Samora Machel

Samora Moisés Machel (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le boferabongwe ka ngwaga wa 1933 abo a tlhokoafala ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi ale lesome le boferabongwe ka ngwaga wa 1986) e ne e le mopolotiki wa Mozambique le moganetsi. E ne e le molatedi wa ga Marxism-Leninism mo go tsa botsalano le ngwao, gape ene le Tautona  wa Mozambique wa ntlha  ba sena go tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa  1975 go fitlhelela a tlhokafala mo kotsing ya sefofane ka ngwaga wa 1986.

 Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele 
Machel o tsholetswe kwa motseng wa Madragoa (o gompieno o bidiwang Chilembene), kwa Kgaolwaneng ya Gaza, kwa Mozambique, mo lelapeng la balemi-barui.Silva, Estevam (September 30, 2024). "91 anos de Samora Machel, o libertador de Moçambique" [91 years of Samora Machel, the liberator of Mozambique]. Opera Mundi (in Brazilian Portuguese). São Paulo. Archived from the original on October 1, 2024. Retrieved October 2, 2024.Ntatemogolo wa gagwe e ne e ntse e le modirisani mmogo yo o tlhaga wa Gungunhana. Ka fa tlase ga puso ya Mapotokisi, rraagwe, jaaka bontsi jwa Batho bantsho ba Mozambique, o ne a tlhaolwa jaaka "indígena" (motswakwa). O ne a patelediwa go amogela ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa tlase tsa dijwalo tsa gagwe go na le tsa balemi-barui  ba mmala o mosweu; a patelesega go jwala letsela le le tlhokang tiro e ntsi, le le neng le tsaya nako go tswa mo dijwalong tsa dijo tse di neng di tlhokega mo lelwapeng la gagwe; gape a kganelwa go tshwaya letshwao la gagwe mo dikgomong tsa gagwe go thibela bogodu. Le fa go ntse jalo, rraagwe Machel e ne e le molemi-morui yo o atlegileng: o ne a na le megoma e le mene le dikgomo di le makgolo ale mane ka ngwaga wa 1940. Machel o ne a golela mo motseng oo wa balemi-barui mme a tsena sekolo se sebotlana sa borongwa. Ka ngwaga wa 1942, o ne a romelwa kwa sekolong kwa toropong ya Zonguene kwa kgaolwaneng ya Gaza. Sekolo seo se ne se tsamaisiwa ke barongwa ba Katoliki ba ba neng ba ruta bana puo le setso sa Sepotokisi. Le fa Machel a ne a weditse mophato wa bone, ga a ise a ko a fetse dithuto tsa gagwe tsa sekontari. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a na le setifikeiti se se tlhokegang gore a kgone go katisiwa go nna mooki gongwe le gongwe kwa Portugal ka nako eo, ka gore dikolo tsa booki e ne e se ditheo tse di nayang dikirii.

Machel o simolotse go ithutela Booki mo toropo kgolo ya Lourenço Marques(e gompieno e bidiwang Maputo) go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1954.Mo dingwageng tsa bo 1950 o ne a simolola go bona lefatshe le le nang le menontshane go dikologana le balemi-barui ba ba ikgobokantseng mo nokeng ya Limpopo e e amogetsweng ke puso ya kgaolwana mme e berekwa ke banni ba mmala o mosweu ba ba neng ba tlhama mefuta e e farologaneng ya mafaratlhatlha a masha a kgaolo.Fela jaaka batho ba bangwe ba le bantsi ba kwa Mozambique gaufi le molelwane o o kwa borwa jwa Mozambique, bangwe ba losika lwa gagwe ba ne ba ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Afrika Borwa kwa go neng ga bonwa ditshono tse dingwe tsa tiro gone koo. Ka bonako morago ga moo, mongwe wa bomorwarraagwe o ne a bolawa mo kotsing ya meepo.Samora Machel, a Biography", Author(s) of Review: David Hedges, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3 (September 1993), pp. 547–549. JSTOR 2636927Azevedo, Mario, Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, African Historical Dictionaries, No. 47, Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1991. OCLC 484407056Christie, Iain, Machel of Mozambique, Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1988. OCLC 475379458Henriksen, Thomas H., Revolution and Counterrevolution: Mozambique's War of Independence, 1964-1974, Greenwood Press, 1983. OCLC 925180827Mozambique: A Country Study, edited by Harold D. Nelson, Foreign Area Studies, American University, U.S. Government, Research Completed 1984. OCLC 11841169E re ka a ne a sa kgone go fetsa ikatiso e e rulagantsweng kwa bookelong jwa Miguel Bombarda kwa Lourenço Marques, o ne a bona tiro ya go bereka e le mothusi mo go jone bookelo joo mme a bona madi a a lekaneng go tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe kwa sekolong sa bosigo. O ne a bereka kwa bookelong joo go fitlha a tswa mo lefatsheng leo go ya go nna le seabe mo ntweng ya bosechaba ya Mozambique kwa lefatsheng le le mabapi Tanzania.

 Kgaratlho ya boipuso 
Setlhogo se segolo: Ntwa ya Boipuso ya Mozambique 

Machel o ne a kgatlhiwa ke dikakanyo tse di kgatlhanong le bokoloniale mme a simolola ditiro tsa gagwe tsa sepolotiki kwa bookelong jwa Miguel Bombarda kwa Lourenço Marques, kwa a neng a ipelaetsa kgatlhanong le ntlha ya gore baoki ba bantsho ba ne ba duelwa madi a a kwa tlase go na le basweu ba ba neng ba dira tiro e e tshwanang.Machel o ne a swetsa go tswa kwa Lourenço Marques (Maputo), fa motho mosweu yo o neng a lwantsha bo-fascist, moemedi wa melemo João Ferreira, a ne a mo tlhagisa gore o ne a beilwe leitlho ke mapodisi a sepolotiki a Mapotokisi, e leng PIDE. O ne a relela a kgabaganya molelwane, mme a tsaya tsela ya gagwe go tsenela FRELIMO kwa Dar es Salaam, a feta ka Swaziland, Aforika Borwa le Botswana. Kwa Botswana, o ne a tshwara lifiti mo sefofaneng se se neng se tshotse batho ba ba tlhopilweng ba lekoko la Aforika Borwa (ANC) go ya kwa Tanzania. Ka go kgatlhiwa ke monana wa Mozambique ga motlhankedi yo mogolo wa ANC J.B. Marks (go ya ka Joe Slovo) o ne a ntsha mongwe wa batlhophiwa ba ANC mo sefofaneng go letlelela Machel go tsena.Christie, Machel of Mozambique (1988), p. 23. OCLC 475379458 

Kwa Dar es Salaam, Machel o ne a ithaopela go tsenelela bosole, mme e ne e le mongwe wa setlhopha sa bobedi sa di-guerrilla tsa FRELIMO tse di neng di rometswe go ya go katisiwa kwa Algeria. Fa a boela kwa Tanzania, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mokwaledi wa kampa ya katiso ya FRELIMO ka bo yone, kwa Kongwa. Fa FRELIMO e sena go simolola ntwa ya boipuso, ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 1964, mo bogautshwaneng Machel o ne a nna molaodi wa konokono, a itirela leina segolobogolo mo maemong a a boima a lefelo le le kwa botlhaba jwa kgaolo e kgolo e e neng e sena batho ba le bantsi ya Niassa. O ne a tlhatloga ka bonako mo maemong a sesole sa digwerilla, FPLM, mme a nna rra-masole morago ga loso lwa molaodi wa sone wa ntlha, Filipe Samuel Magaia, ka kgwedi ya phalane ngwaga wa 1966. 

Mothei le Tautona wa ntlha wa Frelimo, Eduardo Mondlane, o ne a bolawa ke bomo ele phasele ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola malatsi ale mararo ka ngwaga wa 1969. Motlatsa-moruti, Moruti Uria Simango, o ne a solofetse go tsaya marapo – mme boemong jwa seo Komiti ya khuduthamaga ya FRELIMO e ne ya tlhoma setlhopha sa botautona se se neng se akaretsa Simango,Marchel,le mogolwane mo go tsa Poko Marcelino Dos Santos. Go ise go ye kae Simango o ne a kgaogana le bone, mme a kgala boeteledipele jotlhe jwa FRELIMO mo pampitshaneng ya “Seemo se se Tshwenyang kwa Frelimo”.Full text available macua.blogs.com/files/uria-simango-glomy-situation-in-frelimo.docSeno se ne sa dira gore Simango a lelekwe mo lephateng la kgololesego, le go tlhophiwa, ka ngwaga wa 1970, ga ga Machel go nna Tautona wa Frelimo, mme dos Santos e le Mothusa-Tautona.

Fela jaaka Mondlane yo tlhokafetseng,Machel o ne a ikgolaganya le Marxism,Leninism, mme ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa gagwe maemo a,a ne a nna botlhokwa mo go FRELIMO, e e neng ya fetoga go tswa go letlhakore le le sephara go nna lekoko la Marxist.B. Munslow, editor, Samora Machel, an African Revolutionary: Selected Speeches and Writings, London: Zed Books, 1985 OCLC 30979404 

Molaodi yo mosha wa masole a Mapotokisi kwa Mozambique, Gen. Kaúlza de Arriaga, o ne a ikgantsha ka gore o tla fedisa FRELIMO mo dikgweding tse di sa fediseng pelo. O ne a simolola tlhaselo e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe ya dintwa tsa bokoloniale tsa Potokise, e leng Operation Gordian Knot, ka ngwaga wa 1970, a itebagantse thata le mo go se se neng se tsewa e le lefelo le le botlhokwa la FRELIMO la Cabo Delgado kwa bokone jo bo sekgele. Kaúlza de Arriaga o ne a ikgantsha ka go senya palo e kgolo ya ditheo tsa di-guerrilla – fela ka ntlha ya gore lefelo leo e ne e le kokoanyo ya mekhukhu, sesole sa diphenyo tseo se ne se sena mosola. Machel o ne a tsiboga ka go sutisetsa ntwa kwa lefelong le lengwe, a oketsa ditiro tsa FRELIMO kwa kgaolong e e kwa bophirima jwa Tete. Fa, ke fa go neng go agiwa letamo le legolo kwa Cahora Bassa, Zambezi, go rekisetsa Afrika Borwa motlakase. Ka go boifa gore FRELIMO e tla tlhasela lefelo la letamo, Mapotokisi a ne a tlhoma dikgolagano tse tharo tse di kopaneng tsa tshireletso go dikologa Cahora Bassa. Seno se ne sa dira gore kgaolo yotlhe ya Tete e se ka ya nna le masole, mme ka ngwaga wa 1972 FRELIMO e ne ya kgabaganya Zambezi, ya itaya go ya kwa borwa. Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diyuniti tsa FRELIMO di ne di dira kwa kgaolong ya Manica le Sofala mme tsa simolola go thula seporo go tswa kwa Rhodesia go ya kwa Beira, mme tsa baka letshogo mo baaging ba Beira, ba ba neng ba latofatsa sesole sa Mapotokisi ka go sa dire go lekana go sireletsa dikgatlhego tsa batho basweu.Couto, Fernando Amado, O Fim do Império e o Nascimento da Nação, Maputo 2011. OCLC 726828235 See also Vieira, Sergio, Participei, por isso Testemunho, Maputo 2010 

Bokhutlo bo ne jwa tla ka tshoganyetso. Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 1974, batlhankedi ba Mapotokisi, ba ba neng ba lapisitswe ke go lwa dintwa tse tharo tse di neng di sa fenngwe mo Afrika, ba ne ba menola puso kwa Lisbon.Go menola puso go ne go sena tshololo ya madi. Ga go ope yo o neng a tla mo mebileng go tla go sireletsa Tonakgolo Marcelo Caetano. Mo diureng di le masome a mabedi le bone fela, Mokgatlho wa Masole (MFA) o ne o laola Portugal ka botlalo. 

 Boipuso 
Tlhagiso ya ga Frelimo ka bonako e ne e le gore ga go na selo se se bidiwang bokoloniale jwa temokerasi, le gore ga go ope yo o tshwanetseng go akanya gore batho ba Mozambique ba tla itshokela puso ya Mapotokisi fela ka gonne go nnile le phetogo ya puso kwa Lisbon. Dipoifo tsa ga Frelimo di ne di utlwala sentle. MFA e ne ya letla Mookamedi António de Spínola go nna Tautona wa ntlha morago ga go menola puso. O ne a kile a nna molaodi wa masole a Mapotokisi kwa Guinea-Bissau, e ka nako eo e neng e le Guinea ya Mapotokisi, mme go ne go dumelwa gore o ne a amega thata mo polaong ya moeteledipele wa bosechaba wa Guinea, e bong Amílcar Cabral.

Spinola o ne a sena maikaelelo a go tlogela Mozambique le Angola gore di tsamaye. O ne a lora ka kgolagano ya dichaba ya Lusophone e e neng e sia go tswa kwa Lisbon, mme o ne a batla gore go nne le referantamo ka boipuso. Machel o ne a kgala maano a a ntseng jalo ka tshwaelo ya go ikgatha: "Ga o ka ke wa botsa lekgoba gore a le batla go gololesega, bogolosegolo fa le setse le tsuologa, mme ebile fa o le mong wa lekgoba".How Fast the Wind? Southern Africa 1975-2000, Sergio Viera, William Martin, and Immanueal Wallerstein, Africa World Press, 1992, page 19

Dipuisano tsa pele gareng ga Frelimo le puso e ntšha ya sepotokisi, tse di neng di tshwaretswe kwa Lusaka ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 1974, di ne tsa seka tsa nna e maduo. Go ne go bonagala mo go Machel gore tona wa mafatshe a sele wa mo Potokisi, o e neng e le moeteledipele wa phathi ya Socialist Mario Soares o ne a sena thata epe ya go buisana ka boipuso. Machel ka jalo o ne a romela mongwe wa bagakolodi ba gagwe ba tlhwatlhwa Aquino de Braganca kwa Lisbon go bona gore ke mang o o nang le thata kwa portugal. karabo ya gagwe e ne ya nna gore Frelimo o tshwanetse go ka bo a buisana le MFA, segolo bogolo boramatlhale ba sesole jaaka Ernesto Melo Antunes, o nonofo ya gagwe e neng e golela pele, fa ya ga Spinola e ya tlase.

Machel o ne a gana go neela ma Potokisi kemiso ya ntwa e ba neng ba e batla. Fa go sena maitlamo a boipuso jwa Mozambique, ntwa e tlaa tswelela. Frelimo o ne a bula gape kwa kgaolong ya Zambesia, ba tokafatsa ditiragalo mo kgaolong ya ntwa. Go ne go sa ganwe thata. Morago ga go phutlhama ga puso ya Caetano, masole a ma Potokisi a ne a sa bone go le mosola go tsweledisa ntwa, ba itlhophela go nna kwa matlong a sesole.Couto, Fernando Amado, O Fim do Império e o Nascimento da Nação. Maputo, 2011. OCLC 726828235

Dipuisano tsa botlhokwa gareng ga puso ya Lisbon le Frelimo di ne tsa tswelela, nako e MFA e ne ya nna le letsogo le le kwa godimo. Maduo e ne ya nna tumalano e e beilweng monwana kwa Lusaka ka kgwedi ya Lwetse  e le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 1974, e go neng go dumalanwa go neela Frelimo dithata tsotlhe ka letsatsi la boipuso le beilwe kwa go Seetebosigo a le malatsi a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 1975. Letsatsi leo go ne ga nna le tsuologo ya nakwana kgatlhanong le tumalano, e e neng ya emisiwa letsitsi lone leo ke ma Potokisi le sesole sa Frelimo ba bereka mmogo. Neelano ya puso e ne ya nna, e akaretsa matona a a thapilweng ke Frelimo le Portugal, mme e eteletswe pele ke Joaquim Chissano e le tonakgolo. Machel o ne a tswelela ka go etelela pele Frelimo kwa Tanzania. O ne a boela gae ka boitumelo, mo loetong go tswa Rovuma go ya Maputo (dinoka tse di tshwayang bokone le borwa jwa lefatshe), kwa a neng a buisa megwanto mo dikgaolong tsotlhe tse di nang le batho ba bantsi.

Loeto lo ne lwa kgaupediwa kwa lotshitshing lwa Tofo kwa kgaolong ya Inhambane, ke bokopano jwa komiti ya legare la Frelimo, e e neng ya dira molaomotheo wa ntlha wa Mozambique. O ne wa fa tlhaloso ya lefatshe la phathi e nngwe fela e Frelimo a neng a ikaelela go e tlhama. Frelimo e ne e le yone e eteletseng pele kwa Mozambique, tautona wa Frelimo e tla nna tautona wa lefatshe la Mozambique.An English translation of the constitution was published in the Frelimo English-language magazine Mozambique Revolution, in 1975. The official Portuguese text is in the first issue of the Mozambican government's official gazette, Boletim da República, 1 Series, no. 1, June 25, 1975, Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 1975, machel o ne a itsise ka boipuso jo bo feletseng jwa Mozambique le molaomotheo wa lone go nna People's Republic of Mozambique. Se, o ne a bua, e tla nna lefatshe la puso ya batho ka batho, le mo go lone, mo taolong ya tomagano ya mmereki le motho o e seng mang, batho botlhe ba tla a fedisang tse di salang morago bokolone, le go fedisa tsamaiso ya go dirisa batho ga batho.The full text of the independence speech can be found in vozdarevolucao.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/mensagem-da-proclamacao-da.html

Puso ya ga Machel e ne ya direla ka pele go laola dintlha tsa botlhokwa. Lefatshe lotlhe le ne la dirwa la lefatshe - batho ba ba ikemetseng le metheo e ne e ka se nne le mafatshe, mme e ka adima mo lefatsheng. Ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 1975, kgwedi morago ga boipuso, metheo yotlhe ya botsogo le thuto e ne ya dirwa ya lefatshe. Ron Hallis (director), Joyce Sikakane and Ophera Hallis (producers). Samora Machel Son of Africa (Motion picture). Event occurs at Interview with Samora Machel at 11:30 minutes. Retrieved 23 July 2025. we nationalised schools and hospitals that were serving the minority; they were institutions or privilege

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