Ntwa ya bobedi ya Congo

Ntwa ya bobedi ya Congo, e e itsegeng gape e le ntwa ya mafatshe ya Aforika kgotsa ntwakgolo ya AforikaPrunier, Gerard (2014). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 9780195374209. Retrieved 24 July 2025, e ne e le kgotlhang e tona e e simologileng ka Phatwe a le malatsi a amabedi ngwaga wa 1998, kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo, ngwaga fela morago ga ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo. Ntwa e e simologile fa tautona wa Congo Laurent-Desire Kabila a ne a furalela ba a neng a berekisana le bone pele ebong mafatshe a Rwanda le Uganda, ba ba neng ba mo thusitse go fenya botautona."'I Will Not Leave This Place'". Global Press Journal. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2025 Kgotlhang e ne ya anama fa Kabila a ne a phutha mafatshe a mangwe go mo ema nokeng. Ntwa e ne ya tsisa mafatshe a robabongwe le ditlhopha tse di tshotsng dibetsa di le masome mabedi le botlhano, se se dira gore e nne nngwe ya dintwa tse dikgolo mo ditsong tsa Aforika.Bowers, Chris (24 July 2006). "World War Three". My Direct Democracy. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008.

Le ntswa tumalano ya kagiso e ne e beilwe monwana ka ngwaga wa 2022, ntwa e ne ya fela semmuso ka ngwaga wa 2003, Phukwi a le lesome le borobabobedi ka go tlhamiwa ga puso ya phetogo ya Democratic Republic of the Congo, tiriso dikgoka e tsweletse mo dikgaolong tse difarologaneng, bogolo jang kwa botlhaba,Soderlund, Walter C.; DonaldBriggs, E.; PierreNajem, Tom; Roberts, Blake C. (1 January 2013). Africa's Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo and the United Nations Response, 1997–2008. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 9781554588787. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2025 ka dikgotlhang tse di tsweletseng jaaka ya Lord's Resistance Army le Kivu le Ituri.

Ntwa ya bobedi ya Congo le ditlamorago tsa yone di ne tsa baka dintsho tsa batho ba le didikadike di le tlhano le dikete di le nne, ka ntlha ya bolwetsi, tlala le tlolo molao ya dintwa,"Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study". Reuters. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2025. se se dira gore e nne kgotlhang e e bolaileng batho thata fa e sale ka ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe, go ya ka pego ya komiti ya phalotso ya mafatshefatshe.Bavier, Joe (22 January 2007). "Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month: study". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2025 Kgotlhang e e ne ya fudusa batho ba ka nna didikadike di le pedi, e ba pateletsa go tshaba mo malwapeng a bone kgotsa go batla botshabelo  mo mafatsheng a a mabapi. Fa godimo ga foo, ntwa e ne e rotloediwa thata, ebile e fiwa dithuso tsa madi ke kgwebo ya ditswammung tsa kgotlhang, e e tsweletseng ka go gotetsa tiriso dikgoka mo kgaolong eo."'I Will Not Leave This Place'". Global Press Journal. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2025"Children of the Congo who risk their lives to supply our mobile phones". The Guardian. 7 December 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2025Rayner, Gordon (27 September 2011). "Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2025

 Tse di diragetseng pele 

 Ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo 
Ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo e simolotse ka ngwaga wa 1966, ka lefatshe la Rwanda le ne le tsweletse ka go supa matshwenyego a gore maloko a Hutu a  masole a Republican Rally for DemocraCy in RwaNda (RDR)  a ne a dira ditlhaselo go tlola melelwane kwa e neng e le Zaire ka nako eo, ebile a loga maano a go tlhasela lefatshe la Rwanda.Howard W. French (24 September 2009). "Kagame's Hidden War in the Congo". New York Review of Books. 56 (14). Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2025. Masole a bontsi jwa one e neng e le ba Hutu ba ne ba nweletse kwa dikampeng tsa batshabi kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire, kwa bontsi bo neng bo tshabetse teng go tshaba Rwandan Patriotic Front e bontsi jwa batho ba yone e neng e le ba morafe wa Tutsi morago ga Kganyaolo ya kwa Rwanda ya ngwaga wa 1994."Rwandan Genocide". History.com. A&E Television Networks. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2025.

Puso ya Rwanda ya RPF e e eteletsweng pele ke batho ba Tutsi, e e neng e tsere setilo ka Phukwi ngwaga wa 1994, e ne ya lwantsha se, ka e ne e le tsuololo ya seriti sa batho ba Rwanda, ya bo ya simolola go neela btho ba Tutsi ba Banyamulenge ba kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire dibetsa.Rochester, J. Martin (2016). The New Warfare : Rethinking Rules for an Unruly World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317276432. OCLC 941068226. Puso ya ga Mobutu ya Zaire e ne ya nyatsa kgatelelo e, le ntswa e ne e sena sesole go e emisa, le fa ele madi a sepolotiki go ngoka thuso ya mafatshefatshe.

 Go gwantela kwa Kinshasa ga ga Kabila 
A na le kemo nokeng ya mafatshe a Uganda, Rwanda, le Angola, sesole sa Tutsi sa ga Laurent Desire Kabila se ne se fuduga go tswa kwa nokeng ya Congo se itemogela kganetso e e seng kae fela mo sesoleng se se neng se sa katisiwa sentle puso ya ga Mobutu e e phutlhamang. Bontsi jwa masole a ga Kabila e ne e le ba morafe wa Tutsi - bontsi jwa bone e le masole a pele a dikgotlhang the difarologaneng mo kgaolong ya dinoka tae ditona. Kabila ka bo ene o ne a tshephega, a supa kganetso ya gagwe ya lobaka kgatlhanong le moganetsi wa gagwe wa polotiki Mobutu, le seabe sa gagwe jaaka molatedi wa ga Patrice Lumumba. Lumumba e ne e le tonakgolo wa ntlha wa Congo o o ipusang, o a neng a bolawa ka ntlha ya diteng le tsa mafatshe mo polaong e e neng e laetswe ke CIAKettle, Martin (10 August 2000). "President 'ordered murder' of Congo leader". The Guardian. ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 1961, a tlhatlhamiwa ke Mobutu ka ngwaga wa 1965.Ernesto "Che" Guevara, The African Dream Kabila o ne a itshupile a dumela mo dikakanyong tsa ga Marx, ebile a rata Mao Zedong. O ne a dirile botsuolodi jwa dibetsa kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire dingwaga di le masome a mararo.Ernesto "Che" Guevara, The African Dream

Ka Morule ngwaga wa 1996, bosetlhogo jo bo dirwang mo batshabing mo kgaolong ya dinoka tse ditona bo tloga bo ya bokhutlong, sesole sa ga Kabila se ne sa bolotsa letsholo kwa bophirima, se tsaya taolo ya ditoropo tse di mo molelwaneng le meepo, le go gatelela taolo. Go ne go na le dipego tsa kganyaolo le kgatelelo e e setlhogo ya sesole seo sa botsuolodi. Motlhotlhomisi wa ditshwanelo tswa setho wa lekgotla la UN o ne a gatisa mafoko a a tswang mo basuping ba ba ne ba supa fa phathi ya ga Kabila ya Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (ADFLC) e dirile dikganyaolo, ka sesole se se neng se atamela se bolaile batho ba ka nna dikete thataro. ADFLC e ne ya latola magatwe a.Essays, UK (November 2018). "Study on the First And Second Congo War History Essay". Nottingham, UK: UKEssays.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2025. Roberto Garreton o ne a supa gore patlisiso ya gagwe mo toropong e ya Goma e bone magatwe a go nyelela ga batho, tiriso dikgoka le dipolao; o ne a inola Moise Nyarugabo, mothusi wa ga Mobutu a bua gore dipolao tseo di tshwanetse go solofelwa mo nakong ya ntwa.

Masole a ga Kabila, ka kemo nokeng ga lefatshe la Rwanda, a ne a tlhasela ka Phalane ngwaga wa 1996 kwa borwa jwa Kivu, ba tlhalosa fa ba batla puso ya Kinshasa e ithola marapo. Ditsuolodi di ne tswa tsaya Kasenga ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 1997. Puso e ne ya itsa ditauolodi go atlega, ba simolola motseletsele wa maaka go tswa mo go tona wa itshereletso ka tswelelopele le ka fa ntwa e tshwerweng ka teng. Go ne ga akantshanwa gore go nne le dipuisano ka Mopitlo a ya bokhutlong, ka Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi, tonakgolo o mosha wa Zaire Etienne Tshisekedi - o a neng a tswa kgakala a le kagtlhanong le Mobutu o ne a tlhomiwa. Kabila ka nako e a le mo taolong ya bongwe mo boneng jwa lefatshe, o ne a latlhelela are se ga se botlhokwa, a boy a tshosetsa Tshisekedi gore fa a ka amogela maemo ao o tla seke a nne le seabe mo pusong e ntsha.

ADFLC e ne ya dira tswelelopele mo go atumeleng kwa botlhaba mo kgweding ya Moranang ngwava wa 1997, ka Motsheganong mephato ya lone e ne e gorogile kwa dikgweng tswa Kinshasa.David van Reybrouck (25 March 2014). Congo: The Epic History of a People. HarperCollins, 2012. p. 423ff. ISBN 978-0-06-220011-2. Mobutu o ne a tshabakwa Kinshasa ka Motsheganong a le lesome le borataro, mme bagolodi ba goroga kwa toropokgolo go sena kganetso epe e e kalo. Mobutu o ne a tshaba mo lefatsheng, a tlhokafala a le motshabi kwa Morocco dikgwedi tse nne morago ga a sena go tshaba. Kabila o ne a itlhoma tautona ka Motsheganong a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 1997; mo nakong e khutshwane a bitsa kemiso tlhaselo go busetsa dilo mo maemong, a simolola go leka go aga lefatshe leo sesha.

 Kemo nokeng e e neng e sa amogelwe go tswa mo mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika 
Fa Kabila a tsaya talk ya toropokgolk ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 1997, o ne a itemogela dikgopi di le dintsi mo go laoleng lefatshe. O ne a fa lefatshe leina le lesha go tswa kwa leineng la Zaire go ya kwa go la Democratic Republic of the Congo.Ngolet, Francois (2010). Crisis in the Congo : the rise and fall of Laurent Kabila (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403975751. OCLC 612963298. Fa godimo ga go gotlhagotlhana ga sepolotikj mo ditlhopheng tse difarologanebg tse di neng di batla go tsaya taolo, le sekoloto se setona sa mafatshe a sele, baema nokeng ba gagwe ba mafatshe a sele ba ne ba supa fa ba sa eletse go tsamaya fa ba bolelwa go dira halo. Go nna teng ga lefatshe la Rwanda kwa torpokgolo go ne go tshwenya batho ba Congo ba le bantsi, ba ba neng ba simolola go bona Kabila e le o o dirisiwang ke baeteledi ba mafatshe a sele.

Dikgogakgogano di ne tsa nna mo seemong se sesha ka Phukwi a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 1998, fa Kabila a ne a koba moeteledipele wa babereki ba gagwe wa mo Rwanda James Kabarebe a thapa motho wa Congo mo boemong jwa gagwe ebong Celestin Kifwa.Reyntjens, Filip (2010). The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN 9780521169059. Le ntswa go dira jaana go ne ga gakatsa botsalano jo bo neng bo sa iketla jwa lefatshe leo le Rwanda, Kabila o ne a kokobetsa se ka go dira Kabarebe mogakolodi wa sesole.

Dibeke tse pedi morago, Kabila o ne a boela kwa tshwetsong ya gagwe ya pele, a leboga lefatshe la Rwanda ka thuso ya lone, a bo a laela masole otlhe a Rwanda le Uganda go tswa mo lefatsheng leo."History of the Conflict". easterncongo.org. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2025 Mo dioureng di le masome mabedi le bone, bagakolodi ba sesole sa Rwanda ba ba nnang kwa Kinshasa ba ne ba lelekwa. Ba ba neng ba tshositswe ke taelo e,e ne e le ba morafe wa Banyamulenge ba Tutsi ba kwa botlhaba jwa Congo; kgotlhang ya bone le merafe e e mabapi e nnile le seabe mo tshimololong ya ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo, ba ne ba dirisiwa gape ke batho ba Rwanda go ama ditiragalo go kgabaganya molelwane kwa DRC.

 Se se bakileng ntwa 

 1998 go tsena 1999 
Ka Phatwe a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 1998, batho ba Banyamulenge kwa Goma ba ne ba tsuologa. Lefatshe la Rwanda le ne la ba fa thuso ya potlako, mme ka Phatwe a simologa setlhopha se se tshotseng dibetsa sa ditsuolodi sa Rally for Congolese Democrary (RCD) se na le batho ba Banyamulenge ba le bantsi se engwe nokeng ke mafatshe a Rwanda le Uganda, se ne sa tlhaga. Setlhopha se ne sa tla go etelela pele dikgaolk tse di humileng ditswammung kwa botlhaba, sa tlhoma ditirelo tsa sone kwa Goma. RDC e ne ya tsaya taolo ka bofefo ya ditoropo tsa Bukavh le Uvira kwa Kivu. Puso ya Tutsi ya Rwanda e e neng e berekisana le lefatshe la Uganda le Burundi le yone e ne ya ipusolosetsa, e itshetlela mo bontlheng jwa bokone botlhaba jwa Congo. Go thusa go ntsha bathl ba Rwanda ba ba neng ba le koo, tautona Kabila o ne a kopa thuso ya batshabi ba kwa Hutu kwa botlhaba jwa Congo a simolola go tlhotlheletsa dikakanyo tswa batho kgatlhanong le morafe wa Tutsi, se sa baka dipolao tsa batho mo ditseleng tsa Kinshasa.Clark, John Frank (2002). The African stakes of the Congo War (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-4039-8244-5. OCLC 647537048. Ka Phatwe a le lesome le bobedi, sesole se ne sa phatlalatsa molaetsa o o neng o gwetlha kganetso mo seromamoweng sa Bunia kwa botlhaba jwa Congo: "batho ba tshwanetse go tla ka ditshaka, thebe, megoma, digarawe, difaraka, dipekere, di aene tsa motlakase, waere, matlapa le tse di tshwanang, gore bareetsi, re bolae batho ba Tutsi ba kwa Rwanda."Hate messages on East Congolese radio Archived 21 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 12 August 1998

Puso ya Rwanda e ne ya gwetlha melelwane ka go supa fa bontlha bongwe jwa botlhaba jwa Congo e le Rwanda mo ditsong. Batho ba Rwanda ba ne ba abelela gore Kabila o ne a rulaganya kganyaolo kgatlhanong le morafe wa bone wa Tutsi kwa kgaolong ya Kivu. Seemo sa gore lefatshe la Rwanda le ne le rotloediwa ke keletso ya go sireletsa Banyamulenge, go na le go ba dirisa e le maipato a keletso ya bone morago ga go thankgola Mobutu, e santse e ngangiwa.

Masole a Rwanda ka taolo ya ga James Kabarebe ba ne ba utswa difofane di le tharo ba di fofisetsa kwa boremelelong jwa Kitona kwa lotshitshing lwa Atlantic.Prunier, 2009, pp. 181–82; see also New York Times News Service, "Rwanda Tied To Hijack of Jet in Congo," Chicago Tribune, 10 August 1998 Difofane di ne tsa tlhomama fa gare ga boremelelo jwa sesole jwa Kitona, mme masole a a farologaneng a a neng a le koo (a pele a FAZ, le ba UNITA le ba ba tswang kwa Brazzaville) ba ne ba le mo diemong tsa khumanego ebile ba se mo seemong sa go lwa ntle le ba neetswe dijo le dibetsa. Ba ne ba fenyediwa kwa lotlhakoreng lwa Rwanda ka pele. Ditoropo tse dintsi kwa botlhaba le gaufi le Kitona di ne tsa latelelana, jaaka RCD, masole a Rwanda le masole a ditsuolodi a ne a gatelela masole a puso gareng ga maiteko a a sa kgonagalang  a mafatshe a Aforika a a farologaneng. Ka Phatwe a le lesome le boraro, dibeke tse pedi fela morago ga tlhaselo e sena go simologa, ditsuolodi di ne di tsere lefelo la motlakase le le neng le phatlhalaletsa motlakase kwa Kinshasa ga mmogo le maemelo a dikepe a Matadi kwa dijo tsa batho ba Kinshasa bontsi di neng di feta teng.  Lefelo a teemane la Kisangani le ne la wela mo diatleng tsa ditsuolodi ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le borari le masole a a neng a tswa kwa botlhaba a ne a simolotse go tshosetsa Kinshasa ka Phatwe a ya fifing.San Frontieres, Medicines (2004). Weissman, Fabrice; Terry, Fiona (eds.). In the shadow of 'just wars' : violence, politics, and humanitarian action. Weissman, Fabrice, 1969–, Médecins sans frontières (Association). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 221. ISBN 0-8014-4281-8. OCLC 53398145. Lefatshe la Uganda, fa le ntse le tshegeditse kemo nokeng ya RCD le Rwanda, le lone le ne la tlhama setlhopha sa ditsuolodi se le neng le se eme nokeng sa Movement for the Liberation of Congo. (MLC)."DR Congo: The Bemba Earthquake". Crisis Group. 15 June 2018. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2025.

Le ntswa mophato o o kwa Pele o ne o sutile, ntwa e ne ya tswelela mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Le fa masole a ditsuolodi a ne a goroga kwa Kinshasa, masole a puso a ne a tswelela ka go lwela taolo ya ditoropo tse di kwa botlhaba jwa lefatshe. Masole a Hutu a Kabila a ne a berekisana le one le one a ne a na le seabe se setona kwa botlhaba. Le fa go ntse jalo, go phutlhama ga toropokgolo le Kabila, o a neng a feditse dibeke tse di fitileng a batla kemo nokeng mo mafatshe a Aforika a a farologaneng, le lefatshe la Cuba, go ne go bonagala go ka se kgonagale.

Tlhaselo ya ditsuolodi e ne ya busolosediwa jaaka maiteko a ga Kabila a ne a tswa maduo. Mafatshe a ntlha a Aforika go fetola kopo ya ga Kabila ya thuso ke maloko a mangwe a Southern African Development Community (SADC). Le ntswa maloko a SADC semmuso a tlamega go dumalana ka tshireletso mo seemong sa ditlhaselo go tswa kwa ntle, mafatshe a mantsi a e leng maloko a ne a seka a tsaya lotlhakore mo tlhaselong e. Le fa go ntse jalo, dipuso tsa mafatshe a Namibia, Zimbabwe le Angola ba ne ba ema puso ya ga Kabila nokeng morago ga bokopano kwa Harare Zimbabwe ka Phatwe a le lesome le borobabongwe."Disarmament : SADC Moves into Unknown Territory". ipsnews.net InterPress Service. 19 August 1998. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2025 Mafatshe a mangwe a mabedi a ne a tsena mo kgotlhang e mo dibekeng tse di latelang: mafatshe a ke la Chad le la Sudan.

Ntwa e e marara ka jalo e ne ya simologa. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa 1998, masole a Zimbabwe a a neng a fofiseditswe kwa Kinshasa a ne a kganela tlhaselo ya ditsuolodi e e neng ya goroga kwa ntle ga toropokgolo, fa mephato ya Angola e ne ya tlhasela kwa bokone go tswa kwa melelwaneng ya lone le kwa botlhaba go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Angola ya Cabinda, kgatlhanong le masole a ditsuolodi. Go thusa mo ga mafatshe a mangwe go ne ga boloka puso ya ga Kabila ga bo ga lelekela mephato e e kwa pele mo sesoleng sa ditsuolodi kwa morago kgakala le toropokgolo. Le fa go ntse jalo, ba ne ba retelelwa ke go fenya masole a ditsuolodi, mme tlhaselo ya tshosetsa go gakala go nna tlhaselo e e tlhamaletseng le masole a mafatshe a Uganda le Rwanda. Ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 1998, setlhopha se sesha sa ditsuolodi sa Uganda sa Movement for the Liberation of Congo, se ne sa begwa kwa bokone jwa lefatshe. Ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a marataro tautona wa Rwanda Paul Kagame o ne a dumela e le lantlha gore masole a Rwanda a ne a thusa ditsuolodi tsa RCD ka mabaka a tshireletso, go belaesega e nnile morago ga kopo ya ga Nelson Mandela ya dipuisano tsa kagiso.Scherrer, Christian P. (2002). Genocide and crisis in Central Africa : conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 274–275. ISBN 0-275-97224-0. OCLC 44979803. Ka Firikgong a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 1999, mafatshe a Rwanda, Uganda, Angola, Namibia le Zimbabwe a ne a dumalana go emisa ntwa kwa bokopanong jwa Windhoek Namibia, mme RCD e ne e sa lalediwa. Ka jalo ntwa e ne ya tswelela.

Kwa ntle ga Aforika, mafatshe a mantsi a ne a seka a tsaya lotlhakore lope, mme a gwetlha gore tiriso dikgoka e e fedisiwe.

 1999 go tsena 2000 
Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa 1999, dikgogakgogano mo RCD ka ketelelo Pele ya Banyamulenge di ne tsa ya magoletsa fa moeteledipele wa RCD Ernest Wamba dia Wamba a ne a fudusa boremelelo jwa gagwe go tswa kwa Goma go ya kgaolong e e laolwang ke Uganda ya Kisangani go etelela pele lekgamu le le duleng mo RCD le le itsegeng jaaka RCD-Kisangani, le morago le neng la nna The Forces for Renewal."Uganda in Eastern DRC – Political Confusion". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2025. Tshupo e nngwe ya kemiso ya ntwa e ne ya direga fa  tautona Yoweri Museveni wa Uganda le Kabila ba ne ba baya monwana tumalano ya kemiso ntwa ka Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi kwa Sirte, Lybia, morago ga gore moeteledipele wa Lybia Muammar al-Gaddafi a tsenelele, mme RCD le Rwanda di ne tsa gana go tsaya karolo.Kiwanuka, Semakula (28 May 1999). "Letter Dated 21 May 1999 from The Permanent Representative of Uganda to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2025Ali-Dinar, Ali B. Phd. "DRC: IRIN Chronology of the Rebellion [19990609]". africa.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2025

Ka Motsheganong a le lesome le borataro Wamba o ne a thankgolwa jaaka moeteledipele wa RCD o o ratang Rwanda Dr. Emile Ilunga.The Europa world year book 2003 (44th ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. 2003. p. 1229. ISBN 1-85743-227-4. OCLC 53387477. Malatsi a supa morago, makgamu a a farologaneng a RCD a ne a gotlhagotlhana ka taolo ya Kisangani. Ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a robabobedi, makgamu a ditsuolodi a ne a kopana go leka go dumala ka bongwefela jwa pelo go ema kgatlhanong le Kabila. Le ntswa go dirilwe maiteko a, masole a a tshotseng dibetsa a Uganda a ne a age sesha kgaoll ya Ituri, go tswa mo kgaolong ya Kibali-Ituri e e neng e le teng pele go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1962 go tsena 1966 kwa Republic of the Congo. Go rata morafe wa Hema ga masole a Uganda go ne ga baka dikgogakgogano tsa kgotlhang ya Ituri, e gantsi e bidiwang ntwa mo gare ga ntwa.Blakeley, Grace (10 May 2014). ""The War within a War": Analysis of the Ituri Conflict, Easter Democratic Republic Congo, from a Systemic Perspective". ResearchGate.

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