Civitate Muharebesi

Civitate Muharebesi (Civitella del Fortore Muharebesi olarak da bilinir) Güney İtalya'da 18 Haziran 1053 günü Puglia Kontu Humphrey of Hauteville komutasında Normanlar ile Papa IX. Leo tarafından bir araya getirilip Lorraine Dükü Gerard ile Benevento Prensi Rudolf tarafından komuta edilen Svabya-İtalyan-Lombardlar arasında gerçekleşen ve Normanların galip geldiği savaştır.

 Kaynakça 
Birincil kaynaklar
medievalsicily.com The Medieval Mediterranean Islamic and Norman Sicily (800-1200), Chronicles and Narrative Sources with English translations by Graham Loud
Amatus of Montecassino (translated by Prescott N. Dunbar and edited by Graham Loud). The History of the Normans. Rochester: The Boydell Press, 2004.
Gaufredo Malaterra, De rebus gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae comitis et Roberti Guiscardi ducis fratris eius  at The Latin Library
Guillelmus Apuliensis, Gesta Roberti Wiscardi at The Latin Library

İkincil kaynaklar
Brown, Gordon S. The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily. Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2003.
Eads, Valerie. "Civitate, Battle of," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Edited by Clifford J. Rogers. Vol. 1. Oxford: University Press, 2010. pp. 402–403.
Chalandon, Ferdinand. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicilie. Paris: 1907.
Joranson, Einar. "The Inception of the Career of the Normans in Italy: Legend and History. " Speculum, Vol. 23, No. 3. (Jul., 1948), pp. 353–396.
Le Patourel, John. "Normans and Normandy," in Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Vol. 9. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1989. pp. 159–170.
Loud, Graham Alexander. "Continuity and change in Norman Italy: the Campania during the eleventh and twelfth centuries." Journal of Medieval History, Vol. 22, No. 4 (December, 1996), pp. 313–343.
Loud, Graham Alexander. "How 'Norman' was the Norman Conquest of Southern Italy?" Nottingham Medieval Studies, Vol. 25 (1981), pp. 13–34.
Loud, Graham Alexander. The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest. New York: Longman, 2000.
Meschini, Marco, Battaglie Medievali, pp. 13–36.
Norwich, John Julius. The Other Conquest. New York: Harper and Row, 1967.

 Dış bağlantılar 
The Normans, a European People, by the European Commission
Breve Chronicon Northmannicum (Latin).
The Normans Jersey heritage trust
Patrick Kelly The Normans: their history, arms and tactics

Kategori:11. yüzyılda İtalya
Civitate