Toro Muharebesi

Toro Muharebesi, 1 Mart 1476'da Toro kenti yakınlarında, Katolik Hükümdarların Kastilya-Aragon birlikleri ile V. Afonso ve Portekiz Prensi João'nun Portekiz-Kastilya birlikleri arasında gerçekleşen Kastilya Veraset Savaşı'nın bir parçasıdır.

Muharebe askeri açıdan kesin bir sonuca varamadı,Desormeaux p. 25: "...The result of the battle was very uncertain; Ferdinand defeated the enemy's right wing led by Alfonso, but the Prince had the same advantage over the Castilians".Marlés: "...the infant [Prince John] and the duke [of Alba, the main Castilian commander] remained masters, each on his side, of the battlefield. The latter withdrew during the night...", p. 190.Schaeffer pp. 554–555: "The two Kings had left the battlefield before the action was decided... In the end, the prince stood alone on the field as a winner after the defeat of the main [Portuguese] body. Until that defeat, [Prince] John chased the six divisions beaten by him..."McMurdo, p. 515: "...the battle of Toro in which both adversaries proclaimed themselves conquerors, (...) it was no more than a success of war sufficiently doubtful for either party, ...were it not that the cause of D. Alfonso V was already virtually lost by the successive defection of his partisans..."Damas, p.  35: "But Alfonso failed to defeat the supporters of Isabella and Ferdinand, and the battle of Toro (1476) resulted indecisive." her iki taraf da zafer iddia etti: Kastilya sağ kanadı, savaş alanına sahip olan Prens João komutasındaki kuvvetler tarafından yenildi, ancak V. Afonso'nun birlikleri, Alba Dükü ve Kardinal Mendoza liderliğindeki Kastilya sol-merkezi tarafından mağlup edildi.Bury, p.  523 : "After nine months, occupied with frontier raids and fruitless negotiations, the Castilian and Portuguese armies met at Toro...and fought an indecisive battle, for while Afonso was beaten and fled, his son john destroyed the forces opposed to him."Dumont, p.  49: "In the centre, leading the popular milicia, Ferdinand achieves victory taking the standards of the King of Portugal and causing his troops to flee. In the [Portuguese] right wing, the forces of Cardinal [Mendoza] and Duke of Alba and the nobles do the same. But in the [Portuguese] left Wing, in front of the Asturians and Galician, the reinforcement army of the Prince heir of Portugal, well provided with artillery, could leave the battlefield with its head high. The battle resulted this way, inconclusive. But its global result stays after that decided by the withdrawal of the Portugal's King [not as its direct consequence since this only happened three months and a half later, on 13 June 1476, after several military operations], the surrender of the Zamora's fortress on Mars 19, and the multiple adhesions of the nobles to the young princes."

Ancak Juana de Trastámara'ya sadık soyluların kalıntıları I. Isabel'ya bağlı kalması ile I. Isabel Kastilya tahtını güvence altına aldı, bu Katolik Hükümdarlar için büyük bir siyasi zaferdi.Rubio, p.   34 : "The solution of this conflict is also similar to the previous one. The indecisive battle of Toro, which was certainly not in its results and consequences, puts an end to the indubitable "Portuguese danger" to Castile".Castell, p.  132: "The King of Portugal simply remained on the defensive; the first March 1476, he was attacked by Ferdinand of Aragon in front of the town of Toro. The battle was indecisive, but [with] the supporters of the Catholic Monarchs asserting their superiority, the Portuguese King withdrew". Büyük bir siyasi vizyona sahip olan Isabel, bu fırsatı değerlendirdi ve Madrigal-Segovia'da 'Cortes'i topladı (Nisan-Ekim 1476).Lunenfeld, p.  27: "In 1476, immediately after the indecisive battle of Peleagonzalo, Ferdinand and Isabella hailed the result as a great victory and called the 'Cortes' at Madrigal. The newly created prestige was used to gain municipal support from their allies...". See also p.  29 . Kızı orada Kastilya tahtının varisi ilan edildi; bu da onun kendi tahtını meşrulaştırması anlamına geliyordu.

İspanyol akademisyen António Serrano'nun belirttiği gibi: "Bütün bunlardan, muharebenin [Toro] kesin sonuçsuz olduğu, ancak Isabella ve Fernando'nun zafer kanatlarıyla onu uçurduğu sonucu çıkarılabilir. (...) Aslında, bu savaş zafere dönüştüğünden; 1 Mart 1476'dan itibaren Isabel ve Ferdinand İspanyol tahtını yönetmeye başladı. (...) Savaşın kesin sonuçsuz kanatları, San Juan kartalının [Toro savaşının anma tapınağı] güvenli ve güçlü kanatları haline geldi".Serrano, pp. 55–70.

Veraset savaşı, Alcáçovas Antlaşması'na (1479) kadar devam etmiş ve resmi propaganda, Toro Muharebesi'ni Aljubarrota'nın intikamını alan bir zafere dönüştürmüştür.Torres p. 303: "...later... were those [attempts] of Alfonso V to the Castilian crown [that] also finished by tiredness and not by the indecisive battle of Toro, which was transformed by the Spanish in another Aljubarrota..."Lozoya, p.  85: "This famous Franciscan convent [San Juan de los Reyes] intended to be a replica of the Batalha [the Portuguese monastery built after Aljubarrota], and was built to commemorate the indecisive battle of Toro."Spanish historian Beretta, p.  56: "His moment is the inconclusive Battle of Toro.(...) both sides attributed themselves the victory (...) The letters written by the King [Ferdinand] to the main cities (...) are a model of skill. (...) what a powerful description of the battle! The nebulous transforms into light, the doubtful acquires the profile of a certain triumph. The politic [Ferdinand] achieved the fruits of a discussed victory."Palenzuela: "That is the battle of Toro. The Portuguese army had not been exactly defeated, however, the sensation was that D. Juana's cause had completely sunk. It made sense that for the Castilians Toro was considered as the divine retribution, the compensation desired by God to compensate the terrible disaster of Aljubarrota, still alive in the Castilian memory".  (Electronic version) .

 Kaynakça 

 Dış bağlantılar 
  The battle of Toro – 1 march (Best History Encyclopedia)
  A Batalha de Toro (Portekizce)
 Família Rodríguez-Monge:  1476. Batalla de Toro (İspanyolca)
 Historia del nuevo mundo:  La guerra de sucesión castellana 1475–1480 (İspanyolca)
  Isabelle la Catholique, dame de fer (Fransızca)
  La batalla de Toro (1476). Datos y documentos para su monografía histórica (İspanyolca)
  La guerra civil castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475–1479) (İspanyolca)
  San Juan de los reyes y la batalla de Toro  (İspanyolca)
  D. Afonso V e a batalha de Toro, Jornal do Exército, p. 73–84 (Portekizce)
  A Batalha de Toro e as relações entre Portugal e Castela (Portekizce)

Kategori:Portekiz'in muharebeleri
Kategori:Kastilya muharebeleri
Kategori:1470'lerde çatışmalar