŵakamba kukhala ku Alaska, ndipo ŵakamba kugwira nchito ya ulovi na kudumura makuni.

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, nkhondo ya pa virwa vya Aleutian yikakhwaska virwa vya Attu, Agattu, na Kiska, ivyo vyose vikaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa Japan. Pa nyengo iyo caru cikaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa Japan, muzungu yumoza wa ku America na ŵaŵiri ŵa ku United States Navy ŵakakomeka pa Attu na Kiska, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 50 ŵa mtundu wa Aleut na ŵasilikari ŵankhondi na ŵatatu ŵakakomeka ku Japan. Pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa viŵiri vya Aleut vikafwa mu nyengo iyo ŵakasungikanga. Unalaska/Dutch Harbor na Adak ghakazgoka malo ghakuru gha ŵasilikari ŵa United States Army, United States Army Air Forces na United States Navy. Pulogiramu ya Lend-Lease ya ku United States yikacitiska kuti ndege za nkhondo za ku America zilute ku Fairbanks na ku Nome. Ŵapayiniya ŵa boma la Soviet ŵakatora ndege izi na kuluta nazo ku Germany kuti zikarwe nkhondo na Ŵasovieti. Kuzengeka kwa misasa ya ŵasilikari kukawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵanandi mu misumba yinyake ya ku Alaska.

 Kuŵa Boma 


Kuŵa boma la Alaska kukaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene kwa James Wickersham mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa mulara wa wupu wa malango. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinandi, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti boma liŵe lawo likamba kulimbikira comene, pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana za umo boma likwenera kuŵira mu 1946. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, pakaŵaso wupu wa ku Alaska uwo ukazomerezga kuti charu ichi chiŵe na boma ndipo pamasinda pakaŵaso wupu unyake uwo ukazomerezga kuti boma ili liŵe na dango. Awo ŵakakolerananga na fundo yakuti boma limoza liŵe na mazaza pa charu chose, ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵandyali, comenecomene ku U.S. Ŵakaŵaso ku Alaska. Boma la U.S. likazomerezga kuti ŵaŵe na boma. Pa Julayi 7, 1958, wupu wa United States ukazomerezga kuti Alaska yiŵe boma.

 Chindindindi cha pa Cinkhondi Cacitatu 

Pa Malichi 27, 1964, chindindindi chikuru chikakoma ŵanthu 133 ndipo chikaparanya mizi yinandi na vigaŵa vinyake vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Cindindindi ici cikaŵa ca nambara 4 pa vindindindi vyakofya comene mu mdauko wose, ndipo apo cikacitikanga cikaŵa cikuru kufika pa 9.2 (nkhongono yake yikaŵa yikuru comene kuluska ya cindindindi ico cikacitika mu 1989 ku San Francisco). Nyengo ya zuŵa (5:36 pm), nyengo ya cilimika (masika) na malo agho kukacitikira cindindindi vyose vikazunulika kuti vikaponoska ŵanthu ŵanandi, comene-comene mu msumba wa Anchorage.

Chindindindi ichi chikaŵa chankhongono chomene ndipo chikachitika kwa maminiti ghanayi na masekondi 38, ndipo chikalutilira kuŵa chankhongono m'paka sono. Chiduli icho chikaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 970 chikaphulika nyengo yeneyiyo ndipo chikafika pa mtunda wa mamita 18, ndipo chikafumiska nkhongono izo zikaŵa kuti zakhalako kwa vyaka 500. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikanangika pa malo agha, nga ni dongo, vikapangiska kuti vinthu vinyake viwoneke makora yayi. Ku Anchorage, nyumba zinandi zikaparanyika, ndipo nyumba zinyake zikaŵa na visulo (misewu, misewu ya m'mphepete mwa msewu, magesi, na vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakapanga), chomenechomene mu malo agho kukaŵa mathipa. Malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa pafupi na Kodiak, agho ghakaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 320 kumwera, ghakaŵa pachanya pa mtunda wa mamita 9. Kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Anchorage, vigaŵa vya Turnagain Arm pafupi na Girdwood na Portage vikakhira mamita 2.4, ivyo vikakhumbikwiranga kuzengekaso na kuzura kuti nthowa ya Seward Highway yiŵe pachanya pa maji ghakututuka.

Ku Prince William Sound, ku Port Valdez kukawa chimphepo chikuru, ndipo ŵanthu 32 ŵakafwa. Pafupi na malo agha, tsunami uyo ukaŵa pachanya mamita 8.2 wakaparanya muzi wa Chenega, ndipo wakakoma ŵanthu 23 pa ŵanthu 68 awo ŵakakhalanga mu muzi uwu. Cigumula ico cikaŵako pamanyuma pa cindindindi cikakhwaska comene ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi ya Whittier, Seward, Kodiak, na mizi yinyake ya ku Alaska, kweniso ŵanthu na katundu wawo ku British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, na California. Tsunami yikanangaso vinthu ku Hawaii na ku Japan. Ŵakaphara kuti ku Florida na Texas kukaŵa mafunde agho ghakapangiska kuti kuŵe chindindindi.

Ku Alaska kukaŵavya soka likuru nga ni ili ilo likachitikapo mu chigaŵa icho mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo ŵakaŵavya vinthu vyakukwana kuti ŵamarane nalo. Mu msumba wa Anchorage, pa pempho la Lidia Selkregg, uyo wakumanya vya caru, boma la Anchorage na wupu wa Alaska State Housing Authority, likimika gulu la ŵasayansi 40, kusazgapo ŵasayansi ŵa vya caru, ŵasayansi ŵa vya dongo, na mainjiniya, kuti ŵawone umo caru cikanangikira mu msumba uwu. Gulu ili likalongozgekanga na Dr. Ruth A. M. Schmidt, ni pulofesa wa vya mlengalenga pa Yunivesite ya Alaska ku Anchorage. Ŵasayansi aŵa ŵakasangana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhumbanga kuzenga Nyumba za Ufumu, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kumanya ivyo vingaŵako munthazi kuti vinthu vileke kunangika. Pa Meyi 8, 1964, mwezi umoza kufuma apo cindindindi ici cikacitikira, gulu ili likalemba lipoti.Friedel, Megan K. (2010). Guide to the Anchorage Engineering Geology Evaluation Group papers, 1964. UAA/APU Consortium Library Archives and Special Collections. HMC-0051. https://web.archive.org/web/20190328165246/https://archives.consortiumlibrary.org/collections/specialcollections/hmc-0051/ Saucier, Heather (April 2014). "PROWESS Honors Historic Earthquake Survivor". American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Retrieved July 31, 2018.

Ŵasilikari ŵa ku United States, awo ŵali na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku Alaska, nawo ŵakanjilirapo kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari aŵa. Ku U.S. Ŵasilikari ŵakambaso kukumana na ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vinyake 48 vya mu United States, ndipo ŵakatuma ŵasilikari kuti ŵawovwire ŵanthu ŵa mu Anchorage. Ŵakatumizga ŵasilikari ku Valdez. Pakupulikira ulongozgi wa ŵasilikari na ŵalongozgi ŵa boma, Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo pamanyuma pa cindindindi ici, Johnson wakayowoya kuti Alaska yose ni malo ghakofya comene. Ku U.S. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku United States Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Coast Guard ŵakatumizga sitima ku mizi yakutali kuti ziŵawovwire mwaluŵiro. Nyengo yiheni na kuwona makora yayi vyatimbanizga mulimo wa kuponoska na kuwona ivyo vikacitika zuŵa lakulondezgapo, kweni pa Sabata, pa zuŵa la 29, vinthu vikaŵa makora, ndipo ŵapolisi ŵakagwiliskira nchito ndege za helikoputa na za kupenja ivyo vikacitika. Mwaluŵiro, gulu la ŵasilikari likayamba kutumizga katundu ku Alaska, ndipo paumaliro likayegha makilogiramu 1,170,000 gha vyakurya na vinthu vinyake. Mulembi munyake wa nyuzipepara, zina lake Genie Chance, wakawovwirapo pa mulimo wa kovwira ŵanthu, ndipo wakakhala pa wayilesi ya KENI mu Anchorage kwa maora 24 kuti wapharazge uthenga wa bata kufuma pa malo ghake gha kanyengo kachoko mu Anchorage Public Safety Building. Mulara wa ŵapolisi mu msumba uwu ndiyo wakamuŵika kuŵa mulaŵiliri wa civikiliro ca ŵantu. Chance wakapeleka nkhani zakukhwaskana na masoka agho ghakacitika pamanyuma pa cindindindi ca nkhongono 9.2, ndipo wakaŵa mulomo wa ofesi ya civikiliro ca ŵantu, wakakolerananga na ivyo vikacitikanga, wakasazgirangako vinthu ivyo vikakhumbikwanga mu cikaya, wakasazgirangako uthenga wakukhwaskana na malo ghakubisamamo na cakurya cakunozgekera, wakaphalirangako ŵabwezi ŵake uthenga wakovwira, ndiposo wakawovwiranga kuti mbumba ziŵeso pamoza.

Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, U.S. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Army Corps of Engineers likamba mulimo wa kunozga misewu, kuwuskamo viswaswa, na kuzenga matawuni ghanyake agho ghakaŵa kuti ghabwangandulika, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakamalira pa mulimo uwu zikaŵa madola 110 miliyoni. Gulu la Western Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center likapangika kuti limazgore mwaluŵiro na soka ili. Boma la United States likagwiliskira nchito ndalama izo zikaŵa mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa mu suzgo kuti liwezge nyumba izo zikabwangandulika. Ndalama izi zikawovwira kuti Alaska yiŵe na ndalama zakukwana kuti yikhalenge makora m'paka apo ŵakasanga mafuta ghanandi ku Prudhoe Bay. Boma la U.S. ndilo likalangura. Dipatimenti Yakuvikilira Boma la Alaska, na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Alaska, ŵali kukhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya masoka ghacilengiwa kuti wovwire para kwacitika masoka ghacilengiwa.Cloe, John Haile "Helping Hand" Military response to Good Friday earthquake  Alaska Historical Society, 3/4/2014

 Kuphulika kwa mafuta ku Alaska 
Mu 1968, mafuta ghakasangika ku Prudhoe Bay, ndipo mu 1977, ŵakamalizga kuzenga Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Kufuma mu 1980 kuya munthazi, ndalama izo maboma ghakusanga cifukwa ca kuguliska mafuta zikovwira ndalama zinandi za boma.


Kweni mafuta ghekha ndigho ghakaŵa ghakukhumbikwa yayi ku Alaska. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska ŵakamba kusanga ndalama zinandi chomene pa nkhani ya vyamwendekero. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuluta kukawona malo agha pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, apo ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakawelera kukwawo na kuyowoya kuti malo agha ngakutowa comene. Msewu wa Alcan, uwo ukazengeka mu nyengo ya nkhondo, na Alaska Marine Highway System, ivyo vikamara mu 1963, vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵafike makora ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuluta ku Alaska kukawona malo, ndipo sono ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni ŵakuluta ku Alaska chaka chilichose.

Cifukwa cakuti mulimo wa kwenda mu vyaru vinyake ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene ku cuma, mulimo wa kupwelelera cilengiwa nawo ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene. Dango la Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) la 1980 likaŵikamo vyaru vyakukwana 53.7 miliyoni ku National Wildlife Refuge, vigaŵa vinyake vya milonga 25 ku National Wild and Scenic Rivers, vyaru vyakukwana 3.3 miliyoni ku National Forest, na vyaru vyakukwana 43.6 miliyoni ku National Park. Cifukwa ca dango ili, mu Alaska sono muli vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya malo ghakusungirako vinyama ku America. Mazuŵa ghano, hafu ya malo gha ku Alaska ghali mu mawoko gha boma.

Mu 1989, ngaraŵa ya Exxon Valdez yikanjira mu nyanja ya Prince William Sound, ndipo mafuta ghakukwana malita 42 ghakatutuka pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,800 kufuma uko yikafuma. Mazuŵa ghano, nkani ya kupenja mafuta mu malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo ku Arctic na mulimo wa kuzenga migodi ya malibwe, yikuwoneka pa nkani iyi.

Makhalilo gha malo

Ku mpoto kwa North America, ku Alaska ndiko kuli kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States, ndipo ndiko kuli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa United States chifukwa chakuti Aleutian Islands yili ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu. Alaska ndiyo pera boma la ku U.S. ilo lili mu mphepete mwa North America. Kuli mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 800 kufuma ku British Columbia (Canada) kukafika ku Washington. Charu ichi chili ku chigaŵa cha U.S., kweni nyengo zinyake chikuzunulika kuti "Lower 48". Msumba wake, wa Juneau, uli ku North America, kweni palije misewu iyo yikuluta ku malo ghanyake gha ku North America.

Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Yukon na British Columbia (ndico nchigaŵa ico chili na mphepete mwa Canada); Gulf of Alaska na Pacific Ocean kumwera na kumwera; Bering Sea, Bering Strait, na Chukchi Sea kumanjiliro gha dazi; na Arctic Ocean kumpoto. Virwa vya Alaska vikukolerana na vya Russia mu Bering Strait, chifukwa chakuti chilumba cha Russian Big Diomede Island na cha Alaskan Little Diomede Island vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 4.8. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Alaska njitali comene kuluska vigaŵa vinyake vyose vya ku U.S.thumb|Ukuru wa Alaska pakuyaniska na vyaru 48 ivyo vili pafupi (Albers equid-area conic projection)

Alaska ni chigaŵa chikuru chomene ku United States. Alaska ni ukuru kuluska kaŵiri Texas, ndipo ni ukuru kuluska Texas, California, na Montana. Alaska ni boma la nambara 7 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Kuŵenge kuti ni caru ca pa caru cose, mphanyi cikaŵa pa nambara 18 pa caru cose capasi, ndipo cikayana waka na caru ca Iran.

Ku Alaska kuli virwa vinandi, ndipo vili na mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 55,000. Virwa vya Aleutian vili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Alaska Peninsula. Pali mapiri ghanandi agho ghakuphulika pa Aleutian Islands na mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mwaciyelezgero, pa Cirwa ca Unimak pali Phiri la Shishaldin, ilo ni phiri lakuphulika na moto, ilo nyengo zinyake likuphya, ndipo likukwera mamita 3,000 kufuma kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Pacific. Mapiri agha ghakafika ku Phiri la Spurr, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Anchorage. Ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti Alaska ni chigaŵa cha Wrangellia, chigaŵa chikuru icho chili na vyaru vinandi na vigaŵa vya ku Canada ku Pacific Northwest, uko kuli kupanga makontinenti.

Ku Turnagain Arm, kumwera kwa Anchorage, ndiko kuli maji ghakuru chomene pa charu chose, agho ghakupambana mamita 10.7.

Ku Alaska kuli nyanja zakujumpha 3 miliyoni. Malo ghanthondo na ghamayiyi ghakutora malo ghakukwana 487,700 km2 (makamaka kumpoto, kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi). Mu nyanja ya Alaska muli maji ghanandi ghakununkhira. Gelasi ya Bering ndiyo yikuru comene ku North America, ndipo yili pa malo ghakukwana makilomita 5,200.

 Vigaŵa 
Ku Alaska kulije vigaŵa ivyo vili na mphaka, kweni pali vigaŵa 5 panji 6 ivyo vikugaŵikana mu chigaŵa ichi:

South Central

Chigaŵa icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku Alaska, ndipo chili na tawuni ya Anchorage, chigaŵa cha Matanuska-Susitna Valley, na Kenai Peninsula. Vigaŵa vya ku mizi na vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka kumwera kwa mapiri gha Alaska na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Wrangell navyo vikukolerana na chigaŵa cha South Central, nga ni chigaŵa cha Prince William Sound na vigaŵa vya Cordova na Valdez.

Southeast

Malo agha ghakucemekaso kuti Panhandle panji kuti Inside Passage. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala ku malo agha pamanyuma pakuti boma la Alaska lagula malo agha. Chigaŵa ichi chili na virwa vya Alexander Archipelago na Tongass National Forest, nkhalango yikuru chomene ku United States. Mu tawuni iyi muli msumba wa Juneau, uwo kale ukaŵa msumba wa Sitka, na Ketchikan, uwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru chomene mu Alaska. Msewu wa Alaska Marine Highway ndiwo ukovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge makora mu chigaŵa chose ichi na mu charu chose, chifukwa mu vigaŵa vitatu pera (Haines, Hyder, na Skagway) ndimo muli misewu iyo yikwenda makora.

Interior


Cirwa ca Interior ni cigaŵa cikuru comene ca Alaska. Fairbanks ndiwo msumba ukuru pera mu cigaŵa ici. Denali National Park and Preserve yili pa malo agha. Denali, kale likacemekanga Phiri la McKinley, ndipo ndilo phiri litali comene ku North America. 

North Slope

Malo gha kumpoto kwa phiri ili ghali na mizi yinandi. Chigaŵa ichi chikumanyikwa kuti chili na mafuta ghanandi ndipo chili na malo ghakucemeka National Petroleum Reserve na Prudhoe Bay. Msumba wa Utqiaġvik, uwo kale ukachemekanga Barrow, uli kumpoto kwa United States. Chigaŵa cha Northwest Arctic, icho chili pafupi na Kotzebue ndipo chili na chigodobu cha Mlonga wa Kobuk, kanandi chikuyowoyeka kuti ntchigaŵa cha chigaŵa ichi. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku North Slope na ku Northwest Arctic awo ŵakucemeka kuti Inupiat, ni viŵi yayi kujiwona kuti mbanthu ŵamoza.

Southwest
Kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Alaska kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, ndipo kuli mtunda wa makilomita 800 kufuma ku Nyanja ya Bering. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja. Chirwa cha Kodiak nacho chili kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mlonga ukuru wa Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, uwo ngumoza mwa milonga yikuru chomene pa charu chose chapasi, uli mu chigaŵa ichi. Vigaŵa vinyake vya Alaska vikupanga chigaŵa cha Southwest, ndipo Aleutian Islands nayo yikupanga chigaŵa ichi. 

Aleutian Islands

Nangauli virwa vya Aleutian ni vigaŵa vya ku Southwest Alaska, kweni nyengo zinyake vikupambanako na virwa vinyake chifukwa vikupambana na vyaru vinyake. Mu virwa ivi muli virwa vyakujumpha 300 ivyo vikupangika na mapiri ndipo vikunjilira mu Nyanja ya Pacific, mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 1,900. Virwa vinyake vikuŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu, kweni mzere wa deti uwu ŵakadeka kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa 180° kuti charu chose cha North America chiŵe pa zuŵa limoza. Pa virwa ivi, viŵiri, Attu na Kiska, vikapokeka na ŵasilikari ŵa caru ca Japan mu Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya Caru Cose.

 Land ownership 
Kuyana na lipoti la mu Okutobala 1998 la United States Bureau of Land Management, pafupifupi 65% ya Alaska ni ya boma la U.S. ndipo yikupwelelereka na boma nga ni malo gha ŵanthu wose, kusazgapo nkhorongo zinandi, malo ghakusungirako vyakumera na vinyama. Pa vigaŵa ivi, vyaru ivyo vikwendeskeka na wupu wa Bureau of Land Management ni vyakukwana mahekitala 35 miliyoni, panji kuti 23.8 peresenti ya charu chose cha United States. Malo ghakusungirako vinyama ku Arctic ghakupwelelereka na United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Malo agha ghakukwana mahekitala 6.5 miliyoni ndipo ni malo ghakuru chomene pa charu chose.

Pa malo ghakukhalako, boma la Alaska lili na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 41 miliyoni. Chigaŵa chinyake cha malo agha chikupelekeka ku vigaŵa ivyo vyazunulika pachanya apa, kuyana na malango agho ghakupika ku vigaŵa ivyo vyazunulika pachanya apa. Vigaŵa vichokovichoko vikusungikira ku malo gha ku mizi na malo ghanyake ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa yayi kwenda mu malo agha cifukwa ni malo ghakutali ndipo kulije misewu. Yunivesite ya ku Alaska nayo yili na malo ghanandi agho yikughasunga mwekha.

Maekala ghanyake 44 miliyoni (18 million hectares) ghali mu mawoko gha mabungwe 12 gha ku chigaŵa, na mabungwe ghanyake gha ku malo agho ghakapangika pasi pa dango la Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) la 1971. Wupu wa Doyon, Limited, uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska, kanandi ukujilongora kuti ndiwo uli na malo ghakuru chomene mu Alaska. Malango gha ANCSA agho ghakazomerezganga kuguliska malo gha mabungwe agha pa msika mu 1991, ghakafumiskika pambere ghangaŵa kuti ghamba kugwira nchito. Nakuti mabungwe agha ghali na mazaza pa malo agha (kusazgapo mazaza gha pasi pa mtunda, agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska ŵalije) kweni ŵangaguliska yayi malo agha. Ndipouli, malo agho ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵali kupika ghakuguliskika pa msika.

Vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya pacekha ndivyo vili na malo ghakukhalako, gheneagho ghakukwana cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa 100 vya caru cose. Alaska ni boma ilo lili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene awo ŵali na malo ghamoza.

 Alaska Heritage Resources Survey 
The Alaska Heritage Resources Survey (AHRS) ni malo agho ghakulongosora vinthu vya mdauko wa malo ghose agho ghakaŵako mu chigaŵa cha U.S. cha Alaska. Kuwunika kwa vinthu vya mdauko kukusazgapo vinthu, nyumba, malo, vigaŵa, na nthowa zakwendamo, ndipo fundo njakuti vinthu ivi vili na vyaka vyakujumpha 50. Pa Janyuwale 31, 2012, malo ghakujumpha 35,000 ghakalembeka.Alaska Heritage Resources Survey , Department of Natural Resources—Alaska.gov (retrieved May 9, 2014)

Cities, towns and boroughs


Ku Alaska kulije vigaŵa nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake ku U.S. Kweni kuli vigaŵa vinandi chomene. Ŵimiliri ŵa wupu wa Alaska Constitutional Convention ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na ivyo vikacitikanga mu vyaru vinyake, ntheura ŵakasankha nthowa yawo. Vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ni vigaŵa vya boma la Alaska, ivyo vikuyana waka na vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa vyose vya United States, maofesi gha boma ghakupambana na maofesi gha boma. Malo agho ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha boma yayi ghakucemeka kuti Unorganized Borough.

Boma la Unorganized Borough lilije, kweni la U.S. Ofesi ya census mu mgwirizano na boma yikagaŵa Unorganized Borough mu vigaŵa 11 vya census kuti viŵe vyakovwira pakuwona umo vinthu viliri. Ku Alaska, boma likusungako vinthu ivyo vili mu malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Boma ili lili na vigaŵa 34 ivyo vikulongozgeka na boma. Vigaŵa vyose ivyo vikulemba vinthu, vikugwiliskira nchito fundo zakuyana pa nkhani ya kupokelera vinthu, kulipira malipiro, na vinyake vyantheura.

Apo vyaru vinandi vya ku U.S. vikugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya vigaŵa vitatu ya decentralization - state/county/township - vigaŵa vinandi vya Alaska vikugwiliskira nchito vigaŵa viŵiri pera - state/borough. Chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵakhalanga kutali, malo ghanandi ghakaŵa mu Unorganized Borough. Nga umo zina lake likulongolera, kulije boma la pakati, kweni likulongozgeka na boma la boma. Mu 2000, chigaŵa cha 57.71% cha Alaska chikaŵa na malo ghanthena, ndipo chigaŵa cha 13.05% cha ŵanthu wose chikaŵa na malo ghanthena.

Mu 1975, Anchorage wakasazga boma la msumba na Greater Anchorage Area Borough kuti wapange Municipality of Anchorage, uwo uli na msumba na vigaŵa vya Eagle River, Chugiak, Peters Creek, Girdwood, Bird, na Indian. Fairbanks ili na boma la Fairbanks North Star Borough na boma la Fairbanks City.

Msumba uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi ni Anchorage, uko mu 2020 kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 291,247. Malo ghakusanga ndalama zinandi ku Alaska ni Denali ($42,245). Yakutat City, Sitka, Juneau, na Anchorage ni misumba yinayi yikuru comene mu U.S.

Cities and census-designated places (by population)
Kuyana na census ya 2020 ya ku United States, Alaska wali na 355 mizinda na malo agho ghali na census-designated places. Mizinda iyi yikusazgapo matawuni ghanayi, agho ghakuyana waka na matawuni ghakupambanapambana. Vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Alaska vili mu malo ghakucemeka "The Bush" ndipo vikukolerana yayi na misewu ya ku North America. Mndandanda uwu uli na mazina gha misumba yikuruyikuru 100 na malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu Alaska, kuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu.

Ku Alaska mu chaka cha 2020 ŵanthu 733,391, 16,655 ŵanthu, panji 2.27% ya ŵanthu, ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni yayi panji malo agho ghakalembeka. Pafupifupi ŵanthu ŵatatu pa ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni na mizi ya pafupi na matawuni gha Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer na Wasilla. Ku United States Census Bureau, ma CDP gha malo agha ghakaŵavya, kupatula kuti ma CDP ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakaŵavya ku Ketchikan mu 1980 (Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island na Saxman East), kweni ghakaŵavya. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana.
 No.  Community name  Type  2020 Pop. 1  Anchorage  City  291,247 2  Fairbanks  City  32,515 3  Juneau  City  32,255 4  Knik-Fairview  CDP  19,297 5  Badger  CDP  19,031 6  College  CDP  11,332 7  North Lakes  CDP  9,450 8  Meadow Lakes  CDP  9,197 9  Wasilla  City  9,054 10  Tanaina  CDP  8,817 11  Kalifornsky  CDP  8,487 12  Sitka  City  8,458 13  Ketchikan  City  8,192 14  Kenai  City  7,424 15  Steele Creek  CDP  6,437 16  Bethel  City  6,325 17  Chena Ridge  CDP  6,015 18  Sterling  CDP  5,918 19  Palmer  City  5,888 20  Gateway  CDP  5,748 21  Kodiak  City  5,581 22  Homer  City  5,522 23  South Lakes  CDP  5,229 24  Fishhook  CDP  5,048 25  Utqiaġvik  City  4,927 26  Farmers Loop  CDP  4,704 27  Nikiski  CDP  4,456 28  Soldotna  City  4,342 29  Unalaska  City  4,254 30  Mill Bay  CDP  4,216 31  Valdez  City  3,985 32  Big Lake  CDP  3,833 33  Nome  City  3,699 34  Butte  CDP  3,589 35  Goldstream  CDP  3,299 36  Kotzebue  City  3,102 37  Petersburg  City  3,043 38  Farm Loop  CDP  2,747 39  Seward  City  2,717 40  Eielson AFB  CDP  2,610 41  Cordova  City  2,609 42  Ester  CDP  2,416 43  Deltana  CDP  2,359 44  Dillingham  City  2,249 45  Fritz Creek  CDP  2,248 46  North Pole  City  2,243 47  Willow  CDP  2,196 48  Ridgeway  CDP  2,136 49  Bear Creek  CDP  2,129 50  Wrangell  City  2,127 No.  Community name  Type  2020 Pop. 51  Anchor Point  CDP  2,105 52  Houston  City  1,975 53  Point MacKenzie  CDP  1,852 54  Kodiak Station  CDP  1,673 55  Haines  CDP  1,657 56  Akutan  City  1,589 57  Susitna North  CDP  1,564 58  Lazy Mountain  CDP  1,506 59  Cohoe  CDP  1,471 60  Metlakatla  CDP  1,454 61  Hooper Bay  City  1,375 62  Diamond Ridge  CDP  1,330 63  Prudhoe Bay  CDP  1,310 64  Tok  CDP  1,243 65  Skagway  CDP  1,164 66  Funny River  CDP  1,103 67  Salamatof  CDP  1,078 68  Talkeetna  CDP  1,055 69  Sutton-Alpine  CDP  1,038 70  Craig  City  1,036 71  Buffalo Soapstone  CDP  1,021 72  Salcha  CDP  977 73  Healy  CDP  966 74  Chevak  City  951 75  Hoonah  City  931 76  Delta Junction  City  918 77  Ninilchik  CDP  845 78  Savoonga  City  835 79  Point Hope  City  830 80  Emmonak  City  825 81  Togiak  City  817 82  Kwethluk  City  812 83  Selawik  City  809 84  Knik River  CDP  792 85  Quinhagak  City  776 86  Unalakleet  City  765 87  King Cove  City  757 88  Alakanuk  City  756 89  Womens Bay CDP  743 90  Klawock  City  720 91  Happy Valley  CDP  713 92  Kipnuk  CDP  704 93  Noorvik  City  694 94  Akiachak  CDP  677 95  Toksook Bay  City  658 96  Yakutat  CDP  65797  Gustavus  CDP  655 Kotlik  CDP 99  Two Rivers  CDP  650 100  Fox River  CDP  644

Climate


Nyengo ya kumwera na kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Alaska ni nyengo ya pakati pa nyanja (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), na nyengo ya nyanja (Köppen Cfc) ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto. Chaka chilichose, kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Alaska ndiko kuli vula chomene kweniso ndiko kuli kotcha chomene. Ku Juneau kukulokwera pafupifupi masentimita 130 pa chaka, ndipo ku Ketchikan kukulokwera pafupifupi masentimita 380. Kweniso ni malo ghekha mu Alaska agho nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵako yayi.thumb|Köppen climate types of AlaskaNyengo ya ku Anchorage na kumwera kwa Alaska ni yiwemi chomene chifukwa malo agha ghali pafupi na nyanja. Nangauli vula yikuwa viŵi yayi ku malo agha kuluska kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Alaska, kweni kukuwa chiwuvi chinandi, ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuŵavya vula. Pa avareji, Anchorage yikupokera 16 in (41 cm) ya vula pa chaka, na kuzingilira 75 in (190 cm) ya chiwuvi, nangauli kuli vigaŵa vinyake kumwera kwa pakati uko kukuŵa chiwuvi chinandi. M'nyengo ya chihanya, malo agha ghakaŵanga ghakuthukira chomene.

Nyengo ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Alaska yikuthemba comene na Nyanja ya Bering na Gulf of Alaska. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi kuli nyengo yakuzizima chomene, ndipo kumpoto kwake kuli nyengo yakuzizima chomene. Ku malo agha kukazizimanga comene yayi cifukwa kukaŵa kutali. Mu cigaŵa ici muli vula zakupambanapambana. Chigaŵa icho chili kumpoto kwa Seward Peninsula kufika ku chigodobu cha Mlonga wa Kobuk (i.e., chigaŵa icho chili kuzingilizga Kotzebue Sound) ni mapopa, ndipo vigaŵa vinyake vikuŵa na chivula chambura kujumpha 25 cm pa chaka. Kweni ku vigaŵa vinyake vya pakati pa Dillingham na Bethel, vula yikuwa pafupifupi masentimita 250.

Nyengo ya ku Alaska njakukhoma comene. Nyengo zinyake ku Alaska kukuzizima chomene kweniso kukuzizima chomene mu chigaŵa cha Fairbanks. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, nyengo yikutentha kufika pa 90 °F (pakati pa 30 °C), apo mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, nyengo yikutentha kufika pa -60 °F (-51 °C). Mu vigaŵa vya ku mpoto kwa charu ichi, vula yikuŵa zinandi yayi, ndipo kanandi yikuŵa pasi pa masentimita 25 pa chaka, kweni vula iyo yikuwa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi yikukhalilira nyengo yose ya chiwuvi.

Ku malo agha ndiko kukaŵanga nyengo yakuzizima chomene kweniso yakuzizima chomene. Ku chigaŵa cha Fort Yukon, uko kuli mtunda wa makilomita 13 kufuma ku Arctic Circle, ndiko kukaŵako nyengo yakuzizima chomene pa Juni 27, 1915. Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri ku Alaska ndi -80 ° F (-62 ° C) ku Prospect Creek pa January 23, 1971, digiri imodzi pamwamba pa kutentha kochepa kwambiri komwe kunalembedwa ku North America (ku Snag, Yukon, Canada).

Nyengo ya kumpoto kwa Alaska njakuzizima chomene, ndipo nyengo ya chihanya yikuŵa yifupi kweniso yakuzizima. Nanga ni mu Julayi, nyengo yakuzizima comene mu Utqiaġvik ni 34 °F (1 °C). Mu chigaŵa ichi cha Alaska, vula yikuwa chomene yayi, ndipo mu malo ghanandi yikuŵa na masentimita 25 pera pa chaka, ndipo kanandi yikuŵa chiwuvi icho chikuŵa pasi pafupifupi chaka chose.
+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in AlaskaLocationJuly ()July (°C)January ()January (°C)Anchorage  65/51  18/10  22/11  −5/−11Juneau  64/50  17/11  32/23  0/−4Ketchikan  64/51  17/11  38/28  3/−1Unalaska  57/46  14/8  36/28  2/−2Fairbanks  72/53  22/11  1/−17  −17/−27Fort Yukon  73/51  23/10  −11/−27  −23/−33Nome  58/46  14/8  13/−2  −10/−19Utqiaġvik  47/34  8/1  −7/−19  −21/−28

 Chiwerengero cha ŵanthu 

Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska ŵakaŵa 733,391 pa 1 Epulero, 2020, chiŵelengero ichi chikasazgikira na 3.3% kufuma pa census ya ku United States ya 2010. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, boma la Alaska ku U.S. likaŵa na ŵanthu 710,231, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasazgikira na 13.3% kufuma pa ŵanthu 626,932 awo ŵakaŵapo mu 2000.

Mu chaka cha 2020, Alaska yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ndipo yikaŵa pa malo gha 48 pa charu chose chapasi. Alaska ni boma ilo lili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene, ndipo ndimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ku Wyoming, ŵanthu ŵalipo 5.8 pa kilomita yimoza. Alaska ni boma likuru comene ku U.S. ndipo ni la nambara 10 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zinandi. Kuzakafika mu chaka cha 2018 chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi, ni chimoza mwa vigaŵa 14 ku United States ivyo vichali na nambala yimoza pera ya foni.

Kuyana na lipoti la HUD la mu 2022 la ŵanthu ŵambura kukhalamo, ku Alaska kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2,320 ŵambura kukhalamo. 

Race and ethnicity
+ Alaska racial breakdown of population Racial composition  1970  1990  2000 2010 2020 White  78.8%  75.5%  69.3%  66.7%  59.4% Native  16.9%  15.6%  15.6%  14.8%  15.2% Asian  0.9%  3.6%  4.0%  5.4%  6.0% Black  3.0%  4.1%  3.5%  3.3%  3.0% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander  –  –  0.5%  1.0%  1.7% Other race  0.4%  1.2%  1.6%  1.6%  2.5% Multiracial  –  –  5.5%  7.3%  12.2%

Boma ili likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa ŵazungu 66.7% (64.1% mbanthu ŵa mtundu wa ŵazungu), 14.8% mbanthu ŵa mtundu wa Amerindian na Alaska Native, 5.4% mbanthu ŵa ku Asia, 3.3% mbanthu ŵa mtundu wa black panji African American, 1.0% mbanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hawaii na Pacific Islander, 1.6% mbanthu ŵa mtundu unyake, ndipo 7.3% mbanthu ŵa mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa mu 2010. Mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain na Latin America ŵakaŵa 5.5% pa ŵanthu wose. Kuzakafika mu 2011, 50.7% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyambura kukwana chaka chimoza, ŵakaŵa ŵachoko. Mu 1960, United States Census Bureau yikalemba kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska ŵakaŵa 77.2% ŵazungu, 3% ŵafipa, ndipo 18.8% ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la American Indian na Alaska Native.

Languages

Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika ku America mu 2011, ŵanthu 83.4% ŵa vyaka 5 kuya munthazi, ŵakayowoyanga waka Chingelezi pa nyumba zawo. Pafupifupi 3.5% ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi pa nyumba, 2.2% ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vinyake vya ku India na Europe, 4.3% ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Asia (kusazgapo Chitagalogi), ndipo 5.3% ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vinyake pa nyumba. Mu 2019, kafukufuku wa American Community Survey wakalongora kuti 83.7% ŵakayowoyanga waka Chingelezi, ndipo 16.3% ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vinyake. Pa viyowoyero vyose ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga ku Europe, Cisipanishi ndicho cikaŵa cakwamba, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi ŵakaŵa 4.0 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Asia na vya ku virwa vya Pacific ŵakaŵa 5.6 peresenti. Kwambira mu 2010, ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵa ku Alaska ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chimoza pa viyowoyero 20 ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi.

Wupu wa Alaska Native Language Center ku Yunivesite ya Alaska Fairbanks, ukayowoya kuti pali viyowoyero pafupifupi 20 ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska ŵakuyowoya. Viyowoyelo vinandi vya ku Alaska ni viyowoyelo vya Eskimo, Aleut, panji Na-Dene. Kweni viyowoyero vinyake vikuyowoyeka mwakupambana. (Haida) panji ŵandaŵike mu gulu (p.m. Tsimshianic). Kuzakafika mu 2014, viyowoyero vyose vya ku Alaska vikaŵa mu gulu la viyowoyero ivyo vili pangozi, ivyo vikusintha, ivyo vili pafupi kufwa, ivyo vili pafupi kumara, panji ivyo vikuleka kuyowoya.

Mu Okutobala 2014, kazembe wa Alaska wakasazga dango lakuti viyowoyero 20 vya ku Alaska viŵe vya boma."Alaska's indigenous languages attain official status" , Reuters.com, October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014. Dango ili likaŵawovwira kuti ŵamanyikwe nga ni viyowoyero vya boma, nangauli kuti ni viyowoyero vya boma yayi. Viyowoyero 20 ivyo vili kulembeka mu dango ili ni ivi:
 Inupiaq
 Siberian Yupik
 Central Alaskan Yup'ik
 Alutiiq
 Unangax
 Dena'ina
 Deg Xinag
 Holikachuk
 Koyukon
 Upper Kuskokwim
 Gwich'in
 Tanana
 Upper Tanana
 Tanacross
 Hän
 Ahtna
 Eyak
 Tlingit
 Haida
 Tsimshian

Chisopo


Kuyana na ivyo vyasangika mu 2010, ŵanthu 34 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ku Alaska ŵali mu chisopa chinyake. Pa ŵanthu ŵa visopo ivi, 100,960 ŵakatenge Mbapulotesitanti; 50,866 ŵakatenge Mbakatolika; ndipo 32,550 ŵakatenge Mbapulotesitanti. Pafupifupi 4 peresenti ŵakaŵa Ŵamormoni, 0.5 peresenti Ŵayuda, 0.5 peresenti Ŵasilamu, 1 peresenti Ŵabuda, 0.2 peresenti Ŵabahá'í, na 0.5 peresenti Ŵahindu. Mu 2010, visopa vikuruvikuru ku Alaska vikaŵa vya Katolika na 50,866 awo ŵakalondezganga visopa ivi; cha Evangelical na 38,070 awo ŵakalondezganga visopa ivi yayi; cha Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints na 32,170 awo ŵakalondezganga visopa ivi; na cha Southern Baptist Convention na 19,891 awo ŵakalondezganga visopa ivi. Alaska, Washington, na Oregon ku Pacific Northwest, ni vyaru ivyo vikuleka kuŵa na visopa vinandi ku United States.

Mu 2014, Pew Research Center yikati 62 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵakukhwima ku United States ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ŵaprotesitanti ndiwo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵanandi, ndipo ŵakalondezganga visambizgo vya Ŵaprotesitanti. Ŵaprotesitanti ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵaciŵiri pa gulu likuru comene la Ŵakristu Ŵaprotesitanti, ndipo ŵakalondezgana na ŵa visopa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa. Tchalitchi la Katolika ndilo likaŵa likuru comene mu Alaska. Pa ŵanthu ŵambura kusopa, iwo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene mu visopa vyambura kusopa. Ŵanthu awo ŵakatenge Ciuta kulije ŵakakwana 5 peresenti, ndipo cisopa cikuru comene ico cikaŵavya zina la Cikristu cikaŵa Cibhaudha. Mu 2020, wupu wakuwona vya visopa (PRRI) ukati ŵanthu 57 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Kuzakafika mu 2022, Chikhristu chikafika pa 77% ku ŵanthu wose kuyana na PRRI.

Kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka na Association of Religion Data Archives mu 2020, Ŵakhristu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakalondezganga chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti. Ŵacikatolika ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵaciŵiri, ndipo ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu 40,280. Ŵacikristu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaŵa 100,81 pa ŵanthu 1,000, ndipo Ŵakatolika ŵakaŵa 54,92 pa ŵanthu 1,000. Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2014, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 41 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakagomezganga kuti cisopa nchakuzirwa comene, kweni ŵanthu 29 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakagomezganga kuti cisopa nchakuzirwa. Mu 2014, wupu wa Pew ukati ŵanthu 55 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakagomezganga kuti kuli Chiuta, ndipo 24 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakagomezganga kuti waliko. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa ARDA wa mu 2020, kafukufuku wa Pew wa mu 2014 wakalongora kuti 30% ŵakasopanga kamoza pa sabata, 34% ŵakasopanga kamoza panji kaŵiri pa mwezi, ndipo 36% ŵakasopanga kaŵirikaŵiri yayi. Mu 2018, The Gospel Coalition yikalemba nkhani yakugwiliskira ntchito data ya Pew ndipo yikati Ŵakhristu awo ŵakuluta ku tchalitchi yayi mu charu chose cha United States ŵakuluta yayi ku maungano gha visopa chifukwa cha vinthu ivi: kusopa mu nthowa zinyake, kutondeka kusanga nyumba yakusoperamo iyo ŵakutemwa, kutinkha upharazgi na kujipulika kuti ŵakutemweka yayi, na vinthu vinyake.

Mu 1795, mpingo wakwamba wa Russian Orthodox ukapangika mu Kodiak. Nthengwa izo ŵakacitanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska zikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia awo ŵakasamukira ku Alaska ŵakolerane na ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska. Pa cifukwa ici, mipingo yinandi ya Orthodox ya ku Russia yikamba kukhazikika mu Alaska. Ku Alaska ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa mtundu wa Quaker. Mu 2009, mu Alaska mukaŵa Ŵayuda 6,000 (ŵeneawo ŵakasuzgikanga chomene na dango la Halakha). Ŵahindu ŵa ku Alaska kanandi ŵakukhala pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa visopa vinyake vya ku Asia, kusazgapo Ŵasikh na Ŵajini. Mu 2010, Ŵahindu ŵa ku Alaska ŵakazenga tempile la Sri Ganesha ku Alaska. Ili ndilo likaŵa tempile lakwamba la Ŵahindu ku Alaska, kweniso ndilo likaŵa kumpoto kwa charu chose. Ku Alaska kuli Ŵahindu pafupifupi 2,000. Ŵahindu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu Anchorage panji Fairbanks.

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ku Alaska kuli Ŵasilamu pafupifupi 2,000 panji 5,000.{} Mu 2020, ARDA yikati mu boma ili mukaŵa Ŵasilamu 400. Gulu la Islamic Community Center of Anchorage likamba kuzenga mzikiti ku Anchorage cha kuumaliro wa m'ma 1990. Mu 2010, ŵakamba kuzenga Nyumba ya Ufumu ku Anchorage ndipo yikamara mu 2014. Apo yikazengekanga, yikaŵa yakwamba mu chigaŵa ichi kweniso yikaŵa yakumpoto chomene pa charu chose. Kweniso kuli mpingo wa Baha'i, ndipo mu 2020 ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 690. Kweniso mu 2020, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 469 ŵakagomezganga visambizgo vya Chihindu na vya Yoga, ndipo Ŵabuddha ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakaŵapo.

Chuma


Mu 2018, ndalama zose izo boma likasanganga zikaŵa $55,000,000,000, ndipo zikaŵa za nambala 48 mu U.S. Mu 2018, ndalama izo boma likapokeranga pa munthu yumoza zikakwana $73,000, ndipo zikaŵa pa nambala 7 mu charu chose. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2013 na wupu wa Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska ndiyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene awo ŵakaŵa na ndalama ku United States. Kampani ya mafuta na gasi ndiyo yikovwira chomene pa vinthu vya mu Alaska, ndipo ndalama zinandi izo boma likusanga zikufuma ku mafuta. Vyakurya vikuruvikuru vya ku Alaska (kupaturako mafuta na gasi) ni somba za mu nyanja, chomenechomene somba za somba, cod, pollock, na crab.

Ku Alaska kulimi nkhwakutokatoka chomene. Vyakurya ivyo vikufumiskika mu minda vikurya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni viŵeto, mkaka, mphangwe, na viŵeto. Vyakupanga ni vichoko waka, ndipo vyakurya vinandi na vinthu vinyake vikufumira ku vyaru vinyake.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwira nchito za boma na za mafakitale. Maofesi gha ŵasilikari ghakuŵa na nchito zinandi ku Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage na Kodiak Island, kweniso ku Kodiak. Vyawanangwa ivyo boma likupeleka vikovwiraso kuti vinthu viyendere makora mu caru, ndipo vikovwira kuti boma lileke kukhoma msonkho. Vinthu vinyake ivyo charu ichi chikupanga ni mafuta gha petulo, gasi, malasha, golide, visulo vyakuzirwa, zinki na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikufuma mu migodi, vyakurya vya mu nyanja, makuni, na vinthu vinyake vyakupangika ku makuni. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikusazgikira ni vya uteŵeti na vyaulendo. Ŵalendo ŵakovwira comene pa nchito ya kunozga malo ghakukhala.

Energy


Alaska wali na magesi ghanandi, nangauli mafuta ghali kumara. Mafuta na gasi vikasangika ku Alaska North Slope (ANS) na Cook Inlet basins, kweni kuyana na Energy Information Administration, mu Febuluwale 2014 Alaska yikakhala pa malo ghachinayi pa charu chose pa nkhani ya mafuta, pamanyuma pa Texas, North Dakota, na California. Munda wa Prudhoe Bay ku North Slope wa ku Alaska ndiwo uli na mafuta ghanandi chomene ku United States, ndipo ukupangiska mafuta ghakukwana 400,000 m3 pa zuŵa, nangauli kuuyambiro wa chaka cha 2014, malo gha Bakken ku North Dakota ghakafumiskanga mafuta ghakukwana 140,000 m3 pa zuŵa. Mu 2014, mafuta ghakukwana mamita 240,000 pa zuŵa ghakafumanga mu malo ghakupambanapambana gha mafuta agho ghakaŵa kuti ghasungika kwa vyaka vinandi.

Msewu wa Trans-Alaska Pipeline unganyamura mafuta ghakukwana mamita 330,000 pa zuŵa, uwo ni ukuru chomene ku United States. Kweniso ku Alaska kuli malibwe ghanandi gha malasha agho ghali mu malo agho ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafuta ghakununkhira. Wupu wa United States Geological Survey ukati ku Alaska kuli gasi la makubikiti pafupifupi 2 420 pa malo ghanyake agho ghakusangika yayi. Kweniso ku Alaska kuli maji ghanandi agho ghakwenda mu milonga. Malo ghanandi gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Alaska ghangaŵa na magesi ghakufuma ku mphepo na magesi ghanyake.

Vinthu vinandi mu Alaska vikuthemba pa mafuta gha dizilo agho ghakutora ndalama zinandi chomene, ndipo ghakovwira kuti nyumba ziŵe na malo ghakupumulirapo, magalimoto, magesi, na ungweru. Nangauli magesi ghakufuma ku mphepo na maji ghakuthandazgika viŵi yayi, kweni ivyo ŵakayowoya vyakukhwaskana na magesi mu vigaŵa vyose (nga ni magesi agho ghali na mtengo upusu) vikawoneka kuti ni vyamahara yayi (pa nyengo iyo lipoti ili likalembekeranga, mu 2001) chifukwa chakuti mafuta ghakuthandazgika pachoko (kujumpha 50¢ pa galoni), mtunda ni utali, ndipo ŵanthu mbacoko. Mtengo wa mafuta ghakukwana magaloni ghaŵiri mu matawuni gha mu Alaska mazuŵa ghano ngwakujumpha pa avareji ya mu charu ichi na masenti 30 panji 60; ndipo mu mizi na mizi mitengo ya mafuta yikukwera chomene, kweni yikupambana chomene chifukwa cha ndalama zakwendeskera magalimoto, nyengo iyo mafuta ghakugwiliskirika ntchito, malo ghakupangira mafuta, na vinthu vinyake.

Permanent Fund
Alaska Permanent Fund ni ndalama izo boma likupeleka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kugura mafuta, ndipo likakhazikiskika mu 1976 na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti boma liŵe na ndalama zinandi zakugulira mafuta gha petulo. Nduna Keith Miller ndiyo yikanozga fundo iyi pambere ŵandagule nyumba ya Prudhoe Bay mu 1969, chifukwa wakawopanga kuti wupu wa malango uzamugwiliskira nchito ndalama zose izo zikusangika pa malonda agha (zakujumpha $900 miliyoni) nyengo yimoza. Pamanyuma, Kazembe Jay Hammond na Hugh Malone, awo ŵakimiranga chigaŵa cha Kenai, ŵakakhozgera fundo iyi. Kwamba nyengo iyo, ndalama izi zikovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa ndyali, chifukwa zikovwira kuti ndalama izo zikaŵanga mu thumba la ndalama izi zileke kunjira mu thumba linyake.

Dango la boma la Alaska likalembeka kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito ndalama za boma pa vinthu vinyake. Ndalama izi zikaŵanga zakupambana na zinyake, comenecomene cifukwa ca kuleka kugomezgana kwa ndyali uko kukaŵako pa nyengo iyo yikapangikanga. Kufuma pa ndalama zakukwana $734,000 izo zikaŵa mu thumba, thumba ili lakura kufika pa $50 biliyoni cifukwa ca ndalama za mafuta ndiposo ndondomeko za ndalama izo zikuŵikika mu thumba. Ndalama zinandi, usange ni zose yayi, zikugwiliskirika nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Ivi vyapangiska kuti ŵandyali ŵa ku Alaska ŵayowoye kanandi waka kuti wupu uwu ucitenge ndalama ku Alaska, kweni ivi vikacitikapo viŵi yayi.

Kwamba mu 1982, ndalama izo zikafumanga ku ndalama izo zikaŵanga zikusazgikira chaka chilichose, zikaŵanga za ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska awo ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kusanga ndalama iyi. Mu 1982, ndalama izi zikaŵanga $1,000 (pakuti zikaŵa zakukwana vyaka vitatu, chifukwa cha mulandu uwo ŵakadumura pa nkhani ya ndalama izo zikaŵanga zikusazgikira). Cilimika cilicose, wupu wa boma ukupatura 8% ku ndalama izo munthu wakusanga, ndipo 3% yikuŵikaso mu ndalama izo munthu wakusanga, ndipo 5% iyo yakhalako yikugaŵikira ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Alaska. Kuti munthu waŵe na mwaŵi wa kupokera ndalama za ndalama izo boma likupeleka, wakwenera kuŵa kuti wakhala mu boma kwa myezi 12, wakhalenge mu boma nyengo zose, kweniso waleke kuŵa na mulandu wa ku khoti panji wa ku khoti la milandu iyo yikupangiska kuti munthu waleke kupokera ndalama.

Ndalama ya Permanent Fund yikuwoneka kuti njimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikovwira kuti pa charu chose paŵe ndalama zakukwana zakuti munthu wagwirenge nchito.

Cost of living
Mtengo wa vinthu mu Alaska ngwapacanya kuluska mu vyaru 48 ivyo vili pafupi. Ŵantchito ŵa boma, comene-comene awo ŵakugwira nchito pa United States Postal Service (USPS) na ŵasilikari awo ŵakucita uteŵeti, ŵakupokera ndalama zakukwana 25% za malipiro ghawo cifukwa cakuti nangauli ndalama izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa umoyo wawo zikukhira, kweni zikulutilira kuŵa zapachanya comene mu caru.

Ku malo gha ku mizi ku Alaska, vyakurya na vinthu vinyake vikuŵa vyakudura chomene pakuyaniska na ku malo ghanyake mu charu ichi.

Agriculture and fishing

Chifukwa cha nyengo ya kumpoto ndiposo nyengo yifupi yakulimira, kulima nkhwakusuzga ku Alaska. Famu zinandi zili ku Matanuska Valley, makilomita 64 kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Anchorage, panji ku Kenai Peninsula, makilomita 97 kumwera kwa Anchorage. Nyengo yifupi ya mazuŵa 100 iyo kulima kukucitika, yikupambana na vipasi ivyo vingalimika, kweni para zuŵa lili litali mu cihanya, vikuŵa makora. Vipambi vyakwamba ni mbatata, karoti, saladi, na kabichi.

Chigwa cha Tanana ndi malo ena ofunika kwambiri pa zaulimi, makamaka dera la Delta Junction, pafupifupi 100 miles (160 km) kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Fairbanks, komwe kuli minda yambiri yolima mbewu zaulimi; minda iyi ili kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Fort Greely. Malo agha ghakaŵikika palipose ndipo ghakazengeka mwakulongozgeka na Hammond mu nyengo yake yaciŵiri kuŵa kazembe. Virimwa vinandi mu chigaŵa ichi ni balere na utheka. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Fairbanks, kuli minda yinandi iyo yikugwira nchito za malo ghakurya, mahotela, na vyaru vinyake.

Ku Alaska kulimi kwachuluka kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa, ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito m'mafamu ndi m'misika ya alimi chawonjezeka kwambiri (46%) m'chaka cha 2011, poyerekeza ndi 17% m'dziko lonselo. Kweniso mulimo wa kuvuna maluŵa gha peony wathandazgika chomene, chifukwa nyengo ya kuvuna yikovwira kuti ŵalimi ŵavune maluŵa mu nyengo iyo kulije maluŵa mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo ivi vyawovwira kuti ŵaguliske makora maluŵa.

Ku Alaska kulije vigaŵa, ntheura kulije viphikiro vya vigaŵa. Ndipouli, viphikiro vinandi vya boma na vyaru vinyake (nga ni Alaska State Fair ku Palmer) vikucitika mu nyengo ya chihanya. Vigaŵa vinandi vya viphikiro ivi vili mu vigaŵa ivyo kale kukaŵanga ulimi, ndipo ŵalimi ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakasambizganga ŵanthu za ulimi uwu. Mazgu ghakuti "Alaska Grown" ghakumanyikwa chomene mu vigaŵa vya ku Alaska.

Ku Alaska kuli vyakurya vinandi vya mu nyanja, chomenechomene mu nyanja ya Bering na kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Pacific. Vyakurya vya mu nyanja ni vyakurya vichoko waka ivyo vikuŵa vyakudura mu chigaŵa ichi kuluska mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanandi ku Alaska ŵakulondezga nyengo ya somba ya salmon kuti ŵasange vyakurya vinyake. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni somba izo zikukoleka na nyambo, mukwawu, panji visulo.

Mu chigaŵa ichi, ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kupenja viŵeto, chomenechomene viŵeto vya mtundu wa caribou, moose, na mberere za mtundu wa Dall, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vyakutali. Chiyelezgero cha chakurya cha ku malo agha ni ice cream yakuchemeka Akutaq, iyo yikupangika na mafuta gha mphoyo, mafuta gha nyemba, nyama ya somba yakomira, na vipasi.

Ku Alaska, viŵeto vinandi vikuŵikika pa Seward Peninsula, uko vingacitika yayi kuti viŵeto ivi visanganenge na viŵeto ivi.

Vyakurya vinandi ku Alaska vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake (ku vigaŵa vinyake 49 vya ku U.S.) ndipo ndalama izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakutumiza vyakurya ku vyaru ivi zikuŵa zakudura. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵakucita mulimo wa kuvima na kuwunganya vyakurya kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wawo, cifukwa cakurya ico ŵakucita ku caru cinyake ncintu cakudura comene. Nangauli matawuni na mizi yinandi ya ku Alaska yili mumphepete mwa nyanja, kweni ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka pakutolera vyakurya ku mizi yakutali zikuŵa zinandi chomene chifukwa cha malo na misewu yakusuzga, iyo yikusintha chomene chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo na vula. Mu nyengo zakusuzga comene, mtengo wa katundu ungayamba kufika pa 50¢ pa paundi (U.S. $1.10 pa kg) panji kujumpha apa mu vigaŵa vinyake vya kutali, usange vingacitika kufika ku malo agha pa nyengo ya mphepo na malo ghakofya. Mtengo wa kupeleka mkaka kwa munthu ni $3.50 ku mizi yinandi uko munthu waliyose wakusangirapo $20,000 panji kuchepera apa. Mtengo wa mafuta pa galoni ngukuru chomene na masenti 20 panji 30 kuluska ku United States, ndipo Hawaii pera ndiyo yili na mitengo yakupambana.

Mwambo

Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika chaka chilichose ku Alaska ni mpikisano wa ntcheŵe wa Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race kufuma ku Anchorage kuya ku Nome, mpikisano wa World Ice Art Championships ku Fairbanks, Chikondwelero cha Blueberry na Chikondwelero cha Alaska Hummingbird ku Ketchikan, Sitka Whale Fest, na Stikine River Garnet Fest ku Wrangell. Mu Mlonga wa Stikine ndimo mukusangika viyuni vikuruvikuru vya mtundu wa nombo za ku America.

Ku malo agha, ŵanthu ŵakutemwana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Chilato cha maungano agha nkhukhozga ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye mitheto yakupambanapambana na kukhozga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha kuti ŵajiwonenge kuti mbakuzirwa. Wupu wa Alaska Native Arts Foundation ukovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska kuti ŵamanye vinthu vyakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska.

Music

Mu sumu za ku Alaska muli sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska, kweniso za ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku Russia na Europe. Ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa kufuma ku Alaska ni: Jewel, Mary Youngblood, Libby Roderick, Lincoln Brewster, 36 Crazyfists na Pamyua and Portugal. Munthu uyu.

Ku Alaska kuli viphikiro vinandi vya sumu nga ni Alaska Folk Festival, Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, Anchorage Folk Festival, Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, Sitka Jazz Festival, na Sitka Summer Music Festival. Gulu la ŵakwimba la Anchorage Symphony Orchestra ndilo likumanyikwa chomene ku Alaska, nangauli Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra na Juneau Symphony nawo ŵakumanyikwa chomene. Pasono Anchorage Opera ndiyo yikupanga maseŵero gha opera mu boma ili, nangauli mu boma ili muli mawupu ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka kweniso gha ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito zinyake.

Sumu ya boma la Alaska ni "Alaska's Flag", iyo yikatoleka mu 1955; yikwimira ndembera ya Alaska.

Alaska on film and television

Mu 1983 filimu ya Disney yakuti Never Cry Wolf yikajambulika ku Alaska. Mu 1991, filimu ya White Fang, iyo yikafuma mu buku la mu 1906 la Jack London na Ethan Hawke, yikajambulika ku Haines na malo ghakuzingilizga. Mu 1994, Steven Seagal wakawoneska filimu ya mutu wakuti On Deadly Ground, iyo yikaŵa na Michael Caine, ndipo wakayiwoneskera ku Worthington Glacier pafupi na Valdez.

Vinthu vinandi vya pa TV vikujambulika ku Alaska. Mu 2011, nyuzipepara ya Anchorage Daily News yikasanga mabuku 10 mu chigaŵa ichi.

Sports

Public health and public safety

Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Alaska ndiwo ŵakwendeska polisi mu chigaŵa chose cha Alaska. Mbumba iyi yikamba ni kale comene, kweni yikaŵa yambura kuzomerezgeka mpaka mu 1941. Pambere wupu uwu undapangike, boma la Alaska likaŵa na mawupu ghakupambanapambana. Misumba yikuruyikuru yikuŵa na ŵapolisi ŵacokoŵacoko ndipo mizi yinyake yikuthemba "Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa Boma" awo ŵali kusambizgika kuŵa ŵapolisi, kweni ŵalije vilwero. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya boma ili, ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵekha ŵalipo. Padera pa kukhwimiska malango gha pa msewu na gha pa milandu, ŵapolisi ŵakuwona vya umoyo wa vikoko ŵakukhozgaso malango ghakukhwaskana na ulovi na somba. Chifukwa cha malo na ntchito izo ŵasilikari ŵakuchita, ŵakugwiliskira nchito magalimoto ghakupambanapambana pa mtunda, mu mphepo, na pa maji.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Alaska ŵakukhala mu mizi iyo mulije vyakumwa vyakuloŵezga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵakujikoma kuluska awo ŵakukhala ku mizi.

Ku malo agha ŵanthu ŵakusuzgana mu nyumba na mu nyumba, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha uloŵevu. Ku Alaska ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakukoma ŵanyawo, comenecomene mu mizi. Ŵanandi awo ŵakusuzgika cifukwa ca kugonana ŵali na vilimika 16. Pa milandu 5, ŵanayi ŵakaŵa ŵabali, ŵabwezi, panji ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyanga.

 Health insurance 
Kufika mu 2022, CVS Health na Premera ni 47% na 46% ya inshuwalansi ya umoyo. Premera na Moda Health ŵakupereka inshuwalansi ku boma la Affordable Care Exchange.

 Healthcare facilities 

Providence Alaska Medical Center ku Anchorage ndi chipatala chachikulu kwambiri m'boma kuyambira 2021; Anchorage ilinso ndi Chipatala cha Alaska Regional ndi Alaska Native Medical Center.

Kweniso mu misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru ya ku Alaska, nga ni Fairbanks na Juneau, muli vipatala. Ku Southeast Alaska, Southeast Alaska Regional Health Consortium, ikugwira ntchito zaumoyo m'madera 27 kuyambira 2022, kuphatikiza zipatala ku Sitka ndi Wrangell; ngakhale idangogwira ntchito ku Native Americans okha, yakhala ikuwonjezera mwayi ndikuphatikizidwa ndi malo ena am'deralo pakapita nthawi.

 Masambiro 

Dipatimenti ya vya Masambiro na Vyakulera yikulaŵilira vigaŵa vinandi vya masukulu ku Alaska. Kweniso boma likugwiliskira nchito sukulu ya Mt. Sukulu ya sekondale ya Edgecumbe ku Sitka, ndipo yikupereka ndalama ku masukulu ghanyake, kusazgapo Nenana Student Living Center ku Nenana na The Galena Interior Learning Academy ku Galena.

Ku Alaska kuli makoleji na mayunivesite ghanandi. Maunivesite gha ku Alaska ni University of Alaska Anchorage, University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of Alaska Southeast, na Alaska Pacific University. Alaska ndi boma lokhalo lomwe lilibe mapulogalamu othamanga omwe ali mamembala a NCAA Division I, ngakhale Alaska-Fairbanks ndi Alaska-Anchorage amasunga umembala wamasewera amodzi mu Division I ya hockey ya amuna.

Dipatimenti ya Ntchito na Kupanga Vinthu vya Ŵantchito ya ku Alaska ndiyo yikupanga sukulu ya tekinoloje ya ku Alaska. Masukulu gha ku Seward na Anchorage ghakusambizga masambiro gha masabata ghaŵiri panji 11 mu vigaŵa vyakupambana-pambana nga ni Information Technology, Welding, Nursing, na Mechanics.

Alaska wali na suzgo lakuti "ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku caru cinyake". Ŵawukirano ŵanandi, kusazgapo awo ŵakusambira comene, ŵakufumamo mu caru ici para ŵamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare ndipo ŵakuweleraso yayi. Mu 2013, ku Alaska kukaŵavya sukulu ya vya malango panji ya udokotala. Yunivesite ya ku Alaska yikukhumba kumazga suzgo ili mwa kupeleka masukulu gha vyaka vinayi ku ŵanthu 10 pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵali kumalizga masukulu gha sekondare.

Kwambira mu 1998, masukulu gha ku mizi ya ku Alaska ghakwenera kuŵa na ŵana 10 kuti ghaŵe na ndalama zakufuma ku boma, ndipo masukulu agho ghakukwaniska yayi chiŵelengero ichi ghakwenera kuŵa pafupi. Ici cikacitika cifukwa ca kucepa kwa ndalama za mafuta izo zikagwiranga nchito pa masukulu gha ku mizi. Mu 2015, pakaŵa fundo yakuti ŵasazgireko ndalama izi kufika pa 25, kweni awo ŵakakhazikiska malango mu boma ili ŵakakolerana nayo yayi.

Transportation

Roads

Alaska wali na misewu yinandi yayi pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya ku U.S. Msewu wa ku Alaska, uwo ukuzingilira malo ghachoko waka, ndipo ukuyendera mu misewu ya ku Alaska. Mzinda wa Juneau, uwo ni likuru la boma ili, ungafikika yayi na misewu, ndipo ungafikika waka na sitima panji ndege. Ivi vyawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali pa nkhani ya kusamira ku msumba uwu, panji kuti uŵe pa msewu kufuma ku Haines. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Alaska kulije misewu iyo yikusazga mizi iyi na vigaŵa vinyake vya Alaska.

Msewu wa Interstate Highways uwo uli ku Alaska ngutali makilomita 1,741. Chigaŵa chinyake cha msewu wa Alaska Highway ni Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. Msewu uwu ukazengeka na njanji ya Alaska Railroad. Msewu uwu ukaŵa utali makilomita 4, ndipo ukaŵa utali chomene mu North America m'paka mu 2007. Msewu uwu ndiwo utali comene pakati pa misewu na njanji ku North America.completion of the  Interstate 93 tunnel as part of the "Big Dig" project in Boston, Massachusetts.

Rail

Msewu wa njanji wa Alaska Railroad (ARR), uwo ukazengeka mu 1915, ukawovwira chomene kuti Alaska yilute panthazi m'ma 1900. Msewu uwu ukwenda kufuma ku Seward kuya ku South Central Alaska, ndipo ukujumpha mu misumba ya Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, na Fairbanks. Mizinda, matawuni, mizi, na vigaŵa ivyo vikwendeskeka na njanji za ARR vikumanyikwa kuti "The Railbelt". Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, misewu yinandi ya pa msewu yikamba kuŵa yinandi kuluska njanji ya ku Alaska.

Njanji iyi yikawovwira chomene kuti Alaska yilute panthazi, chifukwa yikajumphizganga katundu na katundu munyake ku Alaska, kweniso yikajumphizgiranga katundu munyake kumwera, nga ni malasha kufuma ku mgodi wa Usibelli kufupi na Healy kuya ku Seward, na malibwe kufuma ku Matanuska Valley kuya ku Anchorage. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha maulendo agho ghakucitika mu nyengo ya cihanya.

Msewu wa njanji ya Alaska ukaŵa njanji yaumaliro ku North America kugwiliskira nchito magalimoto ghanthena agha, ndipo wacali kugwiliskira nchito magalimoto agha pa sitima zinyake. Likulutilira kuŵa limoza mwa misewu yaumaliro ya mu charu ichi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa tawuni ya Talkeetna, pali nthowa ya makilomita 100 iyo palije nthowa ya pa msewu. M'paka apo msewu wa Parks Highway ukazengekera mu ma 1970, njanji iyi ndiyo yikaŵa nthowa yekha yakuluta ku vigaŵa vinandi mu chigaŵa ichi.

Ku mpoto kwa Southeast Alaska, White Pass na Yukon Route nawo ŵakwenda mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma ku Skagway kuya kumpoto ku Canada (British Columbia na Yukon Territory), ŵakwambuka mphaka pa White Pass Summit. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakwenda pa sitima za pa mtunda ŵakufika ku Skagway. Mu 1983, sitima iyi yikawonekaso pa wayilesi ya BBC pa TV ya Great Little Railways.

Njanji ziŵiri izi zikukolerana yayi nesi kukolerana na njanji yinyake. Malo ghakufupi comene na njanji ya ku North America ni ku Prince Rupert, British Columbia, kumpoto kwa Canada. Mu 2000, U.S. Boma la United States likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 6 miliyoni kuti liyezge nthowa yakwendeskera sitima pakati pa Alaska na Canada. Kuzakafika mu 2021, boma la Alaska-Alberta Railway Development Corporation likaŵa kuti layamba kulipeleka ku boma.

Makampani ghanyake ghakwendeska magalimoto ghakwendeska magalimoto pakati pa Whittier na Seattle.

Marine transport
Misumba yinandi na vikaya vilije misewu, ndipo nthowa izo ŵakwendamo ni mu mphepo, mu mlonga, panji pa nyanja.


Ku Alaska kuli sitima za pa mtunda izo zikwenda mu vigaŵa vya kumwera, Gulf Coast, na Peninsula. Maboti agha ghakunyamura ŵanthu na magalimoto wuwo. Gulu ili likugwiliskiraso nchito boti kufuma ku Bellingham, Washington na Prince Rupert, British Columbia, ku Canada kwizira mu msewu wa Inside Passage kuluta ku Skagway. Bungwe la Inter-Island Ferry Authority likugwiraso ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa nyanja kwa anthu ambiri m'chigawo cha Prince of Wales Island chakumwera chakum'mawa ndipo limagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi Alaska Marine Highway.

Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, makampani gha sitima za pa nyanja ghakamba kutchuka comene mu nyengo ya cihanya, comenecomene ku malo gha kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa nyanja ya Pacific, ku Southeast Alaska, na ku mizi yinyake iyo yili mumphepete mwa Gulf Coast. Mwaciyelezgero, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala pa Ketchikan ukusintha comene pa zuŵa lililose.

Air transport
Ku malo agho kulije misewu, nyanja, panji milonga, munthu wangakafika waka pa ndege, panji pa malundi, panji pa galimoto ya nkhumba, panji pa mashini ghakuthura chiwuvi. Anchorage na Fairbanks ni malo agho kuli ndege zinandi zikuruzikuru. Cifukwa cakuti mu caru ici muli nthowa zinandi yayi za pa msewu, nthowa ya pa mphepo ndiyo njakovwira comene kuti munthu wanjire na kufuma mu caru ici. Anchorage yasintha vinthu vinandi pa chiŵanja cha ndege cha Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport kuti chiŵe na malo ghakukwana ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakwiza kuzakawona malo. (Mu 2012 na 2013, ŵanthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni ŵakiza ku Alaska).State of Alaska Office of Economic Development. Economic Impact of Alaska's Visitor Industry  . January 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2014.

Ntchakusuzga kuti ndege zifike ku mizi na matawuni ghanandi mu chigaŵa ichi, ntheura boma la United States likupeleka ndalama zinandi ku ndege izi kwizira mu pulogiramu ya Essential Air Service. Alaska Airlines ndiyo yekha ndege zikuluzikulu kupereka mu boma kuyenda ndi ndege utumiki (nthawi zina osakaniza katundu ndi zonyamula Boeing 737-400s) kuchokera Anchorage ndi Fairbanks ku dera Aang'ono ngati Beteli, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, ndi zina zikuluzikulu madera komanso kuti zikuluzikulu Southeast ndi Alaska Peninsula madera.

Ndege zinandi izo zikugwira nchito mu vigaŵa ivi ni izo zikufuma ku vyaru vinyake nga ni Ravn Alaska, PenAir, na Frontier Flying Service. Matawuni na mizi yichokoyichoko yikwenera kugwiliskira nchito ndege zakwendakwenda nga ni za Cessna Caravan, izo ni ndege zakutchuka comene mu caru ici. Ŵanandi mwa ŵapayiniya aŵa ŵakuteŵetera pa ofesi ya munthavi ya Alaska. Pulogiramu iyi yikukhumba kuti 70% ya ndalama izi yipelekekenge ku ŵakwendakwenda awo ŵakwendeska magalimoto mu mizi iyi.

Mu vigaŵa vinandi muli ma taxi gha pa mphepo. Vinthu ivi vikacitikanga cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhumbikwiranga magalimoto ghakwendeskera vinthu ku vigaŵa vyakutali. Cingaŵa kuti ndege ya ku Alaska ndiyo yikumanyikwa comene. Ku malo agha ndiko kuli ndege zinandi izo zikuluta ku mizi yakutali uko kulije malo ghakukwelera ndege, ndipo zikunyamura ŵanthu, katundu, na vinthu vinandi ivyo vikufuma mu masitoro.

Mu 2006, Alaska ndiyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakendeskanga ndege kuluska chigaŵa chilichose cha ku United States. Ku Alaska, pali viyuni vyakukwana 8,795 ivyo vikugwira nchito. Pa ŵapayiniya aŵa, pali 2,507 awo ŵakugwira nchito za pa caru cose, 1,496 awo ŵakugwira nchito za pa caru cose, 2,180 awo ŵakugwira nchito za pa caru cose, na 2,239 awo ŵakusambira nchito za pa caru cose. Paliso ŵapayiniya 3,987 awo ŵakumanya kwendeska ndege, na ŵasambizgi ŵa ndege 1,511.

Other transport
Nthowa yinyake iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska ŵakwendamo ni ntcheŵe. Mazuŵa ghano, ntchezgo za ntchezgo ni maseŵero waka. Pali mipikisano yinandi iyo yikuchitika mu chigaŵa ichi, kweni iyo yikumanyikwa chomene ni Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Mpikisano uwu ngwa mtunda wa makilomita 1,850 kufuma ku Anchorage kukafika ku Nome. Mpikisano uwu ukukumbukira kuti mu 1925, ŵanthu ŵakaluta ku Nome kukapeleka munkhwala ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgika na nthenda ya diphtheria. Ŵanthu ŵakucita maseŵero agha ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana ndipo ŵakwiza ku Anchorage mu mwezi wa Malichi kuti ŵaphalizgane kuti ŵasange ndarama, njombe, na kumanyikwa. "Serum Run" ni ciphalizgano cinyake ca ntcheŵe izo zikwenda mu nthowa iyo yikacitikanga mu 1925, kufuma ku Nenana (kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Fairbanks) kuluta ku Nome.

Mu vigaŵa ivyo kulije misewu panji njanji, ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa magalimoto mu nyengo ya chihanya, ndipo mu nyengo ya chiwuvi ŵakwenda pa galimoto panji "makina ghakwendeskera chiwuvi".

Data transport
Ku Alaska kuli Intaneti na nthowa zinyake zakupharazgira, izo zikufuma ku makampani ghaŵiri ghakurughakuru gha pa Intaneti: GCI na Alaska Communications. GCI yikupanga na kugwiliskira nchito makina agho ghakucemeka Alaska United Fiber Optic system ndipo, kuumaliro wa 2011, Alaska Communications yikapharazga kuti yili na "nthowa ziŵiri za fiber optic ku lower 48 na zinyake ziŵiri mu Alaska. Mu Janyuwale 2011, ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti pakukhumbikwa ndalama zakukwana madola 1 biliyoni kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia na ku Alaska ŵakumane.Arctic fiber-optic cable could benefit far-flung Alaskans  . Anchorage Daily News.

Law and government
State government


Nga ni vyaru vinyake vyose vya ku U.S., Alaska nayo ni boma, ndipo lili na vigaŵa vitatu vya boma: chigaŵa cha boma icho chili na kazembe wa Alaska na awo ŵakwimikika na iyo, awo ŵakulongozga vigaŵa vinyake vya boma; chigaŵa cha malango icho chili na Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Alaska na Senate; na chigaŵa cha milandu icho chili na Khoti Likuru Chomene la Alaska na makhoti ghachoko.

Boma la Alaska lili na ŵantchito pafupifupi 16,000.

Wupu wa malango wa ku Alaska uli na ŵanthu 40 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo na ŵanthu 20 mu Senate. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakugwira nchito kwa vilimika vinayi, ndipo ŵa nyumba ya malango ŵakugwira nchito kwa vilimika viŵiri. Kazembe wa Alaska wakuteŵetera kwa vilimika vinayi. 

Makhoti gha ku Alaska ghali na vigaŵa vinayi: Khoti Likuru Chomene, Khoti la Apilu, makhoti ghapachanya, na makhoti gha chigaŵa. Makhoti ghapachanya na gha mu vigaŵa ni makhoti ghakudumura milandu. Makhoti ghapachanya ghakupulikizga milandu yinandi, ndipo makhoti gha mu vigaŵa ghakupulikizga milandu yichoko waka, kusazgapo milandu ya vigeŵenga na milandu ya boma ya ndalama zakukwana madola 100,000.

Khoti Likuru Chomene na Khoti la Apilu ni makhoti gha apilu. Khoti la Apilu likudumura milandu yinyake iyo yikadumulika na makhoti ghachoko, kusazgapo milandu yakukhwaskana na milandu ya vigeŵenga, kuswa malango kwa ŵana, na milandu ya habeas corpus. Khoti Likuru Chomene likupulikizga milandu ya boma na milandu ya vigeŵenga.

State politics

Gubernatorial election results Year Democratic Republican Others195859.6% 29,18939.4% 19,299196252.3% 29,62747.7% 27,054196648.4% 32,06550.0% 33,145197052.4% 42,30946.1% 37,264197447.4% 45,55347.7% 45,840197820.2% 25,65639.1% 49,580198246.1% 89,91837.1% 72,291198647.3% 84,94342.6% 76,515199030.9% 60,20126.2% 50,99138.9% 75,721199441.1% 87,69340.8% 87,157199851.3% 112,87917.9% 39,331200240.7% 94,21655.9% 129,279200641.0% 97,23848.3% 114,697201037.7% 96,51959.1% 151,31820140.0% 045.9% 128,43548.1% 134,658201844.4% 125,73951.4% 145,631202224.2% 63,75550.3% 132,392

Nangauli mu vilimika vyakwambilira apo boma la Alaska likapangika likaŵa la Democratic, kweni kwamba m'ma 1970, likamba kutolera fundo za Republican. Kanandi mabungwe gha ndyali gha mu vigaŵa ivi ghakugwirapo nchito pa nkhani za kusanda malo, somba, vyamwendakwenda, na wanangwa wa munthu waliyose payekha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska, nangauli ŵakukhala mu vikaya vyawo, kweni ŵakukolerana na mabungwe gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali kupika malo ghakurughakuru, agho ghakukhumbikwira kulongozgeka.

Kale, Alaska likaŵa boma lekha ilo likazomerezganga kuti munthu waŵenge na unusu umoza panji kuchepera apa wa chamba mu nyumba yake, nangauli dango la boma likulutilira kugwira nchito.

Boma ili lili na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kujipatura ku United States.

Ŵabali 6 ŵakufuma mu gulu la Republican na ŵanayi ŵakufuma mu gulu la Democratic ndiwo ŵateŵeterapo nga ni kazembe wa Alaska. Wally Hickel, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa Republican, wakasankhika mu 1990 kuti waŵeso kazembe waciŵiri, pamanyuma pakuti wafumamo mu chipani cha Republican ndipo wakakhala kanyengo kacoko waka mu chipani cha Alaskan Independence Party. Mu 1994, wakawelera ku chipani cha Republican.

Ku Alaska, boma la boma la Colorado na la Washington, ndilo likazomerezga chamba. Dango liphya likung'anamura kuti ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyakujumpha 21 ŵangacita maseŵero ghakupambanapambana. Sitolo yakwamba yakuguliska chamba yikajulika ku Valdez mu Okutobala 2016.Andrews, Laurel,Marijuana milestone: Alaska's first pot shop opens to the public in Valdez  Alaska Dispatch News, October 29, 2016

Voter registration
 Party registration as of February 2023 Party Total voters Percentage  Unaffiliated 350,609 58.00%  Republican 145,390 24.05%  Democratic 77,219 12.78% Alaskan Independence 19,330 3.20% Other political groups 11,906 1.97% Total 604,454 100.00%

Taxes
Boma la Alaska likuthemba chomene ndalama za mafuta na ndalama izo boma likupeleka. Ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵaŵe na msonkho ucoko comene mu United States. Ni limoza mwa vyaru vinkhondi ivyo mulije msonkho wa malonda, limoza mwa vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo mulije msonkho wa munthu waliyose, ndipo pamoza na New Hampshire, ni limoza mwa vyaru viŵiri ivyo mulije msonkho. Dipatimenti ya msonkho yikupereka lipoti la ndalama izo boma likusanga. Dipatimenti iyi yikulemba lipoti la ivyo yikucita pa caka, kusazgapo malango ghaphya gha boma agho ghakukhwaska nadi dipatimenti ya msonkho. Mu 2014, wupu wakuwona vya misonkho ukalemba kuti boma la Alaska ndilo lili na misonkho yiwemi chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu charu ichi.

Nangauli boma la Alaska lilije msonkho wa katundu uyo waguliskika, kweni matawuni 89 ghakusonkha msonkho wa katundu uyo waguliskika, kufuma pa 1.0 kufika pa 7.5%. Misonkho yinyake iyo ŵakutolera ŵanthu yikusazgapo msonkho wa somba zambura kuphika, msonkho wa hotelo, msonkho wa malo ghakukhala, msonkho wa chakurya, msonkho wa moŵa na hona, msonkho wa maseŵero, msonkho wa matayala, na msonkho wa mafuta. Chigaŵa chinyake cha ndalama izo zikufuma ku msonkho wa boma na ndalama izo zikufuma ku ma layisensi (nga ni mafuta gha petulo, mafuta gha ndege, na kwendeska mafoni) vikugaŵikana na matawuni gha ku Alaska.

Vinthu vikwenda makora yayi ku Alaska chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo ya mafuta kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuguliska mafuta mu ma 2010, ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti ndalama zinandi zifumenge ku boma la Alaska. Boma la boma ili likwenera kuchepeska bajeti yake, ndipo likwiza na bajeti yakuperewera kufuma pa $2 biliyoni mu 2016 kufika pa $500 miliyoni mu 2018. Mu 2020, bajeti ya boma la Alaska yikaŵa $4.8 billion, apo ndalama izo boma likasanganga zikaŵa $4.5 billion pera.

Federal politics


Boma la Alaska likutemwa kovwira ŵa Republican pa visora vya pulezidenti ndipo likulutilira kuchita nthena kufuma waka apo likazgoka boma. Ŵapepublikani ndiwo ŵatorapo mavoti ghose gha wupu wa vyakusankhirapo mu boma ili padera pa kamoza (1964). Pakaŵavya boma linyake ilo likavotera kanandi waka munthu wa chipani cha Democratic kuti waŵe mulongozgi. Mubali Lyndon B. Johnson pa nyengo iyo wakasankhika mu 1964, apo mavoti gha mu 1960 na 1968 ghakaŵa pafupi. Ndipouli, kufuma mu 1972, Ŵarepulikani ndiwo ŵaluska mu boma ili. Mu 2008, John McCain wa ku Republican wakathereska Barack Obama wa ku Democratic mu Alaska, 59.49% ku 37.83%. Mubali munyake wa McCain wakaŵa Sarah Palin, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa boma la Alaska. Mu 2012, Obama wakatondekaso ku Alaska, kweni pa mavoti 40 pa mavoti 100 gha boma ili, ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuwina mu chipani cha Democratic kufuma mu 1968. Mu chaka cha 2020, Joe Biden wakapokera 42.77% ya mavoti gha pulezidenti, ichi chikaŵa chiŵelengero chapachanya chomene kwa munthu uyo wakakhalapo pa mpando wa pulezidenti wa chipani cha Democratic kufuma apo Johnson wakathereskeka mu 1964.

Ku Alaska Bush, Juneau, pakati pa tawuni na pakati pa tawuni ya Anchorage, na vigaŵa ivyo vili kuzingilizga sukulu ya University of Alaska Fairbanks na Ester kukaŵa malo ghakuru gha Democratic Party. Chigaŵa cha Matanuska-Susitna Borough, na Fairbanks (kusazgapo North Pole na msasa wa ŵasilikari), na South Anchorage, ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵa mu Republican ŵakutemwa chomene.

Elections

Boma la Alaska likutondeka nyengo zinandi pa masankho gha ku U.S. Ŵa Senator, Ernest Gruening, Mike Gravel na Lisa Murkowski wose ŵakathereskeka kuti ŵasolekeso. Ndipouli, Murkowski wakathereskeka na boma. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni ku Alaska kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakateŵetera nyengo yitali mu nyumba ya malango, ndipo yumoza wawo wakaŵa Ted Stevens. Wakaŵa mulembi wa Nyumba ya Malamulo kwa vilimika 40, ndipo Don Young wakaŵa mulembi wa Nyumba ya Malamulo kwa vilimika 49.
thumb | 220x124px | right | Republican Don Young held Alaska's sole U.S. House seat for 49 years, from 1973 to 2022.

Mu 2020, ŵanthu ŵa ku Alaska ŵakazomera fundo ya nambara 2. Ŵakatora fundo iyi na unandi wa mavoti pafupifupi 4,000. Dango ili likukhumba kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakupeleka ndalama ku kampeni ŵalongosore uyo wakupeleka ndalama na awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito ndalama izo zikujumpha madola 2,000. Ndondomeko iyi yikukhozgaso kuti pa mavoti gha mu vigaŵa vyose (nga ni ku Washington na California) paŵavye vyaru ivyo vikwimira waliyose, kweniso kuti pa mavoti gha mu vigaŵa vyose (nga ni ku Maine) paŵavye vyaru ivyo vikukolerana. Vuto lachiŵiri likupangiska Alaska kuŵa boma lachitatu pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana awo ŵakuvota ku malo ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ni boma lachiŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana awo ŵakuvota ku malo ghakupambanapambana.

Mulimo wakwamba wa kulondezga ndondomeko yiphya ya mavoti ukaŵa wa kusora munthu yumoza pera mu boma la Alaska. Mpando wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, ukakhalapo chifukwa cha nyifwa ya Don Young, ndipo Mary Peltola, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kufuma ku chipani cha Democrat kuwina mpando uwu kufuma mu 1972, ndiyo wakwamba kufuma ku Alaska kusankhika ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States.

Wonaniso

 Index of Alaska-related articles
 Outline of Alaska
 List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska
 USS Alaska, 4 ships

Vyakulemba

Ukaboni

 Vigaŵa vya kuwalo 


 Alaska's Digital Archives
 Alaska Inter-Tribal Council


 Who Owns/Manages Alaska? (map)
 Carl J. Sacarlasen Diary Extracts at Dartmouth College Library
 M.E. Diemer Alaska Photographs at Dartmouth College Library
 Alfred Hulse Brooks Photographs and Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

U.S. federal government
 Alaska State Guide from the Library of Congress
 Energy & Environmental Data for Alaska
 USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alaska 
 US Census Bureau
 Alaska State Facts
 Alaska Statehood Subject Guide from the Eisenhower Presidential Library 
 Alaska Statehood documents, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library 

Alaska state government
 State of Alaska website
 Alaska State Databases
 Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Recorder's Office


Category:Arctic Ocean
Category:Former Russian colonies
Category:States and territories established in 1959
Category:States of the United States
Category:States of the West Coast of the United States
Category:1959 establishments in the United States
Category:Western United States
Category:Northern America
Category:Enclaves and exclaves
Category:Russia–United States relations
Category:Beringia
Category:Exclaves in the United States