Iraq

Gaga kska Yacow ka Iraq, 33 00 N, 44 00 E ka gaga na nniqan.

Kana ka knlbangan na o 438,317 sq km（hangan na o Tg59）（knlbanga dxgal o 437,367 sq km, knlbangan qsiya o 950 sq km）. 

Kana ka sejiqun o niqan 38,146,025 hiyi. 

Gaga Baghdad ka pusu alang paru, jiyax 14 idas 7 ka jiyax skrayan klwaan. 

Manu ka dxgal Iraq ga wada sugan 18.10%  ka dxgal qpahan, 1.90% ka dxgal bbuyu, rahuq dxgal do niqan 80% na.

Bukung klwaan ta sayang o kiya ka Fuad Masum, pnaah hngkawas2014 idas 7 jiyax 24pnrajing kmlawa klwaan.
cinkhulan sa knita’ sa brbiru’

 Iraq（伊拉克） 
Iraq konghekwo pa splawa dha Iraq, wa mniq tuiwil Asia-Nniqan Congtong na konghekwo. Iraq mi tuhunac na Sawuti Arapo, Kuwait, tudaya na Turkey, tuiwil daya na Syria, tunarac na Iran mi tiiwil na Jordan mtlutuc. Nniqan niya Iraq mniq kcka rikisi pa snplawa dha Misoputamiya, kiya ka pusu bay pnyahan sediq uri.
縮圖|Brah btasil sndhuwan “Patas pnwaya Hanmo rapi”.  

 Ris（歷史） 
Nniqan lnlingay Iraq pa hmrinas 20 knbkiyan kngkawas daw tna niqan sediq mniq hini da. Wa mniq iyax yayung Yohwarati mi yayung Tikoris bbrnux Misoputamiya ka Iraq; knmalu bay dxral niyi pa mndungus bay snpusal mndanga knrudan waya knkla mtqiri klwanan- Waya knkla Sumey, waya knkla Babirun, waya knkla Yasu mi waya knkla Cyaartiya （burah Babirun）. Ad. 656 kngkawas cida nniqan dha jiya u wada yahan knnrmux sediq Arupo. Brah niyi cida qbsyaqan bay diyax u, mnkingal drxal Posu tikwo ka hini, binaw kana sotu knkingal cngcweyn pa phyuwan nniqan ddha yayung ryoyu kana, mray so Posu tikwo, Yari Sanda tikwo na Babirun, Sayryoku wangcaw na Sayryosiya, Ansi tikwo, Sasan wangcaw na Taysihung. Kngkawas 762 cida, Harihwa ka thdilan Ansi tikwo, Sasan wangcaw na sotu Taysihong peycyaw ka Pakota. Kndadax hiya cida, ida balay mndungus bay ckcka klwanan Arapo ka Pakota, dhuq kngkawas 1258 cida yahan knnrmux sediq Mongku ka hana mnhdu.

Kngkawas 1915 cida, heytay Ingkoku ka knnrmux Iraq, spuda hangan Kworyeyn muda qmlahang dhiya, dhuq kngkawas 1932 cida wada dukuricu ka Iraq, wada spuda Hasimu wangcaw mpqlahang ka qnlhangan pnwaya cyuncu.                                

Kngkawas 1958 idas 7 diyax 14 spuda Abuture Karimu Kasaymu ka pusu na “Pnsliyan mtrawah cyunkwan” pspaux Hasimu wangcaw, phiyu Iraq konghekwo. Kngkawas 1963 idas 2 diyax 8 cida Arupo Husing Sehuytang pspaux Kasaymu, phiyu cngcweyn tnpusu tang dha nanaq, binaw sediq tangway Arihu ka phyuwan soto. Mntna kngkawas cida idas 11, cida u soto Arihu pa wada mbiyax bay qmraq sediq Husingtang, kiya mi wada mquri truma muda ddaun dha ka Husingtang. Kngkawas 1968 idas 7 diyax 17, spuda Ayhamayte Haysang Peykear ka tnpusu na Husingtang cyunkwan citwan mnsupu Abuture Racak Nayihu rrisaw cyunkwan citwan pspaux qbsuran Arihu, Husingtang Dungan ka mangal biyax, dmudul “Pskingal, Mtrawah, Sehuy cuyi” na kangring, Peykear ka phyuwan soto. Kngkawas 1979 idas 7 alaw mnarux malix soto ka Peykear, Syunnipay Satamu Haysan ka mpdudul tang dha mi phyuwan soto. Mniq Satamu ka iyax dmuwi biyax qmlahang cida pquri pqraqil bay Syeypay Musrin muda tucay qmlahang, krinah bay cnbu mi phuqil quri ini pntna qnita seyji niya. Mniq kngkkawas 1980 cida, Satamu ka dyawan Amirika mi mccbu Irang （quri Syeypay Musrin ka pusu bay） dhuq 8 kngkawas ka mccbu Iraq mi Irang. Alaw cida pa mnuda Isran keming ka Irang daw, wada mkingal qnlhangan tmraqil bay Amirika pskngalan kingal ka cngcyaw, mccbu cida ka qnlhangan Iraq mi Irang pa quri so cyunsu u dmkuh Irang mcbu Irang ka Amirika.

Kngkawas 1990 cida heytay Iraq pa knrmux Kweyt, pspuruq rmading ka mccbu Haywan, alaw ka ini balay kbiyax ka butay dha Kweyt kiya mi wada ini biyaw yahan knnrmux, pkla kari ka Satamu “ngalan dha kingal sng Iraq ka Kweyt”, binaw wada kasi ksngan Ryeynhekwo, spuda Amirika mi Ingkoku ka tnpusu balay mi hbaraw qnlhangan ka prading bbuyu bbnaqi hongpaw singtong, pquri tndxral butay Iraq muda kndadax karac baraw mcbu. Kawas kingal idas 1 cida wada ini baka mi lwaqan Amirika mi knhbrawan butay qnhlangan kndadax Kweyt ka Iraq. So kiya u Amirika ka pusu mi dhbaraw qnhlangan pa wada bsiyaq hari muda bacu quri Iraq niyi.

Kngkawas 2003 idas 3 diyax 20 , Amirika pa alaw hmili dmuwi knbeyhing bay ppuniq ddiyun mccbu ka Iraq, pssli pnspuwan heytay mcbu Iraq, so niyi ka ndan u uxay pnuda pnrngawan Ryeynhekwo, wada pspuruq ka mccbu Iraq. Ini kpiya diyax iyax sngayan daw Husingtang cngcweyn u wada ini baka pnspuwan heytay Amirika mi Ingkoku, iyax niyi pa ini uda knbeyki bay kncyukan dha Amirika, hbaraw bay heytay Iraq pa wada tosyang, soto Iraq cida ka Satamu Haysan pa wada sqraq heytay Amirika mi wada pchun ppqilun hoing Iraq ka Haysan. Ini biyaw yahan qmlahang Amirika mi heytay qnlhangan malu pnluban ka Iraq, binaw heytay Amirika pa ini dha sndali ka knbeyhing bay ppuniq ddiyun mccbu na Iraq. Alaw pnsdhuwan Amirika ka singcng cangkwan Poro Bureymo pa wada biqan qpahun seykining uuda Iraq knbeyhing bay singcng cangkwan, ngalan bukung mqlahang Iraq. Kingal kndadax knkingal qnpringan biyax seyji pnspuwan Iraq rinji qmlahang ingkay ka muda pprngaw matas keyngpo mi lxayan smmalu keykaku. Kngkawas 2004 idas 6 diyax 1, Ryeynhekwo, Amirika, Iraq tuturu niyi pa msupu pprngaw snkaul spuda Arawey ka cngri mi phiyu rinji seyhu Iraq. Idas 6 diyax 28, pnspuwan heytay Amirika mi Ingkoku psdhu muway biyax pquri rinji seyhu Iraq. Kngkawas 2005 idas 1 diyax 30, muda beyhing bay seyngkyo ka Iraq. Idas 4 diyax 6, Cyarare Tarapani ka wada mangal kwotu cngcweyn soto. Kngkawas 2006 idas 5 diyax 20, mwaya bay mndungus seyhu babaw mnhdu mccbu mi spuda gikay psdhu smruwa daw psdhuwan. Congri ka Cyawate Mriki. Binaw kongou hwencu mi biyax brah seyhu u iyux kndadar qnlhangan heytay Amirika mi Ingkoku, muda pquri keysacu Iraq mi seyhu ciko mi rulu heytay Amirika mnniq Iraq dmuwi bakudang cnbu dhiya. Syeypay mi Syunnipay Musrin u mkala ka mtdiyal quri mniq kcka nniqan Iraq wada pkchdil bay lnglungan seyhu Iraq uri. Kiya uri u, babaw mnhdu mccbu daw tudaya Iraq na kuriscyang Yasu mi ini khbaraw pnsliyan snhiyan mniq tnualang prrudu mi wada pkixan pquri nganguc thdil, so niyi pa wada tqan mi slhbnun bay kana mtqiri klwanan.

Heytay Amirika mnniq Iraq pa mniq kngkawas 2011 u wada mlatac Iraq kana, mnhdu Amirika mnniq Iraq 8 kngkawas qnbsyaqan cyunsu singtong.

Kngkawas 2014 Syunnipay pnsliyan citwan kongpu Iraq mi Rihwant Isran kwo pa qmita Congtong mrrudu ka cyusu pquri Iraq mcbu, beytaq lmutuc mccbu Dungan ka Iraq dungan. Kngkawas 2014 idas 6, Isran kwo pa wada mangal tuiwil mi tudaya knbeyhing bay nniqan Iraq, kiya ka knkana tudha knbeyhing alang mkbrnux Iraq Mosuar mi tukcka knbeyhing alang mkbrnux Tikerit mi tudaya alang mkbrnux Tayreahuyar mi knhbaraw bay alang mkbrnux Iraq, kiya mi msdalih bay mquri mcbu sotu Pakta. ISIL mi heytay seyhu Iraq, tudaya na Kute ucwang pa mniq yayung Yohwarati mkngahu u ini balay ppkangal. ISIL cyeynhong u beytaq bay msdalih ppanan skoki Pakta. 

Spuda dnyawan Amirika mi Irang daw, seyhu Iraq pa thiti daw dmuwi tturu kngkawas skkingal dha mangal dungal ka dxral dha nanaq. Kngkawas 2017 idas 11 diyax 17, Iraq ryeynhe singtong suring mi mpusa kari Rasuar （Yahay Rasool） u pkla, mniq turima diyax iyax sngayan （idas 11 diyax 17） bbiyan cida, butay mi sediq mnccbu tnualang pa wada dhuq Anpaar sng na Rawah su （Rawah） tuiwil, wada bay mk5 jikang mccbu, wada dhuq mangal ka Rawah su Dungan. Babaw cka hidaw cida pa pkla kari ka congri Iraq Apati, Iraq pa lmutuc dmuwi cyunsu singtong dhuq mangal ka tuiwil Iraq wa mniq nniqan bbuyu bbnaqi. 

Knbeyhing bay swey hwotong u mniq kngkawas 2019 idas 10 diyax 1 prading, sediq knciyuk u snquri 16 kngkawas na buraw qmnaqah, ini qqaras uka qpahun mi tisyaw ka kongkong huwu. Kmciyuk sediq pa wada mkala kndudul pspaux seyhu mi mdakar Irang miyah mtdayak uuda Iraq ka sntangan dha. Wada beyhing bay ka cniyuk na seyhu Iraq dmi, dhuq idas 12 diyax 12 cida u niqan 500 sngari sediq ka wada phqilun.

 Tiri（地理） 
縮圖|Mosuar beyhing mlangu qsiya
Wa mniq tuiwil hunac Asia ka Iraq, tunarac daya Arapo pantaw, lmutuc Tuarci ka tudaya, msdalih Irang ka tunarac, Syuriya ka tuiwil, Yotan, lmutuc Sauti Arapo ka tuhunac, Kweyt, msdalih Poswan ka tunarac hunac, knbbaraw mkngahu ucilung syeyn u 58 km.

Ou bay bbnaqi bbuyu ka tndxral Iraq. Binaw mniq nniqan iyax yayung Yohwarati mi yayung Tikris u malu ngalun mhuma pnwalang, mndungus bay ka pnhuma. Ddha beyhing yayung u kawas kawas u 7000 knbkiyan rihwang m na bnaqi yayung pa hadan dha muhing yayung sancyawco. Tunarac hunac Iraq pa niqan elu mkngahu ucilung mwaluk lmutuc Poswan. Msdalih ucilung ka nniqan dha mi mkngahu ucilung Arapo u mnniqan dxral mhuriq msrucaw han, binaw ou bay dxral mhuriq pa mniq kngkkawas 1990 daw wada pdnguwan da. Tudaya Iraq pa pusu na bay u dxral lmiqu, knbaraw na bay ka Haji Ibrahim, haypa 3600 m.

Knkarac nniqan dha u mtilux bbnaqi bbuyu knkarac, misan cida u mtltu karac, rbawan mndngu msuwan. Tudaya nniqan lmiqu u misan u mskuy hari, mncu u muda mhuda, hmrinas bay u spuda so niyi muda smliq nniqan ka qsiya. Sotu Pakta u wa mniq kcka qnlhangan, lhuwan quri yayung Tikris. Kiya mi quri pusu alang mkbrnux u kiya ka knkana tuhunac na Pasra mi tudaya na Mosuar. 

Phpah qnlhangan Iraq ka Yeyci. 

 Singcng cyuhwa （行政區劃） 
Niqan 19 knkana sng ka Iraq, kcka tu19 sng Haraypucyey sng pa pnhyuwan kngkawas 2014 kiya.

 Tayhuk sng（دهوك）
 Niniwey sng（نينوى）
 Ayarpire sng（أربيل）
 Ciarkuk sng（كركوك）
 Suraymanniya sng（السليمانية）
 Saraheting sng（صلاح الدين）
 Anpaar sng（الأنبار）
 Pakta sng（بغداد）
 Tiyara sng（ديالى）
 Kaarpara sng（كربلاء）
 Papirun sng（بابل）
 Wasit sng（واسط）
 Nacyeyhu sng（النجف）
 Katisi sng（القادسية）
 Misang sng（ميسان）
 Musana sng（المثنى）
 Cicyaar（ذي قار）
 Pasra sng（البصرة）
 Haraypucyey sng（حلبجة）（Ini pskrayi rmicuh jiga niya na.）

 Cngc（政治） 
Dhuq kngkawas 2003 brah cida ka Iraq pa to bay Iraq Sehuy Husing tang ka murux nanaq dmuwi biyax cwancu tucay qmlahang, krinah bay ka Satamu phyuwan soto. Mniq kngkawas 2002 seyngkyo soto cida u, wada mangal hmrinas 99% bntaqan kipu ka Satamu; kiya mi wana hiya nanaq murux ka bbtaqun soto. Gikay Iraq u kingal bay pnwaya ing, splawa dha kkomin gikay uxay daw “Majlis al-Watani”, niqan 250 hiyi giying, 4 kngkawas mntxan ka diyax qqpahun diying.

Kngkawas 2003 cida wada spoxan ka Satamu Haysan cngcweyn daw, prading qqpahun sbburah cngcweyn ka Iraq. Kngkawas 2005 idas 5 diyax 3, Amirika ka qmlahang cida, mbarah seyhu Iraq ka wada mndungus bay psdhuwan phiyu. Kngkawas 2005 idas 12 diyax 15, kngkawas 2010 idas 3 diyax 7, kngkawas 2014 idas 4 diyax 30 mi kngkawas 2018 idas 5 diyax 12 u to bay spuda kongmin meytaq xyo muda gikay seyngkyo.

 Cingci（經濟） 
縮圖|Mniq Rumayra qnpahan gasoring na puniq gasoring.
Kngkawas 2003 cida wada spoxan ka Satamu Haysan cngcweyn daw, prading qqpahun sbburah cngcweyn ka Iraq. Kngkawas 2005 idas 5 diyax 3, Amirika ka qmlahang cida, mbarah seyhu Iraq ka wada mndungus bay psdhuwan phiyu. Kngkawas 2005 idas 12 diyax 15, kngkawas 2010 idas 3 diyax 7, kngkawas 2014 idas 4 diyax 30 mi kngkawas 2018 idas 5 diyax 12 u to bay spuda kongmin meytaq xyo muda gikay seyngkyo.

Iraq pa mniq kngkawas 1990 idas 8 u mnusa knrmux mangal Keweyt, kiya mi wada dan psru keyjay kwoci syakay. Kndadax kngkawas 1991 idas 1 prading ka mccbu Haywan u wada mbeyhing balay snliqan na keyjay Iraq. Seyhu Iraq pa smliq hbangan quri ddiyun heytay mi pawan butay mi wada mridil ka biyax mpdkuh, uka brahan pstutuy jeyjay dha. Kndadax kngkawas 1996 idas 12 Ryeynhekwo na gasoring spriyux uqun keykaku pa wada pkmalu hari kdusan sediq Iraq. Spuda keykaku niyi pa, wada srwanan cuko pnrngawan gasoring spriyux uqun, iyu mi duma qqiya spsalu smlun dha.

Kndadax kngkawas 1999 idas 12 prading, Ryeynhekwo Anrihuy pa smruwa Iraq u mniq keykaku niyi wa cuko knbaka gasoring kiya ka mttuku ka jntaw ddiyun haykyo. Cuko gasoring u dhuq mccbu brah cida 3/4 na sweyping. Binaw, 28% mnangal hbangan gasoring Iraq pa wada ddiyun spririh Ryeynhekwo mi subway ddiyun Ryeynhekwo. Kngkawas 2001, alaw kana mtqiri klwanan na keyjay u wada mhnuk mi wada mlih uri ka knkrayan gasoring, wada stabuy uri ka kokomin sngcan congcu Iraq. Mniq babaw kngkawas 2003 Amirika ka miyax qmlahang Iraw daw, Iraq u spuda dha msupu pusu tunux kwoci gasoring, sbari dha ka biyax kmari bbeyhing mi ttiping qnpahan gasoring; kiya ka wada ini biyaw mkmalu ka keyjay dha.

 Knhbrawan hiyi sediq （人口概況） 
Knhbrawan hiyi sediq Iraq pa mniq kngkawas 2013 u ya bay 31,858,481 hiyi, mniq kngkawas 1878 cida pa wana bay 200 knbkiyan hiyi knhbrawab bay, ya bay 75% knhbrawan hiyi sediq wa mniq Iraq pa sediq Arapo; mnniq lmiqu tudaya mi tunarac day aka sediq Kute ka kingal pusu bay minjoku, ya bay sediq knkana 15%-20% knhbrawan; niqan duma ka ini khbaraw minjoku sediq Yasu, sediq Yaminiya, sediq Tukuman, sediq Kawcyaso mi sediq Posu, pnspuwan dha pa 5% knhbrawan sediq Iraq. Kari Arapo ka ddiyun dha kari qnlhangan. Kari Kute pa mniq tudaya ka srngaw dha balay. Kari Arami saya ka dduwi dha mniq pnsliyan sediq Yasu cida.
+Knhbrawan hiyi sediq IraqKngkawasknbkiyan197197019801320199018102000227020092890

 Cungcyaw（宗教） 
Mniq Iraq pa, snhiyan dha Isrankyo na sediq Arapo pa to bay na Syeypay. Syunnipay Musrin u hbaraw balay knhbrawan hiyi sediq uri. Knhbaraw hiyi sediq Kute ka Syunnipay Musrin, binawkari dha mi llukus dha pa ini bay pntna sediq Arapo.

Iraq pa niqan hbaraw tongyi na kuriscyang, mnpnrhulan Tunarac Yasu mi Teyskyokay Cyareti, pnrhulan Cng Syuriya, Teyskyokay Syuriya mi pnrhulan Qnepah Yaminiya mi knkingal kluwanan Tunarac Kiristokyo, mnhbaraw bay ka knhbrawan hiyi dha han. Binaw kndadax kngkawas 2003 prading Amirika ka miyah qmlahang daw, anjeyng Iraq u ini kwedhu mi wada mqnaqah, hbaraw bay kuriscyang pa wada qdriqan mlatac Iraq, mquri ssiyaw qnlhangan uxay daw qnlhangan quri qnlhangan tuiwil, kiya ka wada kndudul mlih ka knhbrawan hiyi kuriscyang Iraq. Knhbrawan hiyi kuriscyang Iraq saya pa wana msngari 60 knbkiyan hiyi balay da.

Kiya uri u, tudaya Iraq u niqan Yacu kyokay, Sabak kyokay （Shabak） mi Arihak kyokay （Ahl-e Haqq uxay daw Yarsan）, tuhunac Iraq pa niqan Matakyo niya na. Knkingal snhiyan ini khbaraw niyi pa mniq kngkawas 2003 mccbu ka Iraq cida wada mqraqil bay ka nniqan dha, hbaraw bay sinjya ka wada qduriq mi mlataq Iraq. Kiya ka tuhunac Iraq na sinjya Mantakyo u, mniq babaw mccbu ka Iraq daw hbaraw bay sediq u wada qduriq tuiwil hunac Irang na nniqan Hucestan.

 Pnyahan pnatas（參考資料） 
Snakun:Truku
 CIA
 外交部
 List of current heads of state and government
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/伊拉克（參考自中文維基百科）
Tnhjil kari seejiq Watan  Diro(瓦旦 吉洛) mtabug