Tok Glosa

Tok Glosa em wanpela kain olsem tok-ples ikam long Interglossa. Buk bilong Tok Glosa i kamap long yia 1978. Nem blong tokples em i kamap long rup bilong Graik, "glossa", i stap tokautim "tongue" o "language".

Bilong olsem tokples konstruktem, Tok Glosa i no gat kaikai long tokples, na spelin i holim tru tru na i fonetik olsem. Olsem tokples konstruktem, i no gat infleksen, na tok i stap long diksenari for oltaim, no gat wanem olsem funksen em i stap long toksen. Olsem i no klia long konteks, gramatikal funksen em i save daunim long smolpela wod na long yusim orda bilong wod (syntax). Olsem wanpela tokples a posteriori, Tok Glosa i tekim olsem wokabulari long Tok Gris na Tok Latin rut, yumi saveim dispela olsem internesnal olsem yusim bilong olgeta long sains.

 Histori 
Tok Glosa i bihainim draif bilong tokples Interglossa em saientis Lancelot Hogben i bin wokim long taim bilong Wol Woa 2 long Aberdeen. Long 1943 ol i wokim Interglossa olsem wanpela rait bilong ol buk bilong helpim ol man.

Ron Clark i bin lukim wanpela buk bilong Interglossa: em wanpela buk bilong helpim ol man long yia 1960. Bihain em i bungim Profesa Hogben na em i tingting long kamapim dispela tok ples. Ol i wok strong long stretim gut dispela tok, na bai ol man i ken mekim wok long en long olgeta kain rot bilong toktok. Wendy Ashby i kam insait long dispela wok long 1972. Taim Hogben i dai long 1975, ol i bin toktok pinis long planti senis. Hogben na Clark i wanbel olsem tokples i mas i gat wanpela pasin bilong raitim ol tok (olsem: wan wan leta i makim wanpela krai). Dispela i makim olsem long tok Grik ol i mas raitim CH, TH na PH olsem K, T na F.

Bihain Ron Clark na Wendy Ashby i kamapim sampela senis moa, na ol i givim nupela nem Tok Glosa long tokples, na long dispela rot ol i kamapim wanpela nupela tokples bilong helpim tokples.

I go inap long 1979, Ashby na Clark i traim wok bilong Tok Glosa long ol volantia long taun ol i stap long en. Long dispela taim, ol i kamapim na stretim ol tok bilong ol tok Hibru na sampela tok bilong ol sentens. Taim ol i wokim namba wan dikseneri bilong Tok Glosa, ol i go sindaun long narapela taun.

Kirap long 1987, GEO (Glosa Education Organisation) em wanpela oganaisesen bilong helpim ol man, em i bin strongim wok bilong skulim ol man long tok ples Tok Glosa olsem namba tu tok ples long ol skul long olgeta hap bilong graun.

Paul O. i bin wokim dispela websait. Bartlett long 1996, na long nau Marcel Springer i bosim. Em i kamapim Tok Glosa Intanet Dikseneri (Glosa Inter-reti Diktionaria), na tu, em i kamapim wanpela kos bilong kisim save long ol tok bilong Baibel, na ol narapela buk samting. Wanpela Wiki long Tok Glosa i bin kamap long 2021.

 Olsem dispela 
Olsem wanpela tokples, Tok Glosa i save olsem yumi no ken usum nem blong tok bai yumi tokim olsem wanpela narating. Olsem wanpela tokples analitik, Tok Glosa i no gat infleksan long toktok bilong iumi, olsem namba blong yumi i no senis long taim o saed blong iumi.

Olsem wanpela tokples analitik, Tok Glosa i gat namba wan stail long saed blong toktok – subjek, verp, objek. "Adjectiv" i kaps long en blong naraotem "noun" na "verb" i kaps long taim bilong tenz na "adverb".

Manmeri i ting olsem Tok Glosa i lukluk olsem Tok Inglis na Tok Sainis long saed blong olsem wanpela tokples analitik. Liklik samting tu, olsem wanpela tokples asistensia, Lingua sistemfrater (Frater), i gat samting tupela samting em i lukluk olsem Tok Glosa. I gat planti samting wok bai i bin wokim long samting tokples ia na bai i gat wanpela wok bilong sintaksis i lain long narapela hap.

Tok Glosa i ritim olsem wanpela tokples Inglis, wetem Laen alfabet, i no gat litim tupela leta o kainkain lekta. Sapos yumi save tokim Inglis, yumi save tokim Tok Glosa tu.

Nogat planti tok bilong olsem, Tok Glosa i yusim samting bikpela nem bilong Latin na Greek. Em i tokbok long yumi olsem wanpela tokples a posteriori.

Interglossa bilong Hogben i bin mekim sampela lain bilong Basic English, na tu Tok Glosa em i stap wokim olsem Tok Inglis. Interglossa i wokim long olsem wanpela tokples bilong "verboids" o "verbal operators", liklikpela namba blong 18, na tu Tok Glosa i gat olsem wanpela kain bilong tokples long tokim sampela wok olsem sampela namba em i nogat.

 Grama 
 Spelin na pronansesyon 
Tok Glosa spelin emi kamap yet i stap long olsem regula na fonetik: wan spelin emi stap representim wan samting bilong toktok, na wan samting bilong toktok emi stap representim wan spelin. Olsem wan 'solo' eksepsen, SC emi stap representim saund ʃ (olsem "sh" long "short"), evri leta stap representim wan saund, na long bekaut long saund, emi stap representim wan leta. Tok Glosa i ritim long Latin letas. Alphabet emi i inkludim ol dispela letas (na digraf), na tu em olsem kapitel leta:

+ Alphabet blong Tok Glosa (na digraf 'sc'): Letas abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxz(sc) Fonimabt͡ʃdefghijklmnopkwrstuvwkszʃ

Tok Glosa i no save mekim yusim olsem narapela tokples blong helpim, Q na X leta emi i usim. C i mekim saund blong 'ch' long 'church'. Letas SC emi i stap representim 'sh' saund long 'short' - hemi i wanigat digraf nomo. Olsem long planti tokples, J i mekim 'y' saund yu save faindim long wokabaut olsem 'yell' o 'yak'. G na S i stap "hard" olsem (olsem long wod blong 'goat' o 'hiss/snake'). R i mas stap trilled o "tapped" (toktokman i liklik tasol i tupim toktokman long tupela lupela i stap long raitim mous), i no ken stap mekim olsem uvularized.

Wanpraktis blong toktokim N bifo wan velar saund (g o k) olsem ŋ emi i no wanpela prefarem, tasol, i usim planti taim blong mekim tingting blong tokples i simplifai. X emi save mekim saund 'z' long stat blong wod, tasol hemi i no prefarem.

Sapos wan nem blong foren i no save usim olsem letas blong Tok Glosa blong mekim olsem spelin blong nem i stap bifo."

 Ol klas bilong tok 
Tok Glosa i inkludim tupla bikpela grup blong wod:

 Primitives 
Primitives em i liklik nambar blong wod we i stap long olsem dispela bikpela tokples - em i laikim olsem preposisen na conjunctions, olsem: de [bilong], e [na], pre [bifo], supra [aninit long; antap long], sub [anit long; antap long; loa; daon; samting liklik].

 Substantives (naem wod) 
Substantives i grup blong wod we i mas representim sampla bikpla samting, heve, na despela (tasol em i mas kisim tumas nupela wok) we i stap long wanpela tokples, olsem: via [rot], kurso [rani], hedo [hap], vide [lukim], celera [wokim gutpela], tako [wik, kwik, gutpela, sik, antapim rait, spinim wok, bisi, rapim, raipiditi, raipid, hap; gat hap; sanap hap; spas]; oku [ai]. Tingting long dispela em i mas save olsem olgeta samting i gat bikpela namba blong mekim dispela wod i gat planti kainkain sain blong yusim, depend long em i stap long wanem kain kalabus (verb, adjektiv, na tokpisin). Exempli gratia: "oku" ino save tok we i nambawan tasol em i save tokim olsem "ai", "optikal", "lukim wantaim ai", "lukim", "pikim wanem samting wantaim ai", o "kamap long narapela manmeri."

 Fres 
Fres i bikpela unit blong tokples, we i save mekim sain blong tingting long Tok Glosa. Ol fres i folem Subjek–Verp–(Obyek) orda na noun fres i "substantive final," we i mekim em i stat wantaim wod we i liklik important, na em i save gat olsem wanem moa wod stap long olsem wok bung wantaim em, na em i kisim namba wantaim em long las.

 Pasin bilong toktok 
Tok Glosa wod i save kamap olsem bikpela namba bilong peim part long toktok. Olsem namba bilong peim part, em i wanpela rol em i plei long wan toktok, na em ino wanpela wok bungim propati bilong wan wod.

 Pronoun bilong yugeta 
+Pronoun bilong yugeta Man  Tok Inglis  Tok Glosa  Tok Inglis  Tok Glosa 1  I, me  mi  we, us  na 2  you (s.)  tu  you (pl.)  vi 3  she, her  fe they, them mu he, him  an it  id he/she/one  pe

 Wabag bilong mekim 
Olsem wanpela tok inap long wokim ol wabag, depend long we i stap long tokples (long hap bilong manmeri).

 Eksampel Bilong Ol Tok Bilong Tok Inglis Tense  Prior Word  Tekts long Tok Glosa  Inglish Transleshan Infinitive  -  Mi volu lekto u bibli.  Mi laik ritim dispela buk. Simple Past pa  Mi pa lekto u bibli.  Mi bin ridim buk. Imperfect  pa du  Mi pa du lekto u bibli.  Mi bin ridim buk. Past Participle  ge-  U ge-lekto bibli  Buk yu bin ritim Simple Present  (nu)  Mi (nu) lekto u bibli.  Mi ritim buk. Continuous Present  du  Mi du lekto u bibli.  Mi bungim buk. Present Perfect  nu pa  Mi nu pa lekto u bibli.  Mi ritim pinis. Future-in-Present  nu fu  Mi nu fu lekto u bibli.  Mi laik ritim buk. Future-in-Past  pa fu  Mi pa fu lekto u bibli.  I was about to read the book / I was going to read the book. Simple Future  fu  Mi fu lekto u bibli.   I shall/will read the book. Future Perfect  fu pa  Mi fu pa lekto u bibli.  I shall/will have read the book (by tomorrow). Conditional  sio  Mi sio lekto u bibli...  I would read the book... Imperative  -!  Lekto!  Read! Negative  ne  Mi ne lekto u bibli.  Mi no bin ritim dispela buk. Interrogative  qe  Qe mi lekto u bibli?  Mi ritim dispela buk? / Mi ritim buk? Passive  gene   U bibli gene lekto ex mi.  The book is/gets read by me.

Long ples ya "prior word" i wokim olsem wanpela wod i stap wantaimim long fes bilong wabag o klous long mekim wabag i soim wanpela tens. Sampela eg i em:

Bilong so mitim olsem wanpela wod bipo long wabag i stap long pem past tense, yu ken addim "pa" wantaim wod bipo bipo long wabag.

Bilong so soim olsem wanpela wod bipo long wabag i stap long futur tense, yu ken addim "fu" wantaim wod bipo bipo long wabag.

Bilong so mekim olsem wanpela wod bipo long wabag i stap long kandesnel, yu ken addim "sio" wantaim wod bipo bipo long wabag.

 Adjektiv 
Adjektiv, olsem olgeta tok ples, ino ken senis long fitim tense, nemba, jenis, formeliti, o sapos. Em i stap bifoa long wonem em i senisim. Tasol, long taim tasol adjektiv i stap long wanpela ples long senisim em, em i gat natingap long meaning em i gat.
 Mi fu lekto mo bibli – Mi bai ridim wan buk.
 Mi fu lekto bibli mo – Mi bai ridim buk nambawan.

Long Tok Pisin, sapos man i laik mekim wanpela wod i gat 'oposait', em i ken yusim 'no-' olsem wanpela prefiks wantaimim long adjektiv. Displa wokabaut i semak wantaim wanpela prefiks 'mal-' long Esperanto em i senisim olsem wod i gat samting taem, na disla i mekim wod i gat toktok long 'not beautiful'. Em i semak long samting olsem 'in-' o 'un-' long tok Inglis.

 kali – liklik wara, naispela, naispela wara
 no-kali – nogut, nogud
 termo – het, hat
 meso-termo – wara, liklik wara
 no-termo – kol

 Konjunksen 
 akorda-co – stretim olsem
 alo – o
 alo...alo – o...o
 alora – olsem na...
 anti-co – tasol
 e – na
 fini-co – laspela taim
 hetero-co – otaim
 jam – pinis
 kaso – stori.../tasol...
 ko-co – tu
 klu – bikos...
 ni....ni – no...no
 pene – sapos em inap
 po-co – bihainim olsem
 posi – posibil
 plus-co – na tu
 qasi – olsem...
 sed – nogat
 si ne... – sapos no...
 vice – long ples bilong

 Wanpela samting bilong toktok 
 Toktok bilong kamapim namba tu 
Fo kamapim wanpela samting wod bilong kamapim namba tu long Tok Glosa, yu onli mas kombainim olgeta wod we i bin stap. Olsem wanem eg., yu no mas gat nating spesol o afe blong kamapim wanpela samting wod, na olgeta wod i stap olsem oli bin.
 "pe" - person (tok ples bilong persona)
 "an" - man (tok ples bilong andros)
 "fe" - meri (tok ples bilong femina)
 "do" - haus (tok ples bilong domo, i.e. "haus" or "hausman")
 "lo" - ples, hap (tok ples bilong loko, i.e. "ples" or "hap bilong")

Olsem na, wanpela student i stude-pe (wanem i save studi), wanpela man student i stude-an, wanpela meri student i stude-fe na wanpela haus o building we ol studen i save studi (skul, kolij, na olsem) i stude-do. Sapos tu, wanpela ospital i pato-do (husat i kam long wokim bilong sik), literalmaning em i wanpela haus/building long ol sik.

Mius i save kamapim kaikai long noun-compounding tu:
 Evening - vespera
 Kaikai - vora
 Dina, supa - vespera-vora.

 Wod deraivisen 
Genarali, ol kirapim rulis em i aplikim long bikpla wok long mekim nupla toksave long Tok Glosa. Olgeta bikpla wod i stap strongpela (tasol ol i save kukim olsem spesifikasion prefiks) i stap karamapim (olsem "an", "fe", o "pe").

Indefinit wod bai stap olsem oli bin (ad, de, si, kata).

 Refrens 

 Lukim tu 
 Official website
 Wiki

Grup:Ol toktok man i mekim