Budizm kavramları

Muhtelif Budist terim ve kavramların asıl terimin bütün derinliğiyle kapsayacak Türkçe tercümeleri yoktur. Aşağıda birçok mühim Budist terim, kısa tanımlar ve hangi dilde kullandıkları sıralanmıştır. Bu listede terimleri asıl şekline göre düzenlemek ve başka dillerdeki tercüme ve eş anlamlı kelimeleri vermeye çalıştık.

Burada üstesinden gelmeye çalıştığımız diller ve gelenekler şunlardır:
 İngilizce (İng.)
 Pāli: Theravāda Budizmi
 Sanskrit (veya Budist Karışık Sanskrit): öncelikle Mahāyāna Budizmi
 Birmanca (Bir): Birman Budizmi
 Kmerce: Theravāda Budizmi
 Monca (Mon): Theravāda Budizmi
 Moğolca (Mn): Moğol Budizmi
 Şanca (Şan): Theravāda Budizmi
 Tibetçe (Tib): Tibet Budizmi
 Tayca: Theravāda Budizmi
 CJKV dilleri
 Çince (Cn): Çin Budizmi
 Japonca (Jp): Japon Budizmi
 Korece (Ko): Kore Budizmi
 Vietnamca (Vi): Vietnam Budizmi

A
TanımEtimolojiDiğer dillerdeabhidhamma: Bir kutsal yazı kategorisi olup Budist öğretileri kullanarak bütün dünyevî fenomeni sistematik, somut biçimde açıklamaya çalışır. abhi "üst" veya "hakkında", dhamma ise "öğreti" demektir
 Pāli: abhidhamma
 Sanskrit: abhidharma Bur: အဘိဓမ္မာ, abhidhamma (əbḭdəmà)
 Tib: chos mngon pa
 Mn: их ном, билиг ухаан; ikh nom, bilig ukhaan
 Tayca: อภิธรรม a-pi-tam
 阿毘達磨／阿毗昙
 Cn: Āpídámó
 Jp: Abidatsuma
 Ko: 아비달마, Abidalma
 Vi: a-tì-đạt-maAbhidhamma Pitaka Pali Derlemesi'ni oluşturan Tripitaka'nın üçüncü sepeti, manastır yasasının üçüncüsü olup bütün doktrinlerin sistematik şekilde düzenlemesidir. Pāli: 
 Sanskrit:  Bur: အဘိဓမ္မာပိဋကတ်, Abidhamma Pitakat (əbḭdamà pḭdəɡaʔ)
 Mon: အဘိဓဝ်ပိတကတ (əpʰìʔtʰò pɔeʔtəkɔt)
 Tayca: อภิธรรมปิฎก a-pi-tam-pi-dok
 論藏, 論蔵
 Cn: Lùnzàng
 Jp: Ronzō
 Ko: 논장, Nonjang
 Vi: Luận tạng, Tạng luận, tạng thứ ba trong ba tạng là kinh, luật và luận
 Mn: Илт ном, Ilt nomacariya, günlük dilde "öğretmen" demektir. Bir aday rahibin iki öğretmeninden biridir. Diğerineupādhyāya denir. Pāli: ācariya 
 Sanskrit: ācārya Bur: ဆရာ, saya (sʰəjà)
 Şan: ဢႃႇၸရီႉယႃႉ, atsariya (ʔaː˨ tsa˩ ri˥ jaː˥)
 Tayca: อาจารย์ ajahn
 阿闍梨 or 阿闍梨耶
 Cn: āshélí or āshélíyē
 Jp: ajari or ajariya
 Ko: 아사리, asari or 아사리야 asariya
 Vi: a-xà-lê or a-xà-lê-daadhitthana: Kararlılık, dua etmek, istemek Pāli: 
 Sanskrit:   Bur: အဓိဋ္ဌာန် (ədeiʔtʰàɴ})
 Tayca: อธิษฐาน ah-tid-taan
 決心 or 決意
 Cn: Juéxīn, juéyì
 Jp: kesshin
 Ko: 결심, gyeolsim or 결의, gyeolui
 Vi:  Agama: Sutra Pitaka'nın Mahayanacı olmayan kolu. Sanskrit: Āgama Pāli: Āgama (genellikle Nikāya denir)
 阿含
 Cn: Āhán
 Jp: Agon
 Ko: 아함, Aham
 Vi: A-hàmahimsa: Şiddetsizliğe ve her türlü yaşam şekline saygılı davranmaya kendini adama. Ahimsa'ya uyanlar, çoğu zaman vejetaryen veya vegandırlar Sanskrit: 
 Pāli:  Tayca: อหิงสา 'ah-hing-sa'
 不害
 Cn: bù hài
 Jp: fugai
 Ko: 불해, bulhae
 Vi: bất hạiAkshobhya  Sanskrit:  Mn: ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠦᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ; Үл Хөдлөгч, Хөдөлшгүй;
Ködelüsi ügei, Ülü hödelügcialayavijnana, see store consciousness Sanskrit: ālayavijñāna Tib: ཀུན་གཞི་རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ་kun gzhi rnam par shes pa
 阿賴耶識, 阿頼耶識
 Cn: ālàiyēshí
 Jp: araya-shiki
 Ko: 아뢰야식, aroeyasik
 Vi: a-lại-da thứcAmitabha: günlük konuşmada "Sonsuz Işık'ın Budası" demektir. Arık Ülke okulunun başlıca Budası olmasına rağmen başka Mahayana mezheplerinde de popülerdir. İmajı, şekilsiz olan bilgelikten kaynaklanırcasına ışıktandır. Ayrıca Tan Luan, Şinran ve diğer On Konut'a giren Engellenmeyen Işığın Tathagata'sı olarak yorumlanır. Sanskrit: amitābha (lit. "limitless light") and amitāyus (lit. "limitless life") 阿彌陀 or 阿彌陀佛, 阿弥陀 or 阿弥陀仏
 Cn: Ēmítuó or Ēmítuó fó
 Jp: Amida or Amida-butsu
 Ko: 아미타, Amita or 아미타불, Amitabul 
 Vi: A-Di-Đà,  A-Di-Đà Phật, or Phật A-Di-Đà
 Tib: འོད་དཔག་མེད།
 Mn: ᠠᠮᠢᠨᠳᠠᠸᠠ᠂ ᠴᠠᠭᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ;Аминдаваа, Цаглашгүй гэрэлт;Amindava, Tsaglasi ügei gereltüAmoghasiddhi  Sanskrit: Amoghasiddhi  Tib: Dön yö drub pa
 Mn: ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠨᠥᠭᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠦᠢᠢᠯᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡ᠋᠌᠋᠋ᠺᠴᠢ;Төгс Нөгчигсөн, Үйл Бүтээгч;Tegüs nögcigsen, Üyile Bütügegcianagarika A white-robed student in the Theravada tradition who, for a few months, awaits being considered for Samaneras ordination Pāli: anāgarika Tayca: อนาคาริก a-na-ka-rikanapanasati Nefesin farkındalığı meditasyonu Pāli: ānāpānasati
 Sanskrit: ānāpānasmṛti
 Bur: အာနာပါန, anapana (ànàpàna̰)anatta olgularda ruhun varlığının reddi ilkesi. See also negative theology. Pāli: anattā
 Sanskrit: anātman Bur: အနတ္တ, anatta (ənaʔta̰)
 Şan: ဢၼတ်ႉတႃႉ (ʔa˩ nat˥ taː˥)
 無我
 Cn: wúwǒ
 Jp: muga
 Ko: 무아, mua
 Vi: vô ngãanicca Geçicilik Pāli: anicca
 Sanskrit: anityaBur: အနိစ္စ, aneissa (əneiʔsa̰})
Şan: ဢၼိၵ်ႈၸႃႉ (ʔa˩ nik˧ tsaː˥)
 無常
 Cn: wúcháng
 Jp: mujō
 Ko: 무상, musang
 Vi: vô thườnganuttara Unsurpassing Pāli: anuttara
 Sanskrit: anuttara 阿耨多羅／阿耨多罗 (無上／无上)
 Cn: Ānòuduōluó ("wǔshàng")
 Jp: ?
 Ko: 아뇩다라, anyokdara 
 Vi: A-nậu-đà-la (vô thượng)
 Fi: Ylittämätönarhat, kelime karşılığı "Değerli kişi", aydınlanmaya ulaşmış yaşayan biri. Pāli: arahat or arahant
 Sanskrit: arhat or arhant Bur: ရဟန္တာ, yahanda (jaháɴdà)
 Şan: ရႁၢၼ်းတႃႇ, rahanta (ra˩ haːn˦ taː˨)
 Tib: དགྲ་ཅོམ་པ་, dgra com pa
 Mn: архад, arkhad
 阿羅漢
 Cn: āluóhàn
 Jp: arakan
 Ko: 아라한, arahan
 Vi: a-la-hánanuttara samyak sambodhi, Pāli:    
 Sanskrit:     Tib:,  
 Tayca: อรหันต์ uh-ra-hann
 阿耨多罗三藐三菩提
 Cn:  
 Jp:  
 Ko: 아뇩다라삼먁삼보리, Anyokdara sammyak sambori
 Vi: A-nậu-đà-la tam-miệu tam-bồ-đề, Vô-thượng chánh-đẳng chánh-giác, Sáng-suốt giác-ngộ hoàn-toàn atman kelime karşılığı "benlik", kimi zaman "ruh" veya "ego". Budizmde baskın öğreti, karşıtı olan anatman doktrinidir, anatman doktrini kalıcı, değişmez bir atman bulunmadığını ve atman inancının cehaletin birincil sonucu, samsaranın temeli olduğunu kabul eder. Pāli: atta
 Sanskrit: ātman Bur: အတ္တ, atta (aʔta̰)
 我
 Cn: wǒ
 Jp: ga
 Ko: 아, a
 Vi: ngãAvalokitesvara, lit. "One Who Hears the Suffering Cries of the World", The bodhisattva of compassion (see also Guan Yin) Sanskrit: Avalokiteśvara
 Bur: လောကနတ်, lawka nat (lɔ́ka̰ naʔ}) Tib: སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་ spyan ras gzigs
 Mn: Жанрайсиг, Janraisig
 觀世音 or 觀音
 Cn: Guānshì Yīn or Guān Yīn
 Jp: Kanzeon or Kannon
 Ko: 관세음, Gwanse-eum or 관음, Gwaneum
 Vi: "Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát", "Quán Thế Âm Bồ Tát' or "Quan Âm" avidya "ignorance" or "delusion" Sanskrit: avidyā Pāli: avijjā
 Bur: အဝိဇ္ဇာ, aweizza (əweiʔ zà)
 Şan: ဢဝိၵ်ႉၸႃႇ, awitsa ([ʔa wik˥ tsaː˨])
 Tayca: อวิชชา aa-wit-sha
 Tib: མ་རིག་པ་ ma rig-pa
 無明
 Cn: wúmíng
 Jp: mumyō
 Ko: 무명, mumyeong
 Vi: vô minh

B
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesbardo, sözcüş anlamıyla "ara durum" veya "aradaki durum". Tibet geleneğine göre, iki yaşam arasında bir varoluş durumu Tib: བར་མ་དོའི་སྲིད་པ་ bar ma do'i srid pa Sanskrit: antarābhava
 Mn: зуурд, zuurd
 中有,中陰身
 Cn: zhongyǒu
 Jp: chūu
 Ko: 중유 jungyu or 바르도 bareudo
 Vi: trung hữu, trung ấm thân, thân trung-ấmbhavacakra/bhavacakka samsara'nın çembersel sembolik betimlemesi, Varoluş Çarkı olarak da bilinir Pāli: bhavacakka
 Sanskrit: bhava-cakraBur: ဘဝစက်, bawa set (|bəwa̰ sɛʔ)
 Mon: ဘဝစက် (həwɛ̀ʔ cɛk)
 Şan: ၽဝႃႉၸၢၵ်ႈ (pʰa˩ waː˥ tsaːk˧)
 Tib: སྲིད་པའི་འཁོར་ལ
 Mn: Орчлонгийн хүрдэн, Orchlongiin khurden
 有輪
 Cn: yǒulún
 Jp: ??
 Ko: 유륜, yuryun
 Vi: hữu luânbhante Theravada geleneğinde bir Budist keşişe seslenirken kullanılan saygı ifadesi. Bhante sözcük anlamıyla "Muhterem efendi" demektir. PāliBur: ဘန္တေ, bhante (bàɴdè)bhava Varoluş, oluş, varolma; Pratitya-samutpada'nın 10uncu halkası Pāli, Sanskrit: bhavaBur: ဘဝ, bawa (bəwa̰)
 Mon: ဘဝ (həwɛ̀ʔ)
 Şan: ၽဝႃႉ (pʰa˩ waː˥)
 Tayca: ภาวะ pa-wah
 有(十二因緣)
 Cn: yǒu
 Jp: u
 Ko: 유, yu
 Vi: hữu (thập nhị nhân duyên)bhikkhu/bhikshu, sözcük anlamı "dilenci". Budist keşiş. Pāli: bhikkhu
 Sanskrit:  Bur: ဘိက္ခု, bheikkhu (beiʔkʰù)
 Şan: ၽိၵ်ႈၶူႇ, ([pʰik˧ kʰu˨]}})
 Tib: དགེ་སློང་ dge slong
 Mn: гэлэн, gelen
 Tayca: ภิกขุ bhikku
 比丘
 Cn: bǐ qiū
 Jp: biku
 Ko: 비구, bigu or 스님 seunim, also 중, jung (pejorative) 
 Vi: tỉ-khâu, tỉ-khưu or tì-kheo, tăngbhikkhuni/bhikshuni Budist rahibe. from bhikkhu
 Pāli: bhikkhuni
 Sanskrit:  Bur: ဘိက္ခုနီ, bheikkhuni (beiʔkʰùnì)
 Şan: ၽိၵ်ႈၶူႇၼီႇ (pʰik˧ kʰu˨ ni˨)
 Tib: དགེ་སློང་མ་ sde slong ma
 Mn: гэлэнмаа, gelenmaa
 Tayca: ภิกษุณี bhiksuni
 比丘尼
 Cn: bǐqiūní"
 Jp: bikuni Ko: 비구니, biguni, 여승 (女僧), yeoseung Vi: tỉ-khâu-ni, tỉ-khưu-ni veya tì-kheo-ni, ni|- valign="top"
|bija, sözcük anlamı "tohum"dur. Yogacara okulunun öğretilerinde nesnelerin kökenini ya da nedenini ifade eden bir metafor olarak kullanılır.
|
 Sanskrit: bīja|
 Bur: ဗီဇ, biza (bì za̰)
 種子
 Cn: zhŏngzi Jp: shuuji Ko: 종자, jongja Vi: chủng tử, hạt giống, hột giống|- valign="top"
|bodhi Uyanış veya aydınlanma
|
 Pāli, Sanskrit: bodhi|
 Bur: ဗောဓိ, bawdhi (bɔ́dḭ)
 Şan: ပေႃးထီႉ, ([pɔ˦ tʰi˥]}})
 Tayca: โพธิ์ poe Tib: བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སེམས་ byang chub Mn: бодь, bodi 菩提
 Cn: pútí Jp: bodai Ko: 보리, bori Vi: bồ-đề, giác, giác ngộBodhi ağacı Altında Gautama Buddha'nın aydınlanmaya ulaştığı Hint inciri ağacı (Ficus religiosa) yukarıdaki bodhi'den Bur: ဗောဓိညောင်, bawdhi nyaung (bɔ́ dḭ ɲàuɴ)
Şan: ၺွင်ႇပေႃးထီႉ (ɲɔŋ˨ pɔ˦ tʰi˥)
 菩提樹
 Cn: Pútíshù
 Jp: Bodaiju
 Ko: 보리수, Borisu
 Vi: Bồ-đề thụ, Bồ-đề thọ, cây Bồ-đềbodhicitta Bir bodhisattva'nın hareketlerini yönlendiren motivasyon Pāli, Sanskrit: bodhicitta Bur: ဗောဓိစိတ္တ, bawdhi seitta (bɔ́dḭ seiʔ da̰)
 Tib: བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སེམས་, phyang chub kyi sems
 Mn: бодь сэтгэл, bodi setgel
 菩提心
 Cn: pútíxīn
 Jp: bodaishin
 Ko: 보리심, borisim
 Vi: bồ-đề tâmbodhisattva tüm duyarlı canlıları ızdıraptan kurtarmak amacıyla Buda olmak isteyen biri Pāli: bodhisatta
 Sanskrit: bodhisattva Bur: ဗောဓိသတ်, bawdhi that (bɔ́ dḭ θaʔ)
 Mon: တြုံ လၟောဝ် ကျာ် (kraoh kəmo caik)
 Tayca: โพธิสัตว์ poe-ti-satt
 Tib: བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ, phyang chub kyi sems pa
 Mn: бодьсад(ва), bodisad(va)
 菩薩
 Cn: púsà Jp: bosatsu Ko: 보살, bosal Vi: bồ-tát|- valign="top"
|Boghda Kutsal, yaşayan Buda, yaşayan Boddhisattva. Jebtsundamba Khutuktu unvanı; aynı zamanda en yüksek Budist ustaların adlarıyla kullanılan bir unvan, örneğin boghda Tsongkhapa, Panchen boghda|
 Şan: ၽၵ်ႈၵဝႃႇ, ([pʰak˧ ka˩ waː˨]}})
 Mn: богд, bogd|
 Tib: བོག་ད་ bogda|- valign="top"
|Buda bir Buda; aynı zamanda, Siddhārtha Gautama.
|
 √budhdan (uyanmak)
 Pāli, Sanskrit: buddha|
 Bur: ဗုဒ္ဓ, bodha (bouʔda̰)
 Şan: ပုၵ်ႉထႃႉ, ([puk˥ tʰaː˥]}})
 Tib: སངས་རྒྱས sans rgjay Mn: бурхан, burhan 佛, 仏
 Cn: fó Jp: butsu or hotoke Ko: 불, Bul or 부처, Bucheo Vi: Phật or Bụt|- valign="top"
|Buda-doğası Aydınlanmaya yönelik olarak tüm duyarlı varlıklarda gizli, yaratılmamış ve ölümsüz Buda unsuru veya ilkesi; doğuştan gelen Buda özü (özellikle Tathagatagarbha sutraları, Tendai/Tiantai, Nichiren düşüncesinde vurgulanır)
|
 Sanskrit: buddha-dhatu, buddha-svabhāva, "tathagata-dhatu" veya tathagatagarbha.
|
 佛性, 仏性
 Cn: fóxìng Jp: busshō Ko: 불성, bulseong Vi: Phật tính, Phật tánh, Cái tánh sáng-suốt giác-ngộ hoàn-toàn|- valign="top"
|Buddizm 
| 
 √budh: uyanmak kökünden
 Pāli, Sanskrit: 
|
 Bur: ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ, boddha batha (bouʔda̰ bàðà)
 Şan: ပုၵ်ႉထႃႉၽႃႇသႃႇ (puk˥ tʰaː˥ pʰaː˨ sʰaː˨)
 Mon: ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ (pùttʰɛ̀ʔ pʰɛ̀asa)
 Tib: ནང་བསྟན།
 Mn: Бурханы Шашин, Burhanii Shashin 佛教, 仏教
 Cn: Fójiào Jp: bukkyō 
 Ko: 불교, bulgyo Vi: Phật-giáo'' 

C
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagescetana Volition Pali:  Bur: စေတနာ, sedana (sèdənà)Cetiya A reliquary holding holy objects of veneration Pali: 
 Sanskrit:  Bur: စေတီ, zedi (zèdi)
 Khm: 
 Mon: စေတဳ, setaow (cetɔe)
 Şan: ၸေႇတီႇ, tseti (tse˨ ti˨)
 Sin: චෛත්‍යයය chedi
 Tayca: เจดีย์ chedi
 Tib: མཆོད་རྟེན༏ mchod rten (chorten)
塔
 Zh: Ta
 Vi: Tháp
 Ko: Tap
 Jp: 卒塔婆 sotōba

Ç
D
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesdakini A supernatural female with volatile temperament who serves as a muse for spiritual practice. Dakinis are often depicted naked to represent the truth Sanskrit:  Tib: མཁའ་འགྲོ་མ་ mkha' 'gro ma
 Mn: дагина, dagina
 空行女
 Cn: khong xing mu
 Jp: ??
 Ko: 다키니 dakini or 공행녀 gonghaengnyeo
 Vi: không hành nữDalai Lama, lit. "the lama with wisdom like an ocean", secular and spiritual leader of Tibet as nominated by the Mongols Mn: далай, dalai, lit. "ocean"
 Tibetçe: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་ taa-la'i bla-ma 達賴喇嘛
 Cn: Dálài Lǎma
 Jp: Darai Rama
 Ko: 달라이 라마 dalai rama
 Vi: Đạt Lai Lạt Ma or Đạt-lại Lạt-madana Generosity or giving; in Buddhism, it also refers to the practice of cultivating generosity Pāli, Sanskrit: dāna Bur: ဒါန, dana (dàna̰)
 Mon: ဒါန (tɛ̀anɛ̀ʔ) or ဒါန်, ([tàn]}})
 Tayca: ทาน taan
 布施
 Cn: bùshī
 Jp: fuse
 Ko: 보시 bosi
 Vi: bố thí
 Mn: өглөгdeva many different types of non-human beings who share the characteristics of being more powerful, longer-lived, and, in general, living more contentedly than the average human being Pāli and Sanskrit: deva Bur: ဒေဝ, dewa (dèwa̰)
 Khmer: ទេព or preah (ព្រះ)
 Mn: тэнгэр tenger
 Mon: ဒေဝတဴ, tewetao ()
 Şan: တေႇဝႃႇ, ([a˨ wɔ˨]}})
天
Zh: tiān
Ko: cheon
Jp: ten
Vi: thiêndependent origination, see Pratityasamutpada Pāli: 
 Sanskrit: pratītya-samutpāda Bur: ပဋိစ္စသမုပ္ပါဒ်, padeissa thamopad (pədeiʔsa̰ θəmouʔpaʔ)
 Tib: rten.cing.'brel.bar.'byung.ba
 Mn: шүтэн барилдлага shuten barildlaga
 因縁, also 緣起, 縁起
 Cn: yīnyuan, also yuánqǐ
 Jp: innen, also engi
 Ko: 인연 inyeon, also 연기 yeongi
 Vi: nhân duyên, duyên khởidhamma/dharma Often refers to the doctrines and teachings of the faith, but it may have broader uses. Also, it is an important technical term meaning something like "phenomenological constituent." This leads to the potential for confusion, puns, and double entendres, as the latter meaning often has negative connotations from : to hold
 Pāli: dhamma
 Sanskrit: dharma Bur: ဓမ္မ, dhamma (dəma̰)
 Mon: ဓဝ်, ([thò]}})
 Tayca: ธรรมะ tam-ma
 Tib: ཆོས་, choi
 Mn: дээдийн ном, deediin nom
 法
 Cn: fă
 Jp: hō
 Ko: beop
 Vi: phápdhammavinaya The dharma and vinaya (roughly "doctrine and discipline") considered together. This term essentially means the whole teachings of Buddhism as taught to monks Mn: суртгаал номхотгол, surtgaal nomkhotgoldhammacakka/dharmacakra A symbolic representation of the dharma, also known as the Wheel of Dharma Sanskrit: dharmacakra
 Pāli: dhammacakka Bur: ဓမ္မစကြာ, dhamma sekya (dəməsɛʔtɕà)
 Tib: ཆོས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ, chai gyi khorlo
 Mn: номын хүрдэн, momiin khurden
 法輪
 Cn: Fǎlún
 Jp: hōrin
 Ko: beopryun
 Vi: pháp luânDhammapada a versified Buddhist scripture traditionally ascribed to the Buddha Pāli: Dhammapada
 Sanskrit: Dharmapada Bur: ဓမ္မပဒ, Dhammapada (dəma̰pəda̰)
法句經
 Cn: Fǎ jù jīng (sc. 法句经)
 Jp: Hō-ku kei (shin. 法句経)
 Ko:  
 Vi: Kinh Pháp Cúdhammapala/dharmapala A fearsome deity, known as protector of the Dharma Sanskrit: dharmapāla
 Pāli: dhammapāla Tib: chos-kyong
 Mn: догшид, dogshid; хангал, khangal
 護法
 Cn: hùfǎ
 Jp: gohou
 Ko: hobeop
 Vi: Hộ PhápDhyana, see jhana Pāli: jhāna
 Sanskrit: dhyāna Bur: ဈာန်, zan (zàɴ)
 Mon: ဇျာန်, ([chàn]}})
 Mn: дияан, diyan
 禪 or 禪那, 禅 or 禅那
 Cn: Chán or Chánnà
 Jp: Zen or Zenna
 Ko: Seon
 Vi: Thiền or Thiền-naDīpankara Buddha Pāli: Dīpamkara
 Sanskrit: Dīpankara Bur: ဒီပင်္ကရာ, dipankara (dìpɪ̀ɴkəɹà)
 Tayca: พระทีปังกรพุทธเจ้า
 燃燈佛
 Zh: Rándēng Fodoan In Zen, a term for person sounding the bell that marks the beginning and end of Zazen Japonca: 堂行dokusan A private interview between a Zen student and the master. It is an important element in Rinzai Zen training, as it provides an opportunity for the student to demonstrate understanding Japonca: 独参 dokusan 獨參
 Cn: dúcān
 Ko: dokcham
 Vi: độc thamdukkha Suffering, dissatisfaction, stress Pāli: dukkha
 Sanskrit:  Bur: ဒုက္ခ, doukkha (douʔkʰa̰)
 Şan: တုၵ်ႉၶႃႉ, ([tuk˥ kʰaː˥]}})
 Tayca: ทุกข์ took
 Tib: སྡུག་བསྔལ་ sdug bsngal
 Mn: зовлон, zovlon
 苦
 Cn: kǔ
 Jp: ku
 Ko: go
 Vi: khổdzogchen The natural, intrinsic state of every sentient being Tibetçe: རྫོགས་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ rdzogs pa chen po Sanskrit: atiyoga
 大究竟
 Cn: dàjiūjìng
 Jp: daikukyou
 Ko: daegugyeong
 Vi: đại cứu cánh

F
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesFive Five-Hundred-Year Periods Five sub-divisions of the three periods following the Buddha's passing (三時繫念 Cn: sānshí; Jp: sanji; Vi: tam thời), significant for many Mahayana adherents:
 Age of enlightenment (解脱堅固 Cn: jiětuō jiāngù; Jp: gedatsu kengo)
 Age of meditation (禅定堅固 Cn: chándìng jiāngù; Jp: zenjō kengo)These two ages comprise the Former Day of the Law (正法時期 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō)
 Age of reading, reciting, and listening (読誦多聞堅固 Cn: sòngduōwén jiāngù; Jp: dokuju tamon kengo)
 Age of building temples and stupas (多造塔寺堅固 Cn: duōzào tǎsì jiāngù; Jp: tazō tōji kengo)These two ages comprise the Middle Day of the Law (像法時期 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō)
 Age of conflict (闘諍堅固 Cn: zhēng jiāngù; Jp: tōjō kengo), an age characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other natural and human-made disasters.This age corresponds to the beginning of the Latter Day of the Law (末法時期 Cn: mòfǎ; Jp: mappō) when the (historical) Buddha's teachings would lose all power of salvation and perish (白法隠没 Cn: báifǎméi; Jp: byakuhō onmotsu) and a new Buddha would appear to save the people.
 The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集 Cn: dàjí; Jp: Daishutu-kyō, Daijuku-kyō, Daijikkyō, or Daishukkyō). 五箇五百歲, 五箇五百歳
 Cn: 五箇五百歲 wǔ ge wǔbǎi suì
 Jp: 五箇の五百歳 go no gohyaku sai
 Vi: ??Four Noble Truths
 Suffering: Dukkha (Sanskrit: ; Bur: ဒုက္ခ, dokkha; Tayca: ทุกข์; 苦諦 Cn: kǔdì; Jp: kutai; Vi: khổ đế; Mn: зовлон, zovlon)
 Attachment (desire): Samudaya (Sanskrit: samudayāryasatya; Bur: သမုဒယ, thamodaya; Tayca: สมุทัย; 集諦 Cn: jídì; Jp: jittai; Vi: tập khổ đế; ; Mn: зовлонгийн шалтгаан, zovlongiin shaltgaan)
 Elimination of attachment (desire): Nirodha (Sanskrit: ; Bur: နိရောဓ, niyawdha; Tayca: นิโรธ; 滅諦 Cn: mièdì; Jp: mettai; Vi: diệt khổ đế; Mn: гэтлэх, getlekh)
 The path that leads out of suffering: Magga (Sanskrit: ; Bur: မဂ်, meg; Tayca: มรรค; 道諦 Cn: dàodì; Jp: dōtai; Vi: đạo đế; Mn: мөр, mör) Pāli: cattāri ariya-saccāni
 Sanskrit: चत्वारि आर्यसत्यानि catvāry āryasatyāni
 Bur: သစ္စာလေးပါး, thissa lei ba (θɪʔsà lé bá)
 Khmr: អរិយសច្ចៈទាំង៤
 四聖諦
 Cn: Sìdì
 Jp: Shitai
 Vi: Tứ diệu đế
 Mn: Хутагтын дөрвөн үнэн, khutagtiin dörvön unenfukudo In Zen, term for person who strikes the han Japonca: 副堂

G
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesgassho A position used for greeting, with the palms together and fingers pointing upwards in prayer position; used in various Buddhist traditions, but also used in numerous cultures throughout Asia. It expresses greeting, request, thankfulness, reverence and prayer. Also considered a mudra or inkei of Japonca Shingon. See also: Añjali Mudrā, Namaste and Wai. Japonca:  gasshō Sanskrit: anjali
 合掌
 Cn: hézhǎng (more common to say 合十 héshí)
 Vi: hiệp chưởngGautama Buddha Pāli: Gotama
Sanskrit: Gautama Bur: ဂေါတမ (ɡɔ́dəma̰)geshe A Tibetçe Buddhist academic degree in the Gelug tradition, awarded at the conclusion of lengthy studies often lasting nine years or more Tibetçe: དགེ་ཤེས་ Mn: гэвш gevsh
 格西gongan, lit. "public case", A meditative method developed in the Chán/Seon/Zen traditions, generally consisting of a problem that defies solution by means of rational thought; see koan Çince 公案 gōng-àn 公案
 Jp: kōan
 Ko: gong'an
 Vi: công ánGuan Yin The bodhisattva of compassion in East Asian Buddhism, with full name being Guan Shi Yin. Guan Yin is considered to be the female form of Avalokiteshvara but has been given many more distinctive characteristics. Çince 觀音 Guān Yīn or 觀世音 Guān Shì Yīn 觀音 or 觀世音
 Jp: Kannon or Kanzeon
 Ko: Gwaneum or Gwanse-eum
 Vi: Quan Âm or Quan Thế Âm

H
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languageshan In Zen monasteries, wooden board that is struck announcing sunrise, sunset and the end of the day Japonca: 板Hinayana, lit. "inferior vehicle", A coinage by the Mahayana for the Buddhist doctrines concerned with the achievement of Nirvana as a Śrāvakabuddha or a Pratyekabuddha, as opposed to a Samyaksambuddha Sanskrit: hīnayāna Bur: ဟီနယာန, hinayana (hḭna̰jàna̰)
 小乘 or 小乗, 二乘
 Cn: Xiǎoshèng
 Jp: Shōjō
 Vi: Tiểu thừa
 Mn: Бага хөлгөн, ''Baga hölgön

I
İ
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesIno, Jp. lit. "bringer of joy to the assembly." Originally from Sanskrit karmadana, lit. bestower of conduct [karma]. In Zen, the supervisor of the meditation hall [sodo]. One of the six senior temple administrators.  Japonca: 維那

J
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesjhana Meditative contemplation; more often associated with śamatha practices than vipaśyana. See also: shamata, samadhi, samapatti from √dhyā: to think of, to contemplate, meditate on
 Pāli: jhāna
 Sanskrit: dhyāna Bur: ဈာန်, zan (zàɴ)
 Mon: ဇျာန်, ([chàn]}})
 Tayca: ฌาน chaan
 禪 or 禪那, 禅 or 禅那
 Sinhala: ජාන jhāna
 Cn: Chán or Chánnà
 Jp: Zen or Zenna
 Ko: Seon
 Vi: Thiền or Thiền-na
 Mn: дияан, diyanjisha In Zen, a senior priest's attendant Japonca: 侍者 jishajukai Zen public ordination ceremony wherein a lay student receives certain Buddhist precepts. Çince: 受戒, shou jie
 Korean: 수계, sugye

K
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesKakusandha Buddha Pāli: Kakusandha
 Sanskrit: Krakkucchanda Bur: ကကုသန်, Kakuthan (ka̰kṵθàɴ)
 拘留孙佛
 Zh: Jūliúsūn Fókarma, lit. "action", The law of cause and effect in Buddhism from √kri: to do
 Sanskrit: karma
 Pāli: kamma Bur: ကံ, kan (kàɴ) or ကြမ္မာ, kyamma (tɕəmà)
 Mon: ကံ, ([kɔm]}})
 Şan: ၵျၢမ်ႇမႃႇ, ([kjaːm˨ maː˨]}}) or ၵၢမ်ႇ, ([kaːm˨]}})
 Tayca: กรรม gum
 Tib: ལས, lai
 Mn: үйлийн үр, uiliin ür
 業¹, 因果²
 Cn: ¹yè, comm.: ²yīnguǒ
 Jp: gō, inga
 Ko: 업 eob
 Vi: nghiệpKassapa Buddha Pāli: Kassapa
Sanskrit: Kasyapa Bur: ကဿပ, Kathapa (kaʔθəpa̰)
 迦葉佛
 Zh: Jiāyè Fókensho In Zen, enlightenment; has the same meaning as satōri, but is customary used for an initial awakening experience Japonca: 見性 kenshō 見性
 Cn: jiànxìng
 Vi: kiến tínhkhyenpo, also khenpo, An academic degree similar to a doctorate in theology, philosophy, and psychology Tibetçekhanti patience Bur: ခန္တီ, khanti (kʰàɴ dì)
 Şan: ၶၼ်ႇထီႇ, ([kʰan˨ tʰi˨]}})
 Tayca: ขันติ kanti
 耐心
 Cn: Nàixīn
 Vi:kinhin Zen walking meditation Japonca: 経行 kinhin or kyōgyō 經行
 Cn: jīngxíng
 Vi: ??koan A story, question, problem or statement generally inaccessible to rational understanding, yet may be accessible to Intuition Japonca: 公案 kōan 公案
 Cn: gōng-àn
 Ko: gong'an
 Vi: công ánksanti The practice of exercising patience toward behaviour or situations that might not necessarily deserve it—it is seen as a conscious choice to actively give patience as a gift, rather than being in a state of oppression in which one feels obligated to act in such a way. SanskritKoṇāgamana Buddha Pāli and Sanskrit: Koṇāgamana  Bur: ကောဏာဂုံ, Kawnagon (kɔ́nəɡòuɴ)
 拘那含佛
 Zh: Jūnàhán Fókyosaku In Zen, a flattened stick used to strike the shoulders during zazen, to help overcome fatigue or reach satori Japonca: 警策 kyōsaku, called keisaku in Rinzai 香板
 Cn: xiangban

L
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languageslama A Tibetçe teacher or master; equivalent to Sanskrit "guru" Tibetçe: བླ་མ་ lama Sanskrit: guru
 喇嘛
 Cn: lǎma
 Jp: rama
 Vi: lạt-ma
 Mn: лам, lamlineage The official record of the historical descent of dharma teachings from one teacher to another; by extension, may refer to a tradition 傳承

M
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesMadhyamaka Buddhist philosophical school, founded by Nagarjuna. Members of this school are called Madhyamikas Sanskrit: mādhyamika Tib: དབུ་མ་པ་ dbu ma pa
 Mn: төв үзэл, töv üzel
 中觀宗
 Cn: Zhōngguānzōng
 Jp: ??
 Vi: Trung quán tôngmahabhuta four great elements in traditional Buddhist thought Pāli and Sanskrit: Mahābhūta Bur: မဟာဘုတ်, Mahabhot (məhà bouʔ)mahamudra A method of direct introduction the understanding of sunyata, of samsara and that the two are inseparable Sanskrit: mahāmudrā Bur: မဟာမုဒြာ, maha modra (məhà mouʔdɹà)
 Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ཆེན་པོ་ chag-je chen-po
 Mn: махамудра, mahamudra
 大手印
 Cn: dàshŏuyìn
 Jp: daisyuin
 Vi: đại thủ ấnmahasiddha litt. great spiritual accomplishment. A yogi in Tantric Buddhism, often associated with the highest levels of enlightenment Sanskrit: mahāsiddha Bur: မဟာသိဒ္ဒ, maha theidda (məhà θeiʔda̰)
 Tayca: มหายาน
 大成就
 Cn: dàchéngjiù
 Jp: daijōjyu
 Vi: đại thành tựuMahayana, lit. "great vehicle", A major branch of Buddhism practiced in China, Tibet, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. Main goal is to achieve buddhahood or samyaksambuddha Sanskrit: mahāyāna Bur: မဟာယာန, mahayana (məhàjàna̰)
 大乘 or 大乗
 Cn: Dàshèng
 Jp: Daijō
 Vi: Đại thừa
 Mn: Ikh khölgönMaitreya The Buddha of the future epoch Pāli: Metteyya
 Sanskrit: Maitreya Bur: အရိမေတ္တေယျ, arimetteya (əɹḭmèdja̰)
 Şan: ဢရီႉမိတ်ႈတေႇယႃႉ, ([ʔa˩ ri˥ mit˧ ta˨ jɔ˥]}})
 Tib: བྱམས་པ, byams pa
 Mn: Майдар, maidar
 彌勒 or 彌勒佛, 弥勒 or 弥勒仏
 Cn: Mílè or Mílè Fó
 Jp: Miroku or Miroku-butsu
 Vi: Di-lặc or Phật Di-lặcmakyo In Zen, unpleasant or distracting thoughts or illusions that occur during zazen Japonca: 魔境 makyōMāna conceit, arrogance, misconception Pāli and Sanskrit: Māna Bur: မာန, mana (màna̰)
 Mon: မာန်, man ()
 Şan: မႃႇၼႃႉ, ([maː˨ naː˥]}})mantra Chant used primarily to aid concentration, to reach enlightenment. The best-known Buddhist mantra is possibly Om mani padme hum Sanskrit: mantra Tayca: มนตร์ moan
 Mn: маань, тарни; maani, tarni
 咒
 Cn: zou
 Jp: shingon
 Vi: chân âmMappo The "degenerate" Latter Day of the Law. A time period supposed to begin 2,000 years after Sakyamuni Buddha's passing and last for "10,000 years"; follows the two 1,000-year periods of Former Day of the Law (正法 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō) and of Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō). During this degenerate age, chaos will prevail and the people will be unable to attain enlightenment through the word of Sakyamuni Buddha. See the Three periods Japonca: 末法 mappō 末法
 Cn: mòfǎ
 Vi: ??merit Pāli: puñña
 Sanskrit: puṇya Bur: ကုသိုလ်, kutho (kṵðò)
 Mon: ကုသဵု (kaoʔsɒ) or ပိုန်, ([pɒn]}})
 Şan: ပုင်ႇၺႃႇ (puŋ˨ ɲaː˨) or ၵူႉသူဝ်ႇ, ([ku˥ sʰo˨]}}) or ၵူႉသလႃႉ, ([ku˥ sʰa˩ laː˥]}})metta loving kindness Pāli:  
 Sanskrit:   Bur: မေတ္တာ, myitta (mjɪʔtà)
 Mon: မေတ္တာ, ([mètta]}})
 Şan: မိတ်ႈတႃႇ, ([mit˧ taː˨]}}) or မႅတ်ႈတႃႇ, ([mɛt˧ taː˨]}})
 Tayca: เมตตา metta
 慈
 Ch: Cí
 Jp: ji
 Vi:  Middle way The practice of avoidance of extreme views and lifestyle choices Pāli: 
 Sanskrit: madhyamāpratipad Bur: မဇ္ဇိမပဋိပဒါ, myizima badi bada (mjɪʔzḭma̰ bədḭ bədà)
 中道
 Ch: zhōngdào
 Jp: chūdō
 Vi: trung đạo
 Mn: дундаж зам мөр, dundaj zam mör(right) mindfulness The practice whereby a person is intentionally aware of his or her thoughts and actions in the present moment, non-judgmentally. The 7th step of the Noble Eightfold Path Pāli: (sammā)-sati
 Sanskrit: 
 Bur: သတိ, thadi (ðadḭ)
 Tayca: สัมมาสติ samma-sati
 正念
 Cn: zhèngniàn
 Jp: syōnen
 Vi: chính niệmmoksha Liberation Sanskrit:  Pāli: vimutti
 Bur: ဝိမုတ္တိ, wimouti (wḭmouʔtḭ)
 解脱
 Cn: jiětuō
 Jp: gedatsu
 Vi: giải thoátmokugyo A wooden drum carved from one piece, usually in the form of a fish Japonca: 木魚 mokugyo 木魚
 Cn: mùyú
 Vi: mõmondo In Zen, a short dialogue between teacher and student Japonca: 問答　mondō 問答
 Cn: wèndǎ
 Vi: ??mudra lit. "seal", A gesture made with hands and fingers in meditation Sanskrit: mudrā Bur: မုဒြာ, modra (mouʔdɹà)
 Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ phyag rgya
 Mn: чагжаа, chagjaa
 手印
 Cn: sohyìn (commonly only yìn)
 Jp: syuin
 Vi: ấn

N
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesnamo An exclamation showing reverence; devotion. Often placed in front of the name of an object of veneration, e.g., a Buddha's name or a sutra (Nam(u) Myōhō Renge Kyō), to express devotion to it. Defined in Sino-Japonca as 帰命 kimyō: to base one's life upon, to devote (or submit) one's life to

Derivatives:
 Namo Amitabha Pāli: namo
 Sanskrit:  or namas

Derivatives:
 Sanskrit: namo-'mitābhāya Bur: နမော, namaw (nəmɔ́)
 Tib: ཕྱག་འཚལ་(ལོ), chag tsal (lo)
 Mn: мөргөмү, mörgömü
 南無
 Cn: nánmó
 Jp: namu or nam
 Ko: namu
 Vi: nam-mô

Derivatives:
 南無阿弥陀佛
 Cn: Nánmó Ēmítuó fó
 Jp: Namu Amida butsu
 Ko:  Namu Amita Bul
 Vi: Nam-mô A-di-đà Phật
 南無觀世音菩薩
 Cn:  Nánmó Guán Syr Yín Pū Sá
 Jp:  Namu Kanzeon Butsu
 Ko:  Namu Gwan Se Eum Bo Sal
 Vi:  Nam-mô Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát
|- valign=top
|nekkhamma renunciation
|
 Pāli:   Sanskrit:  |
 Bur: နိက္ခမ, neikhama (neiʔkʰəma̰)
 Tayca: เนกขัมมะ nekkamma Mn: магад гарахуй, magad garahui 出世
 Cn: Chūshì Jp: syusse  Vi:  |- valign=top
|Nibbana/Nirvana Extinction or extinguishing; ultimate enlightenment in the Buddhist tradition
|
 from : to extinguish
 Pāli: nibbāna Sanskrit: nirvana|
 Bur: နိဗ္ဗာန်, neibban (neiʔbàɴ)
 Tayca: นิพพาน nípphaan Tib: མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ, mya-ngan-las-'das-pa Mn: нирван, nirvan 涅槃
 Cn: Nièpán Jp: Nehan Ko: Yeolban Vi: Niết-bàn|- valign=top
|Nikaya, lit. "volume", The Buddhist texts in Pāli
|
 Pāli: nikāya|
 Sanskrit: Āgama Bur: နိကာယ, nikaya (nḭkəja̰)
 部經
 Cn: Bùjīng Jp: ??
 Vi: Bộ kinh|- valign=top
|Noble Eightfold Path
 Right View (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; 正見 Cn: zhèngjiàn; Vi: chính kiến)
 Right Thought (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; 正思唯 Cn: zhèngsīwéi; Vi: chính tư duy)These 2 constitute the path of Wisdom (Pāli: paññā; Sanskrit: prajñā)
 Right Speech (Pāli: sammā-vācā; Sanskrit: samyag-vāk; 正語 Cn: zhèngyǔ; Vi: chính ngữ)
 Right Action (Pāli: sammā-kammanta; Sanskrit: samyak-karmānta; 正業 Cn: zhèngyè; Vi: chính nghiệp)
 Right Living (Pāli: sammā-ājīva; Sanskrit: samyag-ājīva; 正命 Cn: zhèngmìng; Vi: chính mệnh)These 3 constitute the path of Virtue (Pāli: sīla; Sanskrit: śīla)
 Right Effort (Pāli: sammā-vāyāma; Sanskrit: samyag-vyāyāma; 正精進 Cn: zhèngjīngjìn; Vi: chính tinh tiến)
 Right Mindfulness (Pāli: sammā-sati; Sanskrit: ; 正念 Cn: zhèngniàn; Vi: chính niệm)
 Right Concentration (Pāli: sammā-samādhi; Sanskrit: samyak-samādhi; 正定 Cn: zhèngdìng; Vi: chính định)The last 3 constitute the path of Concentration (Pāli, Sanskrit: samādhi)
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 Pāli:  Sanskrit: |
 Bur: မဂ္ဂင်, meggin (mɛʔɡɪ̀ɴ)
 Tayca: อริยมรรค ariya-mak 八正道
 Cn: Bāzhèngdào Jp: Hasshōdō Ko: Paljeongdo Vi: Bát chính đạo''

O
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesoryoki A set of bowls used in a Zen eating ceremony Japonca: 応量器 ōryōkiosho A term used to address a monk of the Zen Buddhist tradition. Originally reserved for high ranking monks, it has since been appropriated for everyday use when addressing any male member of the Zen clergy Japonca: 和尚 oshō

Ö
P
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagespanca skandha The five constituent elements into which an individual is analyzed. They are:
 "form": Pāli, Sanskrit: rūpa; Bu: ရူပ, yupa; 色 Cn: sè; Jp: shiki
 "sensation": Pāli, Sanskrit: vedanā; Bu: ဝေဒန, wedana; 受 Cn: shòu; Jp: ju
 "cognition": Pāli: saññā; Sanskrit: ; Bu: သညာ, thinnya; 想 Cn: xiàng; Jp: sō
 "mental formations": Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; Bu: သင်္ခါရ, thinkhaya; 行 Cn: xíng; Jp: gyō
 "consciousness": Pāli: ; Sanskrit: vijñāna; Bu: ဝိညာဉ်, winyin; 識 Cn: shí; Jp: shiki Sanskrit: pañca skandha
 Pāli: pañca khandha Bur: ခန္ဒာငါးပါး, khanda nga ba (kʰàɴdà ŋá bá)
 Şan: ႁႃႈ ၶၼ်ႇထႃႇ, ([haː˧ kʰan˨ tʰaː˨]}})
 五蘊, 五陰, 五薀
 Cn: wǔyùn
 Jp: go-on, sometimes go-un
 Vi: ngũ uẩnPanchen Lama The second highest ranking lama in the Gelugpa sect of Tibetçe Buddhism. after the Dalai Lama Tibetçe: པན་ཆེན་བླ་མ་ pan-chen bla-ma Sanskrit: 
 Mn: Банчин Богд, Banchin Bogd
 班禪喇嘛
 Cn: Bānchán Lǎma
 Jp: ??
 Vi: Ban-thiền Lạt-mapaññā, see prajna Sanskrit:   Bur: ပညာ, pyinnya (pjɪ̀ɴɲà)
 Mon: ပညာ (pɔnɲa)
 Şan: ပိင်ႇၺႃႇ (piŋ˨ ɲaː˨)
 Tibetçe: shes rab
 Mn: билиг, bilig
 智慧 or 知恵 or 般若
 Cn: Zhìhuì, zhīhuì, bōrě
 Jp: chie,hannya
 Vi:  paramartha Absolute, as opposed to merely conventional, truth or reality; see also samvrti Sanskrit: paramārtha Bur: ပရမတ်, paramat (pəɹəmaʔ)
 Tayca: ปรมัตถ์ paramuttparamita, lit. "reaching the other shore," usually rendered in English as "perfection." The Mahayana practices for obtaining enlightenment; giving, ethics, patience, effort, concentration and wisdom Pāli: pāramī
 Sanskrit: pāramitā Bur: ပါရမီ, parami (pàɹəmì)
 Mon: ပါရမဳ (parəmɔe)
 Tayca: บารมี baramee
 Mn: барамид, baramid
 波羅蜜 or 波羅蜜多
 Cn: bōluómì or bōluómìduō
 Jp: haramitsu or haramita
 Vi: ba-la-mật or ba-la-mật-đaparinibbana/parinirvana The final nibbana/nirvana from nibbana/nirvana above
 Pāli: parinibbāna
 Sanskrit:  Bur: ပရိနိဗ္ဗာန်, pareineibban (pəɹeiʔneiʔbàɴ)
 Tayca: ปรินิพพาน pari-nippaan
 般涅槃
 Cn: bōnièpán
 Jp: hatsunehan
 Vi: bát-niết-bànPerfection of Wisdom from pāramitā ("perfection") above and prajñā/paññā ("wisdom") below
 Sanskrit: prajñāpāramitā
 Pāli: paññāparami Bur: ပညာပါရမီ, pyinnya parami (pjɪ̀ɴɲà pàɹəmì)
 Mon: ပညာပါရမဳ (pɔnɲa parəmɔe)
 Mn: билиг барамид, bilig baramid
 般若波羅蜜 or 般若波羅蜜多
 Cn: bōrě-bōluómì or bōrě-bōluómìduō
 Jp: hannya-haramitsu or hannya-haramita
 Vi: bát-nhã-ba-la-mật or bát-nhã-ba-la-mật-đaPointing-out instruction The direct introduction to the nature of mind in the lineages of Essence Mahamudra and Dzogchen. A root guru is the master who gives the 'pointing-out instruction' so that the disciple recognizes the nature of mind Tibetçe: ངོ་སྤྲོད་ ngo-sprodprajna/paññā "wisdom", "insight" Pāli: paññā
 Sanskrit: prajñā Bur: ပညာ, pyinnya (pjɪ̀ɴɲà)
 Tayca: ปัญญา pun-ya
 Mn: хөтлөх, khötlökh
 般若
 Cn: bōrě or bānruò
 Jp: hannya
 Vi: bát-nhãpratitya-samutpada "Dependent origination," the view that no phenomenon exists (or comes about) without depending on other phenomena or conditions around it. In English also called "conditioned genesis," "dependent co-arising," "interdependent arising," etc.
A famous application of dependent origination is the Twelve Nidana, or 12 inter-dependences (Sanskrit: ; 十二因緣, 十二因縁 Cn: shíàr yīnyuán; Jp: jūni innen; Vi: thập nhị nhân duyên), which are:
 Ignorance (Pāli: avijjā; Sanskrit: avidyā; 無明 Cn: wúmíng; Jp: mumyō; Vi: vô minh; Mn: мунхрахуй, munhrahui)
 Ignorance creates Mental Formation (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; 行 Cn: xíng; Jp: gyō; Vi: hành; Mn: хуран үйлдэхүй, khuran uildehui)
 Mental Formation creates Consciousness (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: vijñāna; 識 Cn: shí; Jp: shiki; Vi: thức; Mn: тийн мэдэхүй, tiin medehui)
 Consciousness creates Name & Form (Pāli, Sanskrit: nāmarūpa; 名色 Cn: míngsè; Jp: myōshiki; Vi: danh sắc; Mn: нэр өнгө, ner öngö)
 Name & Form create Sense Gates (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; 六入 or 六処 Cn: liùrù; Jp: rokunyū or rokusho; Vi: lục căn; Mn: төрөн түгэхүй, törön tugehui)
 Sense Gates create Contact (Pāli: phassa; Sanskrit: sparśa; 觸, 触 Cn: chù; Jp: soku; Vi: xúc; Mn: хүрэлцэхүй, khureltsehui)
 Contact creates Feeling (Pāli, Sanskrit: vedanā; 受 Cn: shòu; Jp: ju; Vi: thụ; Mn: сэрэхүй, serehui)
 Feeling creates Craving (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; 愛 Cn: ài; Jp: ai; Vi: ái; Mn: хурьцахуй, khuritsahui)
 Craving creates Clinging (Pāli, Sanskrit: upādāna; 取 Cn: qǔ; Jp: shu; Vi: thủ; Mn: авахуй, avahui)
 Clinging creates Becoming (Pāli, Sanskrit: bhava; 有 Cn: yǒu; Jp: u; Vi: hữu; Mn: сансар, sansar)
 Becoming creates Birth (Pāli, Sanskrit: jāti; 生 Cn: shēng; Jp: shō; Vi: sinh; Mn: төрөхүй, töröhui)
 Birth leads to Aging & Death (Pāli, Sanskrit: ; 老死 Cn: láosǐ; Jp: rōshi; Vi: lão tử; Mn: өтлөх үхэхүй, ötlöh uhehui)
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 Pāli:  Sanskrit: pratitya-samutpāda|
 Bur: ပဋိစ္စသမုပ္ပါဒ်, padeissa thamopad (pədeiʔsa̰ θəmouʔpaʔ)
 Tib: རྟེན་ཅིང་འབྲེལ་བར་འབྱུང་བ་, rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba Mn: шүтэн барилдлага, shuten barildlaga 緣起 (thought to be an abbreviation for 因緣生起), 縁起
 Cn: yuánqǐ Jp: engi Vi: duyên khởi Also called 因緣, 因縁
 Cn: yīnyuán Jp: innen Vi: nhân duyên|- valign=top
|Pratyekabuddha/Paccekabuddha, lit. "a buddha by his own", A buddha who reaches enlightenment on his own
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 Pāli: paccekabuddha Sanskrit: pratyekabuddha|
 Bur: ပစ္စေကဗုဒ္ဓါ, pyiseka boddha (pjɪʔsèka̰ bouʔdà)
 辟支佛
 Cn: Bìzhī Fó Jp: Hyakushibutsu Vi: Bích-chi Phật|- valign=top
|Pure Land Buddhism A large branch of Mahayana, dominantly in East Asia. The goal of Pure Land Buddhism is to be reborn in the Western sukhavati of Amitabha, either as a real place or within the mind, through the other-power of repeating the Buddha's name, nianfo or nembutsu.
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 净土宗(Ch), 浄土教(Jp)
 Cn: Jìngtǔ-zōng Jp: Jōdo-kyo Ko: Jeongtojong Vi: Tịnh độ tông''purisa The practicing Buddhist community as a whole; sangha and laity

R
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesrebirth The process of continuity of life after death Pāli: punabbhava
 Sanskrit: punarbhava 輪廻
 Cn: lunhui
 Jp: rinne
 Vi: luân hồiRatnasambhava  Sanskrit: Ratnasambhava Tib: རིན་ཆེན་འབྱུང་གནས Rinchen Jung ne
 Mn: ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ;Эрдэнэ гарахын орон, Төгс Эрдэнэ;Erdeni garkhu yin oron, Tegüs Erdenirefuge Usually in the form of "take refuge in the Three Jewels" Pāli: 
 Sanskrit:  Bur: သရဏဂုံ, tharanagon (θəɹənəɡòuɴ)
 Mn: аврал, avral
 Tib: skyabs
 Tayca: สรณะ sorana
 歸依
 Cn: guīyī
 Jp: kie
 Vi: quy yRinpoche, lit. "precious one", An honorific title for a respected Tibetçe lama, such as a tulku Tibetçe: རིན་པོ་ཆེ་, rin-po-che Mn: римбүчий, rimbuchii 
 仁波切
 Cn: rénbōqiē
 Jp: ??
 Vi: ??Rinzai Zen sect emphasizing koan study; named for master Linji Japonca: 臨済宗 Rinzai-shū 臨濟宗
 Cn: Línjì-zōng
 Vi: Lâm Tế tôngRohatsu A day traditionally honored as the day of the Buddha's enlightenment. While deep in meditation under a bodhi tree, he attained enlightenment upon seeing the morning star just at dawn; celebrated on the 8th day either of December or of the 12th month of the lunar calendar Japonca: 臘八 Rōhatsu or Rohachiroshi, lit. "Master", An honorific given to Zen teachers in the Rinzai and Obaku sects. Japonca 老師 Rōshi 禅師
 Cn: '’chan shī'' (lit., old master)

S
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagessacca truthfulness Sanskrit: Satya Bur: သစ္စာ, thissa (θɪʔ sà)
 Mon: သစ္စ (sɔtcɛʔ)
 Şan: သဵတ်ႈၸႃႇ (sʰet˧ tsaː˨)
 Tayca: สัจจะ sadja
 真
 Cn: zhēn
 Jp: shin 
 Vi:samanera/shramanera A male novice monk, who, after a year or until the ripe age of 20, will be considered for the higher Bhikkhu ordination Sanskrit:  Bur: (ရှင်)သာမဏေ, (shin) thamane ((ʃɪ̀ɴ) θàmənè)
 Mon: သာမ္မဏဳ, ([samənɔe]}})
 Şan: သႃႇမၼေႇ, ([sʰaː˨ mne˨]}})
 Tayca: สามเณร sama-naen
 沙彌
 Cn: shāmí
 Jp: shami
 Vi: ??samatha Mental stabilization; tranquility meditation. Distinguished from vipassana meditation Pāli: samatha
 Sanskrit: śamatha Bur: သမထ, thamahta (θəmətʰa̰)
 Tayca: สมถะ samatha
 舍摩他
 Cn: shěmótā
 Jp: ??
 Vi: ??samsara The cycle of birth and rebirth; the world as commonly experienced Pāli, Sanskrit:  Bur: သံသရာ, thanthaya (θàɴðəjà)
 Tayca: สังสารวัฏ sung-sara-wat
 Tib: འཁོར་བ khor ba
 Bur: သံသရာ
 Mn: орчлон, orchlon
 輪迴, 輪廻
 Cn: lúnhúi
 Jp: rinne
 Vi: luân hồisamu Work, conceived as a part of Zen training. Japonca: 作務 samu 作務
 Cn: zuòwù
 Vi: ??samvrti Conventional, as opposed to absolute, truth or reality; see also paramartha Sanskrit:  Bur: သမ္မုတိ, thamudi (θəmṵdḭ)
 Tayca: สมมุติ sommootsangha The community of Buddhist monks and nuns. Teachers and practitioners. Sanskrit:  Bur: သံဃာ, thangha (θàɴɡà)
 Mon: သဳလ (sɛŋ)
 Şan: သၢင်ႇၶႃႇ (sʰaːŋ˨ kʰaː˨)
 Tayca: สงฆ์ song
 Tib: ཚོགས་ཀ་མཆོག tsog gyu chog
 Mn: хуврагийн чуулган, khuvragiin chuulgan
 僧團
 Cn: sēng tuan
 Jp: sō, sōryō
 Vi: tăng giàSanlun Buddhist philosophical school based on the Madhyamaka school Çince: 三論 sānlùn 三論宗
 Cn: Sānlùnzōng
 Jp: Sanron-shū
 Vi: Tam luận tôngsanzen A formal interview with a teacher in many traditions of Zen. Similar to dokusan Japoncasatori Awakening; understanding. A Japonca term for enlightenment Japonca: 悟り satori 悟
 Cn: wú
 Vi: ngộsayadaw Birmanca meditation master Bur: ဆရာတော်, sayadaw (sʰəjàdɔ̀)seichu In the Zen Buddhist calendar, a period of intensive, formal monastic training. It is typically characterized by week-long Daisesshins and periodic sanzen Japonca: 制中 seichusesshin A Zen retreat where practitioners meditate, eat and work together for several days Japonca: 接心, 摂心 佛七
 Cn: '’fóqī 坐臘/坐腊
 Cn: zuòlà|- valign=top
|sila "morals", "morality", "ethics": precepts
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 Pāli: sīla Sanskrit: śīla|
 Bur: သီလ, thila (θìla̰)
 Mon: သဳ (sɔelaʔ)
 Şan: သီႇလႃႉ (sʰi˨ laː˥)
 Tayca: ศีล seen 尸羅,戒
 Cn: jiè Jp: kai Vi: giới Mn: шагшаабад, shagshaabad|- valign=top
|Sōtō Sect of Zen emphasizing shikantaza as the primary mode of practice; see also Dogen
|
 Japonca: 曹洞宗 Sōtō-shū|
 曹洞宗
 Cn: Cáodòng-zōng Vi: Tào Ðộng tông|- valign=top
|store consciousness The base consciousness (alayavijnana) taught in Yogacara Buddhism
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 Pāli, Sanskrit: ālayavijñāna|
 阿頼耶識
 Cn: āyēshí Jp: arayashiki Vi: a-lại-da thức|- valign=top
|sutra Scripture; originally referred to short aphoristic sayings and collections thereof
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 from √siv: to sew
 Sanskrit: sutra Pāli: sutta|
 Bur: သုတ်, thoht (θouʔ)
 Mon: သုတ်, ([sɔt]}})
 Mon: သုၵ်ႈ, ([sʰuk˧]}})
 Tayca: สูตร soothe Mn: судар, sudar 經, 経
 Cn: jīng Jp: kyō Vi: kinh|- valign=top
|Sutra Pitaka The second basket of the Tripitaka canon, the collection of all Buddha's teachings
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 Pāli:  Sanskrit: |
 Bur: သုတ်, thoht (θouʔ)
 Mon: သုတ်, ([sɔt]}})
 Mon: သုၵ်ႈ, ([sʰuk˧]}})
 Mn: Судрын аймаг Sudriin aimag 經藏, 経蔵
 Cn: jīngcáng Jp: kyōzō Vi: Kinh tạng''

Ş
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesşikantaza Soto Zen. "Only concentrated on sitting" is the main practice of the Soto school of Japonca Zen Buddhism Japonca: 只管打座 默照
 Cn: mòzhàoşunyata Emptiness; see also Nagarjuna Pāli: suññatā
 Sanskrit: śūnyatā Bur: သုည, '' (θòuɴɲa̰)
 Şan: သုင်ႇၺႃႉ, ([sʰuŋ˨ ɲaː˥]}})
 Tib: stong pa nyid Mn: хоосон чанар, khooson chanar 空
 Cn: kōng Jp: kū Vi: tính Không''

T
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagestangaryō A period of waiting for admission into a Zen monastery at the gate, lasting anywhere from one day to several weeks—depending on the quality of one's sitting. Refers to the room traveling monks stay in when visiting, or await admittance into the sōdō. Japonca: 旦過寮　 tanha Craving or desire Pāli: 
 Sanskrit:  Bur: တဏှာ, tahna (tən̥à)
 Tayca: ตัณหา tunha
 Mn: хурьцахуй, khuritsahui
 愛
 Cn: ài
 Jp: ai
 Kr: 애 ae
 Vi: áiTanto In Zen, one of the main temple leaders, lit."head of the tan." In a Zen temple, the Tanto is one of two officers (with the Godo) in charge monks' training.  Japonca:単頭 tantra Esoteric religious practices, including yoga, mantra, etc. See also Vajrayana. Sanskrit: tantra Mn: тарнийн ёс, дандар, tarniin yos, dandar
 續部,怛特羅
 Cn: dátèluó
 Jp: ??
 Vi: đát-đặc-laTathagata one of the Buddha's ten epithets Sanskrit: tathāgata; The "Thus-Gone One" Bur: တထာဂတ, tahtagata (ta̰tʰàɡəta̰)
 Tayca: ตถาคต tatha-kohd
 Mn: түүнчлэн ирсэн, tuunchlen irsen
 如来
 Cn: rúlái
 Jp: nyorai
 Vi: như laitathagatagarbha Buddha-nature or the seed of enlightenment Sanskrit: tathāgatagarbha 佛性, 仏性
 Cn: fóxìng
 Jp: busshō
 Also 覚性
 Cn: juéxìng
 Jp: kakushō
 Vi: giác tính
 Also 如来藏, 如来蔵
 Cn: rúláizàng
 Jp: nyuoraizō
 Vi: như lai tạngteisho A presentation by a Zen master during a sesshin. Rather than an explanation or exposition in the traditional sense, it is intended as a demonstration of Zen realisation Japonca: 提唱 teishōtenzo In Zen, the head cook for a sesshin. In Zen temples, the officer in charge of the kitchen Japonca: 典座 tenzo 典座
 Cn: diǎnzuò
 Vi: điển toạTheravada, lit. "words of the elders", Most popular form of Buddhism in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. Pāli: theravāda
 Sanskrit: sthaviravāda Bur: ထေရဝါဒ, hterawada (tʰèɹa̰wàda̰ or tʰèja̰wàda̰)
 Tayca: เถรวาท tera-waad
 上座部
 Cn: shàngzuòbù
 Jp: jōzabu
 Vi: Thượng toạ bộthera or theri, lit. "elder", Honorific applied to senior monks and nuns in the Theravada tradition. Pāli: thera Bur: ထေရ, htera (tʰèɹa̰)Three Jewels Three things that Buddhists take refuge in: the Buddha, his teachings (Dharma) and the community of realized practitioners (Sangha), and in return look toward for guidance (see also Refuge (Buddhism)) Pāli: tiratana
 Sanskrit: triratna Bur: သရဏဂုံသုံးပါး, tharanagon thon ba (θəɹənəɡòuɴ θóuɴ bá) OR ရတနာသုံးပါး, yadana thon ba (jədənà θóuɴ bá))
 Tayca: ไตรรัตน์ trai-rut
 Tib: དཀོན་མཆོག་གསུམ, dkon mchog gsum
 Mn: чухаг дээд гурав chuhag deed gurav
 三寶
 Cn: sānbăo
 Jp: sanbō
 Vi: tam bảoThree periods
 Three divisions of the time following the historical Buddha's passing: the Former (or Early) Day of the Law (正法 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō), the first thousand years; the Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō), the second thousand years; and the Latter Day of the Law (末法 Cn: mòfǎ; Jp: mappō), which is to last for 10,000 years.
 The three periods are significant to Mahayana adherents, particularly those who hold the Lotus Sutra in high regard; e.g., Tiantai (Tendai) and Nichiren Buddhists, who believe that different Buddhist teachings are valid (i.e., able to lead practitioners to enlightenment) in each period due to the different capacity to accept a teaching (機根 Cn: jīgēn; Jp: kikon) of the people born in each respective period.
 The three periods are further divided into five five-hundred year periods (五五百歳 Cn: wǔ wǔbǎi suì; Jp: go no gohyaku sai), the fifth and last of which was prophesied to be when the Buddhism of Sakyamuni would lose all power of salvation and a new Buddha would appear to save the people. This time period would be characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other, natural disasters.
 The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集経 Cn: dàjí jīng; Jp: Daishutu-kyō, Daijuku-kyō, Daijikkyō, or Daishukkyō). Descriptions of the three periods also appear in other sutras, some of which ascribe different lengths of time to them (although all agree that Mappō will last for 10,000 years). 三時
 Cn: Sānshí
 Jp: Sanji
 Vi: Tam thờiThree Poisons or Three Fires 
The three primary causes of unskillful action that lead to the creation of "negative" karma; the three root kleshas:
 Attachment (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; Tib.: འདོད་ཆགས་ 'dod chags)
 Aversion (Pali: doha; Sanskrit: ; Tib.: ཞེ་སྡང་ zhe sdang; Mn: урин хилэн, urin khilen; 瞋 Cn: chēn; Jp: jin; Vi: sân)
 Ignorance (Pāli: moha; Sanskrit: moha; Tib.: གཏི་མུག་ gti mug) Pāli: kilesa (Defilements)
 Sanskrit: kleśa Sanskit: triviṣa
 Tib: düsum (dug gsum}})
 Bur: မီးသုံးပါး, mi thon ba (mí θóuɴ bá)
 Mn: гурван хор, gurvan khor
 三毒
 Cn: Sāndú
 Jp: Sandoku
 Vi: Tam độc Tiantai/Tendai A Mahayana school of Çin that teaches the supremacy of the Lotus Sutra Çince: 天台 tiāntái 天台宗
 Cn: tiāntái zōng
 Jp: tendai-shū
 Vi: Thiên Tayca tôngtrailõkya The 3 "regions" of the world:
 Kamaloka or Kamadhatu: world of desires (Sanskrit, Pāli: kāmaloka, kāmadhātu; Tibetçe: འདོད་ཁམས་ dod khams; Mn: амармагийн орон, amarmagiin oron; 欲界 Cn: yùjiè, Jp: yokkai  Vi: dục giới)
 Rupaloka or Rupadhatu: world of form (Sanskrit: rūpaloka, rūpadhātu; Tibetçe: གཟུགས་ཁམས་ gzugs khams; Mn: дүрстийн орон, durstiin oron; 色界 Cn: sèjiè; Jp: shikikai , Vi: sắc giới)
 Arupaloka or Arupadhatu: world without form or desire (Sanskrit: arūpaloka, arūpadhātu; Tibetçe: གཟུགས་མེད་ཁམས་ gzugs med khams; Mn: дүрсгүйн орон, dursquin oron; 無色界 Cn: wú sèjiè, Jp: mushikikai Vi: vô sắc giới) Sanskrit: triloka Pāli: tisso dhātuyo
 Tibetçe: ཁམས་གསུམ་ khams gsum
 Mn: гурван орон, gurvan oron
 三界
 Cn: sānjiè
 Jp: sangai
 Vi: tam giớitrikaya The 3 "bodies" of Buddha:
 Dharma-kaya (Sanskrit: dharmakāya; 法身 Cn: fǎshēn; Jp: hosshin; Vi: pháp thân)
 Sambhoga-kaya (Sanskrit: ; 報身 Cn: bàoshēn; Jp: hōshin; Vi: báo thân)
 Nirmana-kaya (Sanskrit: ; 應身,化身,応身 Cn: yìngshēn; Jp: ōjin; Vi: ứng thân) Sanskrit: trikāya 三身
 Cn: sānshēn
 Jp: sanjin
 Vi: tam thânTripitaka The "Three Baskets"; canon containing the sacred texts for Buddhism (Pāli)
 Vinaya Pitaka (Pāli, Sanskrit: ; Tib: འདུལ་བའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ dul ba'i sde snod; Mn: винайн аймаг сав vinain aimag sav; 律藏, 律蔵 Cn: lǜzàng; Jp: Ritsuzō; Vi: Luật tạng)
 Sutra Pitaka (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; Tib: མདོ་སྡེའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ mdo sde'i sde snod; Mn: судрын аймаг сав sudriin aimag sav; 經藏, 経蔵 Cn: jīngzàng; Jp: Kyōzō; Vi: Kinh tạng)
 Abhidhamma Pitaka (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; Tib: མངོན་པའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ mngon pa'i sde snod; Mn: авидармын аймаг сав avidarmiin aimag sav; 論藏, 論蔵 Cn: lùnzàng; Jp: Ronzō; Vi: Luận tạng) Pāli: 
 Sanskrit:  Birmanca: တိပိဋက, Tipitaka (tḭpḭtəka̰)
 Tayca: ไตรปิฎก Traipidok
 སྡེ་སྣོད་་གསུམ, sde snod gsum 
 Mn: гурван аймаг сав, gurvan aimag sav
 三藏, 三蔵
 Cn: Sānzàng
 Jp: Sanzō
 Ko: Samjang
 Vi: Tam tạng Triratna/Tiratana, see Three Jewels above Pāli: tiratana
 Sanskrit: triratna Tib: དཀོན་མཆོག་གསུམ, dkon mchog gsum
 Mn: гурван эрдэнэ, gurvan erdenetrsna, see tanha abovetulku A re-incarnated Tibetçe teacher Tibetçe: སྤྲུལ་སྐུ་ tulku Mn: хувилгаан, khuvilgaan
 再來人 (轉世再來的藏系師長)
 Cn: Zài lái rén
 Jp: keshin
 Vi: hoá thân

U
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesupadana Clinging; the 9th link of Pratitya-Samutpada; the Ninth Twelve Nidanas Pāli, Sanskrit: upādāna Bur: ဥပါဒါန်, upadan (ṵpàdàɴ)
 Şan: ဢူႉပႃႇတၢၼ်ႇ, ([ʔu˥ paː˨ taːn˨]}})
 Tayca: อุปาทาน u-pa-taan
 Tib: ལེན་པ, len pa
 Mn: авахуй, avahui
 取(十二因緣第九支)
 Cn: qǔ
 Jp: shu
 Vi: thủUpajjhaya spiritual teacher Pāli: Upajjhaya
Sanskrit: upādhyāy Bur: ဥပဇ္ဇာယ်ဆရာ, Upyizesaya (ṵ pjɪʔzèsʰajà)upasaka A lay follower of Buddhism Sanskrit: upāsaka Bur: ဥပါသကာ, upathaka (ṵpàθəkà)
 Mon: ဥပါသကာ (ʊʔpasəka)
 Tayca: อุบาสก u-ba-sok
 近事男,優婆塞
 Cn: jìnshìnán
 Jp: ??
 Vi: cận sự namupasika A female lay follower from upasaka above
 Sanskrit: upāsika Bur: ဥပါသိကာ, upathika (ṵpàθḭkà)
 Tayca: อุบาสิกา u-ba-sika
 近事女,優婆夷
 Cn: jìnshìnǚ
 Jp: ??
 Vi: cận sự nữupaya Expedient though not necessarily ultimately true. Originally used as a polemical device against other schools - calling them "merely" expedient, lacking in ultimate truth, later used against ones own school to prevent students form forming attachments to doctrines

In Mahayana, exemplified by the Lotus Sutra, upaya are the useful means that Buddhas (and Buddhist teachers) use to free beings into enlightenment Sanskrit: upāya Bur: ဥပါယ်, upe (ṵ pè)
 Tib: ཐབས, thabs
 Mn: арга, arga
 方便
 Cn: fāngbiàn
 Jp: hōben
 Vi: phương tiệnupekkha equanimity Pāli: upekkhā
 Sanskrit: upekṣā Bur: ဥပက္ခာ, upyikkha (ṵpjɪʔkʰà)
 Tayca: อุเบกขา u-bek-kha
 Tib: བཏང་སྙོམས་, btang snyoms
 Mn: тэгшид барихуй, tegshid barihui
 镇定，沉着
 Cn: Zhèndìng, chénzhuóurna A concave circular dot on the forehead between the eyebrows Sanskrit: urnaMn: билгийн мэлмий, bilgiin melmii

Ü
V
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languagesVajrayana, The third major branch, alongside Hinayana and Mahayana, according to Tibetçe Buddhism's view of itself Sanskrit: vajrayāna, lit. "diamond vehicle" Bur: ဝဇိရယာန, wazeirayana (wəzeiɹa̰ jàna̰)
 Tayca: วชิรญาณ wachira-yaan
 Mn: Очирт хөлгөн, ochirt khölgön
 金剛乘
 Cn: Jīngāng shèng
 Jp: Kongō jō
 Vi: Kim cương thừaVairocana, Sanskrit:  Tib: རྣམ་པར་སྣང་མཛད། rNam-par-snang mdzad
 Mn: ᠪᠢᠷᠦᠵᠠᠨ᠎ ᠠ᠂ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠋᠋ᠭᠡᠢᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ; Бярузана, Машид Гийгүүлэн Зохиогч, Гэгээн Гэрэлт; Biruzana, Masida Geyigülün Zohiyaghci, Gegegen GereltüVāsanā  habitual tendencies or dispositions Pāli and Sanskrit: Vāsanā Bur: ဝါသနာ, wathana (wàðanà)Vinaya Pitaka, The first basket of the Tripitaka canon, which deals with the rules of monastic life Pāli, Sanskrit: , lit. "discipline basket"Bur: ဝိနည်းပိဋကတ်, wini pitakat (wḭní pḭdəɡaʔ)
 Mon: ဝိနဲ (wìʔnòa)
 Şan: ဝီႉၼႄး (wi˥˩ ɛ˦)
 Tayca: วินัย wi-nai
 Tib: འདུལ་བའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ dul-bai sde-snod
 Mn: Винайн аймаг сав, vinain aimag sav
 律藏
 Cn: Lǜzàng
 Jp: Ritsuzō
 Vi: Luật tạngvipassana Usually translated as "Insight" meditation, most associated with the Theravāda tradition, but also present in some other traditions such as Tiantai. Often combined with śamatha meditation from : to see apart
 Pāli: vipassanā
 Sanskrit: vipaśyanā, vidarśanā Bur: ဝိပဿနာ, wipathana (wḭpaʔθanà)
 Şan: ဝီႉပၢတ်ႈသၼႃႇ, ([wi˥ paːt˧ sʰa˩ naː˨]}})
 Tayca: วิปัสสนา wipadsana
 Tib: ལྷག་མཐོངlhag mthong
 Mn: үлэмж үзэл, ulemj uzel
 觀,観
 Cn: guān
 Jp: kan
 Vi: quánviriya energy, enthusiastic perseverance from  
 Pāli: viriya
 Sanskrit: vīrya,   Tib: brtson-grus
 Tayca: วิริยะ wiriya
 能量
 Cn: néngliàng 
 Jp: nōryō
 Vi: năng-lượng

Z
DefinitionEtymologyIn other languageszazen Sitting meditation as practiced in the Zen School of Buddhism Japonca: 坐禅 坐禪
 Cn: zuòchán
 Kr: jwaseon
 Vi: toạ thiềnZen School A branch of Mahayana originating in China that originally emphasizes non-dualism and intuition. Modern monastic forms have a strong emphasis on zazen (Korean) or on zazen combined with militaristic top-down hazing (Japonca) Japonca: 禅宗 Zen-shu 禪宗
 Cn: Chánzōng
 Vi: Thiền tôngzendo In Zen, a hall where zazen is practiced Japonca: 禅堂 禪堂
 Cn: chántáng
 Vi: thiền đường

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 Kaynakça 

 Dış bağlantılar 
 Pali Text Society Dictionary (Be sure to check the "Unicode font" option, and to have one; also, if looking for a word, choose "words that match")
 Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary
 Digital Dictionary of Buddhism  (Login with userid "guest")
 Kadampa Glossary of Buddhist Terms 


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