Cytoplasm

Mo thutotshelong ya disele, cytoplasm e tlhalosa sengwe le sengwe se se mo teng ga sele ya eukaryotic, e e dikologilweng ke sele, ntle le nucleus ya sele. Dilo tse di mo teng ga nyutlease le tse di mo teng ga nuclear membrane di bidiwa nucleoplasm. Dikarolo tsa konokono tsa cytoplasm ke cytosol (selo se se tshwanang le gel), di-organelle (dikarolo tse di kwa teng tsa disele), le dilo tse di farologaneng tse di tsenang mo cytoplasm. Cytoplasm e ka nna 80% ya metsi mme gantsi ga e na mmala.Shepherd VA (2006). The cytomatrix as a cooperative system of macromolecular and water networks. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Vol. 75. pp. 171–223. doi:10.1016/S0070-2153(06)75006-2. ISBN 9780121531751. PMID 16984813.  

Selo se se bidiwang submicroscopic ground cell substance, kgotsa cytoplasmic matrix, se se salang morago ga go ntshiwa ga di-cell organelles le dikarolwana tsa sone ke groundplasm. Ke hyaloplasm ya maekorosekopo ya lesedi, e e raraaneng thata, e e nang le thulaganyo e e nang le dikarolo di le dintsi e mo go yone dilo tsotlhe tse di kgonang go rarabololwa tsa cytoplasm di emeng, go akaretsa le di-organelle tse dikgolo tse di jaaka di-ribosome, di-mitochondria, di-plastide tsa dimela, marothodi a lipid, le di-vacuole.

Ditiro di le dintsi tsa disele di diragala mo teng ga cytoplasm, jaaka ditsela di le dintsi tsa metabolism, go akaretsa glycolysis, photosynthesis, le dithulaganyo tse di jaaka go arogana ga disele. Karolo e e kwa teng e e kitlaneng e bidiwa endoplasm mme karolo e e kwa ntle yone e bidiwa ectoplasm. 

Tsamaiso ya calcium ions mo teng le kwa ntle ga cytoplasm ke tiro ya go supa gore go na le thulaganyo ya metabolism. Hogan CM (2010). "Calcium". In Jorgensen A, Cleveland C (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012.

Mo dimeleng, motsamao wa cytoplasm go dikologa vacuoles o itsiwe jaaka cytoplasmic streaming.

 Histori 
Lereo leno le ne la tlhagisiwa ke Rudolf von Kölliker ka 1863, kwa tshimologong le ne le kaya protoplasm, mme moragonyana le ne la raya sele e e nang le dilo tse di mo teng ga sele le di-organelle tse di kwa ntle ga nucleus.von Kölliker R (1863). "4. Auflage". Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. Bynum WF, Browne EJ, Porter R (1981). Dictionary of the history of science. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400853410. 

Go nnile le go sa dumalane go go rileng ka tlhaloso ya cytoplasm, jaaka bakwadi bangwe ba rata go sa akaretse di-organelles dingwe, segolo thata vacuolesParker J (1972). "Protoplasmic resistance to water deficits". In Kozlowski TT (ed.). Water deficits and plant growth, Vol. III. Plant responses and control of water balance. New York: Academic Press. pp. 125–176. ISBN 9780323153010.mme ka dinako tse dingwe di-plastide.Strasburger E (1882). "Ueber den Theilungsvorgang der Zellkerne und das Verhältnis der Kernteilung zur Zellteilung". Arch Mikr Anat. 21: 476–590. doi:10.1007/BF02952628. hdl:2027/hvd.32044106199177. S2CID 85233009. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017.

 mofuta wa mmele 
thumb
Go sa ntse go sa itsiwe gore dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa cytoplasm di dirisana jang gore di kgone go dira gore di-organelle di kgone go tsamaya fa di ntse di boloka popego ya sele. Go elela ga dikarolwana tsa cytoplasmic go na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo ditirong tse dintsi tsa disele tse di ikaegileng ka go elela ga cytoplasm. Cowan AE, Moraru II, Schaff JC, Slepchenko BM, Loew LM (2012). "Spatial Modeling of Cell Signaling Networks". Computational Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 110. pp. 195–221. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-388403-9.00008-4. ISBN 9780123884039. PMC 3519356. PMID 22482950.Sekai sa tiro e e ntseng jalo ke go romela melaetsa ya disele, e leng thulaganyo e e ikaegileng ka tsela e dimolekhule tse di romelang melaetsa di letlelelwang go phatlalala ka teng mo seleng.Holcman D, Korenbrot JI (April 2004). "Longitudinal diffusion in retinal rod and cone outer segment cytoplasm: the consequence of cell structure". Biophysical Journal. 86 (4): 2566–82. Bibcode:2004BpJ....86.2566H. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74312-X. PMC 1304104. PMID 15041693.Le fa dimolekhule tse dinnye tse di tlhagisang matshwao jaaka calcium ions di kgona go phatlalala bonolo, dimolekhule tse dikgolo le dikago tsa subcellular gantsi di tlhoka thuso go tsamaya ka cytoplasm. Parry BR, Surovtsev IV, Cabeen MT, O'Hern CS, Dufresne ER, Jacobs-Wagner C (January 2014). "The bacterial cytoplasm has glass-like properties and is fluidized by metabolic activity". Cell. 156 (1–2): 183–94. Bibcode:2014APS..MARJ16002P. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.028. PMC 3956598. PMID 24361104.Tsela e e sa tlwaelegang e dikarolwana tseno di tsamayang ka yone e dirile gore go nne le dikgopolo tse di farologaneng malebana le gore cytoplasm e ntse jang

E le sol-gel

Go na le bosupi jwa gore cytoplasm e itshwara jaaka sol-gel. Taylor CV (1923). "The contractile vacuole in Euplotes: An example of the sol-gel reversibility of cytoplasm". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 37 (3): 259–289. Bibcode:1923JEZ....37..259T. doi:10.1002/jez.1400370302.Go akanngwa gore dimolekhule le dipopego tse di bopang cytoplasm ka dinako tse dingwe di itshwara jaaka seedi sa colloidal se se sa rulaganngwang (sol) mme ka dinako tse dingwe di itshwara jaaka kgokaganyo e e kopaneng, e e bopang selo se se kitlaneng (gel). Ka jalo, thuto eno e akantsha gore cytoplasm e nna mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa seedi le tse di tiileng go ikaegile ka gore dikarolo tsa cytoplasm di dirisana mmogo go le kana kang, e leng se se ka tlhalosang pharologano ya maatla a dikarolwana tse di farologaneng tse di bonwang di tsamaya mo cytoplasm. A dipampiri di akantsha gore ka boleele jo bo kwa tlase ga 100 nm, cytoplasm e dira jaaka seedi, fa ka boleele jo bo kwa godimo, e dira jaaka jeli.Kwapiszewska, Karina; et al. (31 July 2020). "Nanoscale Viscosity of Cytoplasm Is Conserved in Human Cell Lines". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 11 (16): 6914–6920. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01748. PMC 7450658. PMID 32787203.

Ele galase

Go ile ga akantshiwa gore cytoplasm e itshwara jaaka seedi se se bopang galase se se atamelang phetogo ya galase. Parry BR, Surovtsev IV, Cabeen MT, O'Hern CS, Dufresne ER, Jacobs-Wagner C (January 2014). "The bacterial cytoplasm has glass-like properties and is fluidized by metabolic activity". Cell. 156 (1–2): 183–94. Bibcode:2014APS..MARJ16002P. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.028. PMC 3956598. PMID 24361104.Go ya ka kgopolo eno, fa go na le dikhemikale tse dintsi tse di dirang gore cytoplasm e se ka ya tshwana le seedi, cytoplasm e nna jaaka galase e e thata, e e dirang gore dikhemikale tse di botlhokwa thata tsa cytoplasm di nne di le mo lefelong la tsone (go akanngwa gore go fetoga ga dikhemikale mo seleng go ka dira gore cytoplasm e nne le seedi gore dikhemikale tse di botlhokwa thata tsa cytoplasm di kgone go tsamaya mo go yone).Parry BR, Surovtsev IV, Cabeen MT, O'Hern CS, Dufresne ER, Jacobs-Wagner C (January 2014). "The bacterial cytoplasm has glass-like properties and is fluidized by metabolic activity". Cell. 156 (1–2): 183–94. Bibcode:2014APS..MARJ16002P. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.028. PMC 3956598. PMID 24361104. Go kgona ga disele go dira galase ya galase fa go se na tshenyo ya dijo, jaaka fa di sa dire sepe, go ka nna molemo fa go dirisiwa mokgwa wa go itshireletsa. Cytoplasm ya galase e e thata e ne e tla gatsetsa dikagô tsa kwa tlase ga disele, go thibela tshenyo, fa go ntse go letlelelwa go fetisiwa ga diporoteine tse dinnye le di-metabolite, go thusa go simolola kgolo fa sele e tsosolosiwa go tswa mo go sa direng sepe. Parry BR, Surovtsev IV, Cabeen MT, O'Hern CS, Dufresne ER, Jacobs-Wagner C (January 2014). "The bacterial cytoplasm has glass-like properties and is fluidized by metabolic activity". Cell. 156 (1–2): 183–94. Bibcode:2014APS..MARJ16002P. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.028. PMC 3956598. PMID 24361104.

dipono tse dingwe

Dipatlisiso di ile tsa tlhatlhoba tsela e dikarolwana tsa cytoplasm di tsamayang ka yone go sa kgathalesege gore cytoplasm e ntse jang. Ka mokgwa o o ntseng jalo, maatla a a kopaneng a a dirwang ke poroteine e e tsamayang a tlhalosa motsamao o e seng wa ga Brownian wa dikarolwana tsa cytoplasm.Guo M, Ehrlicher AJ, Jensen MH, Renz M, Moore JR, Goldman RD, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Mackintosh FC, Weitz DA (August 2014). "Probing the stochastic, motor-driven properties of the cytoplasm using force spectrum microscopy". Cell. 158 (4): 822–832. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.051. PMC 4183065. PMID 25126787.

 Dikarolo 
Dikarolo tse tharo tse dikgolo tsa cytoplasm ke cytosol, organelles le inclusions. Cytosol Main article:

Cytosol 

cytoplasm e e seng mo teng ga membrane-bound organelles. Cytosol e dira mo e ka nnang 70% ya sele mme ke motswako o o raraaneng wa ditlhale tsa cytoskeleton, dimolekhule tse di tlhakatlhakaneng le metsi. Ditlhale tsa cytosol di akaretsa ditlhale tsa poroteine jaaka ditlhale tsa actin le di-microtubules tse di bopang cytoskeleton, mmogo le diporoteine tse di kgonang go rarabologa le dikagô tse dinnye jaaka di-ribosomevan Zon A, Mossink MH, Scheper RJ, Sonneveld P, Wiemer EA (September 2003). "The vault complex". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 60 (9): 1828–37. doi:10.1007/s00018-003-3030-y. PMC 11138885. PMID 14523546. S2CID 21196262., di-proteasome, le di-vault complex tse di gakgamatsang. Karolo e e kwa teng, ya granular le e e nang le seedi e bidiwa endoplasm.

E re ka go na le ditlhale tse dintsi le dikhemikale tse dintsi tse di tshwanang le diporoteine, go nna le sengwe se se bidiwang macromolecular crowding mme seno se dira gore cytosol e se ka ya nna sebolayamegare se se siameng. Tsela eno e e dirang gore go nne le batho ba le bantsi ka yone e fetola tsela e dikarolo tsa sele e e nang le disele tse di kopaneng di dirisanang ka yone.

Organelles

Di-organelle (se tota se rayang "ditokolwana tse dinnye") gantsi ke dikarolo tse di golagantsweng le di-membrane mo teng ga sele tse di dirang ditiro tse di rileng. Dingwe tsa di-organelle tse dikgolo tse di leng mo cytosol ke mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, le chloroplasts mo diseleng tsa dimela.

Cytoplasmic inclusions

Dilo tse di tsenang mo teng ke dikarolwana tse dinnye tsa dilo tse di sa tsheleng tse di tlhatlogileng mo teng ga cytosol. Go na le mefuta e mentsi ya di-inclusions mo mefuteng e e farologaneng ya disele, go simolola ka di-crystal tsa calcium oxalate kgotsa silicon dioxide mo dimeleng,Prychid, Christina J.; Rudall, Paula J. (1999). "Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Monocotyledons: A Review of their Structure and Systematics" (PDF). Annals of Botany. 84 (6): 725–739. doi:10.1006/anbo.1999.0975. Prychid CJ, Rudall PJ (2004). "Systematics and Biology of Silica Bodies in Monocotyledons". The Botanical Review. 69 (4): 377–440. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2004)069[0377:SABOSB]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4354467. S2CID 24520433.go ya go granules tsa energy-storage materials jaaka starch,Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (December 1990). "Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates". Microbiological Reviews. 54 (4): 450–472. doi:10.1128/MMBR.54.4.450-472.1990. PMC 372789. PMID 2087222.glycogen,Shearer J, Graham TE (April 2002). "New perspectives on the storage and organization of muscle glycogen". Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 27 (2): 179–203. doi:10.1139/h02-012. PMID 12179957.kgotsa polyhydroxybutyrate.Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (December 1990). "Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates". Microbiological Reviews. 54 (4): 450–472. doi:10.1128/MMBR.54.4.450-472.1990. PMC 372789. PMID 2087222.Sekai se se anameng thata ke marothodi a lipid, a e leng marothodi a kgolokwe a a dirilweng ka lipid le poroteine a a dirisiwang mo go prokaryotes le eukaryotes jaaka tsela ya go boloka lipids jaaka mafura a acid le di-sterols. Murphy DJ (September 2001). "The biogenesis and functions of lipid bodies in animals, plants and microorganisms". Progress in Lipid Research. 40 (5): 325–438. doi:10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00013-3. PMID 11470496.Marothodi a lipid a dira bogolo jwa adipocyte, e leng disele tse di kgethegileng tse di bolokang lipid, mme gape a fitlhelwa mo mefuteng e mengwe ya disele.

Kganetsano le dipatlisiso

Cytoplasm, mitochondria, le bontsi jwa di-organelle ke dilo tse di tsentsweng mo seleng ke gamete ya mmè. Go farologana le tshedimosetso e kgologolo e e sa tseyeng tsia kgopolo ya gore cytoplasm e a dira, patlisiso e ntšha e bontshitse gore e laola motsamao le phallo ya dikotla mo teng le kwa ntle ga sele ka boitshwaro jwa viscoplastic le selekanyo sa lebelo le le tshwanang la go thubega ga dikgolagano mo teng ga netweke ya cytoplasmic.Feneberg W, Westphal M, Sackmann E (August 2001). "Dictyostelium cells' cytoplasm as an active viscoplastic body". European Biophysics Journal. 30 (4): 284–94. doi:10.1007/s002490100135. PMID 11548131. S2CID 9782043.

Dithoto tse di mo teng ga cytoplasm e santse e le patlisiso e e tswelelang. Mokgwa wa go tlhomamisa maitsholo a semotšhine sa disele tse di tshelang tsa mammal cytoplasm ka thuso ya di-optical tweezers o tlhalositswe.Hu J, Jafari S, Han Y, Grodzinsky AJ, Cai S, Guo M (September 2017). "Size- and speed-dependent mechanical behavior in living mammalian cytoplasm". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114 (36): 9529–9534. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.9529H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1702488114. PMC 5594647. PMID 28827333.

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