Tumalano ya Ntlo ya Lancaster

Tumelano ya Lancaster House ke tumelano e e saenweng ka 21 Sedimonthole 1979 kwa Lancaster House, morago ga go konelwa ga kopano ya molaotheo koo makoko a a farologaneng a neng a buisana ka isagwe ya Zimbabwe Rhodesia, e e neng e itsege pele jaaka Rhodesia. [1] Tumelano e e ne ya konela Ntwa ya Rhodesian Bush. Gape e ne e tshwaya go phimolwa ga Kgoeletso ya Boipuso ya Rhodesia, jaaka taolo ya bokoloniale ya Boritane e ne e tshwanetse go busediwa mo nakong ya phetogo, eo mo go yone go neng go tla tshwarwa ditlhopho tse di gololosegileng tse di neng di tla okamelwa ke puso ya Boritane. Se se botlhokwa thata, ZANU le ZAPU, diphuka tsa sepolotiki tsa ZANLA le ZIPRA (tse di neng di ntse di tsweledisa botsuolodi jo bo ntseng bo oketsega fa e sale ka 1964), di ne di tla letlelelwa go nna bonkgetheng mo ditlhophong tse di tlang. Le fa go ntse jalo, seno se ne se ikaegile ka gore go obamelwe tumalano ya go emisa go lwa le go netefatsa gore ga go a nna le matshosetsi a batlhophi. 3][4

 Dipuisano 
Morago ga kopano ya ditlhogo tsa puso ya Commonwealth e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Lusaka go tloga ka 1 go ya go 7 Phatwe 1979,[5][6] puso ya Borithane e ne ya laletsa Mobishopo Abel Muzorewa, tonakgolo e e neng e sa tswa go tlhomiwa ya puso ya (e e sa itsiweng) ya Zimbabwe Rhodesia, mmogo le baeteledipele ba Patriotic Front (leina la kgolagano ya ZANU-ZAPU), go tsenela kopano ya molaotheo kwa Lancaster House.[ Maikaelelo a kopano e ne e le go buisana le go fitlhelela tumelano ka ga melawana ya molaotheo wa morago ga boipuso, go dumalana ka go tshwara ditlhopho ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Boritane, le go kgontsha Zimbabwe Rhodesia go tswelela pele go ikemela ka molao le go amogelwa ke boditšhabatšhaba, ka makoko a rarabolola dikgotlhang tsa bona ka ditsela tsa sepolotiki. Khonferense e simolotse semmuso ka 10 Lwetse 1979. 11]

Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, mokwaledi wa tsa kwa ntle le wa Commonwealth wa United Kingdom, o ne a eteletse kopano pele.[ Khonferense e ne ya tshwarwa go tloga ka 10 Lwetse go fitlha ka 15 Sedimonthole 1979 ka dikopano di le 47 tsa kakaretso. Kwa bokhutlong jwa Lwetse 1979, moporesidente Jimmy Carter, mo lekwalong le a neng a le kwaletse Senator John Stennis, o ne a akgola khonferense ka go dira "dikgato tsa ntlha tse di botlhokwa", mme a bolela gore "go na le ditherisano tse dintsi tse di thata tse di tla tlang". 14]

Ka nako ya ditherisano, baemedi ba kwa Boritane ba ne ba eteletswe pele ke Antony Duff. E ne e na le maloko a mangwe a a fetang 20, jaaka Lord Carrington,[16] Ian Gilmour,[17] Michael Havers,[18] David Ormsby-Gore,[citation needed] Richard Luce,[citation needed] Michael Palliser,[19] Derek Day.[citation needed] Baemedi ba bangwe ba ne ba akaretsa Robin Renwick,[20] Nicholas Fenn wa Foreign Office,[21] George Walden,[22] le Charles Powell.[citation needed] Andrew Novak o ne a kwala gore Shridath Ramphal, tlhogo ya Commonwealth of Nations, o ne a dira jaaka "motsereganyi wa moriti" mo khonferenseng, a thibela Carrington go tswa mo maemong a a thata, le go netefatsa gore Carrington le Patriotic Front ba ne ba amogela "ditshwanelo tsa poraefete" ka nako ya ditherisano.[ 23]

Baemedi ba Patriotic Front ba ne ba eteletswe pele ke Robert Mugabe le Joshua Nkomo. Baeteledipele ba ZAPU Josiah Mushore Chinamano le Joseph Msika, mojenerale wa ZANLA Josiah Tongogara, le maloko a ZAPU Ernest R Kadungure le T George Silundika le bone e ne e le baemedi. Baemedi ba bangwe ba ne ba akaretsa Edgar Tekere, [1] Dzingai Mutumbuka, [2] Josiah Tungamirai, [3] Edson Zvobgo, [4] Simbi Mubako, [5] Walter Kamba, [6] le John Nkomo. 33]

Baemedi ba ba neng ba emetse Zimbabwe Rhodesia ba ne ba eteletswe pele ke Mobishopo Abel Muzorewa. Moemedi yo o ne gape a akaretsa Ian Smith (tona e e se nang porofete),[34][35] Ndabaningi Sithole,[36] Kayisa Ndiweni,[37] Rowan Cronjé,[38] Harold Hawkins,[39] Kayisa Ndiweni,[40] Simpson Mutambanengwe,[citation needed] le Gordon Chavunduka[41]

Kopano e ne ya fitlhelela tumalano ka molaotheo wa morago ga boipuso, dithulaganyo tsa paka ya morago ga boipuso, le tumelano ya go emisa ntwa e e saenweng ke maphata otlhe. 42] Ka go konela tumalano e le go saena pegelo ya yona, makoko a ne a dumela go amogela taolo ya mmusi, go obamela molaotheo wa boipuso (moragonyana o ne wa bidiwa "Molaotheo wa Lancaster"[43]) le tumelano ya go emisa ntwa,[44] go obamela dithulaganyo tsa pele ga boipuso, go dira letsholo ka kagiso le kwa ntle ga go tshosetsa, go tlogela go dirisa dikgoka ka maikaelelo a sepolotiki, le go amogela dipholo tsa ditlhopho le go laela masole a a leng ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bona go dira se se tshwanang.[ 45] Go ya ka molaotheo, diperesente di le 20 tsa ditulo mo palamenteng ya naga di ne di tshwanetse go beelwa basweu. Tlamelo e e ne ya bewa dingwaga di le supa, mme ya nna mo molaotheong go fitlha ka 1987.[1] 46]

Ka November 1979, mokwaledi wa puso ya United States e bong Cyrus Vance o ne a akantsha gore Poresidente Jimmy Carter a se ka a tlosa dikiletso tse di neng di beetswe Rhodesia, a bolela gore go dira jalo go ne go tla "tsenya dipuisano mo kotsing" le go koafatsa bokgoni jwa United States jwa go rotloetsa "go fetofetoga le maemo ga... makoko a a kwa ntle le... Front Line e bolela jaana. Mo kgweding e e latelang, Stephen Solarz o ne a re go tlosa dikiletso pele ga kopano e fela go ka nna "go umakiwa jaaka lebaka la go phutlhama ga yone". 48]

Tumelano ya Lancaster House e ne ya saenwa ka di 21 Sedimonthole 1979. Lord Carrington le Sir Ian Gilmour ba ne ba saena tumalano eo mo boemong jwa United Kingdom,[19] Abel Muzorewa le Silas Mundawarara ba ne ba saena mo boemong jwa puso ya Zimbabwe Rhodesia,[51][52] mme Robert Mugabe le Joshua Nkomo mo boemong jwa Patriotic Front.[ 20] Go ya ka Robert Matthews, katlego ya ditherisano tsa Lancaster House e ka tlhalosiwa ka "tekatekano ya maatla mo ntweng e e neng e rata boratanaga" le seabe sa dikiletso tsa boditšhabatšhaba mo ikonoming ya Rhodesia, "sekao se se rileng sa dikgatlhego tsa batho ba boraro" le metswedi le bokgoni jo Morena Carrington a bo tlisitseng mo tafoleng jaaka motsereganyi. [ Tumalano e e ne ya tlhalosiwa gape jaaka "tumalano ya molaotheo". 54]