Letlhôkô la metsi mo Aferika

Metsi mo Aforika a bonetswe pele gore a tlaa tlhaela go fitlha kwa maemong a a kwa godimo thata ka 2025 fa go fopholediwa gore mo e ka nnang pedi tharong ya baagi ba lefatshe ba ka nna ba tlhaelwa ke metsi a a phepa. Mabaka a magolo a go tlhaela ga metsi mo Aforika ke go tlhaela ga metsi mo mmeleng, go oketsega ga baagi ka bonako le go fetoga ga tlelaemete. Go tlhaela ga metsi ke go tlhoka metswedi ya metsi a a phepa gore go tle go kgonege gore go nne le metsi a a tlhokegang. Le fa gone Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e na le metsi a mantsi a pula, metsi a pula ga a tshwane ka dipaka e bile a anamisiwa ka go sa lekalekane, mme seo se dira gore go nne le merwalela le komelelo. Mo godimo ga moo, go anama ga mathata a ikonomi le khumanego, mmogo le go oketsega ka bonako ga palo ya baagi le go fuduga ga batho go tswa kwa magaeng go ya kwa ditoropong, go dirile gore Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e nne kgaolo e e humanegileng thata le e e sa tlhabologang thata mo lefatsheng.

Pego ya 2012 ya Food and Agriculture Organization ya lekgotla la ditšhaba tse di kopaneng e bontsha gore go tlhaela ga metsi ke nngwe ya dikgwetlho tse dikgolo tse di ka dirang gore go nne le tlhabololo e e tswelelang pele. Seno ke ka gonne palo e e ntseng e oketsega ya mafelo a dinoka di kgabaganyang mo go one e setse e le mo seemong sa go tlhaela ga metsi ka ntlha ya ditlhokego tse di kopaneng tsa temothuo le makala a mangwe. Ditlamorago tsa tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika di simolola mo boitekanelong. 

Gore go rarabololwe bothata jwa go tlhaela ga metsi mo Aforika ka tsela e e tshwanetseng, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa e gatelela botlhokwa jwa go beeletsa mo go diriseng metswedi ya metsi e Aforika e ka nnang le yone. Seno se tla tokafatsa pabalesego ya metsi, le go sireletsa dipoelo tsa ikonomi ka go laola komelelo, merwalela le go fetoga ga sekaka ka tsela e e kgatlhisang.

 Tshimologo 
Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara ke yone e nang le palo e kgolo ya dinaga tse di nang le mathata a metsi go feta dinaga tse dingwe mo lefatsheng mme go fopholediwa gore mo bathong ba le dimilione di le 800 ba ba nnang mo Aforika, ba le dimilione di le 300 ba tshela mo tikologong e e nang le mathata a metsi. Go ya ka se se fitlheletsweng mo khonferenseng ya 2012 ya setlhogo se se reng "Go Tlhaela Metsi mo Afrika: Mathata le Dikgwetlho", go fopholediwa gore ka 2030, batho ba le dimilione di le 75 go ya go di le 250 mo Afrika ba tla bo ba nna mo mafelong a a nang le bothata jo bogolo jwa metsi, mme seo se ka dira gore batho ba le dimilione di le 24 go ya go di le 700 ba fuduge ka gonne maemo a tla bo a sa tlhole a siame.

 Dipharologano tsa kgaolo 
Bokone jwa Aforika le Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara di gatela pele ka lobelo lo lo farologaneng go fitlhelela Mokgele wa Mileniamo wa Tlhabololo malebana le metsi. Fa Afrika Bokone yone e na le metsi a a phepa a a lekaneng 92% a a nowang, dinaga tsa Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara tsone di na le metsi a a lekaneng a a ka nnang 60% fela, ka jalo 40% ya batho ba le dimilione di le 783 mo kgaolong eo ga ba na metsi a a phepa a a nowang.

Some of these differences in clean water availability can be attributed to Africa's extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa has a plentiful supply of rainwater, it is seasonal and unevenly distributed, leading to frequent floods and droughts. Additionally, prevalent economic development and poverty issues, compounded with rapid population growth and rural-urban migration have rendered Sub-Saharan Africa as the world's poorest and least developed region. Thus, this poverty constrains many cities in this region from providing clean water and sanitation services and preventing the further deterioration of water quality even when opportunities exist to address these water issues. Additionally, the rapid population growth leads to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone, high-risk land.

Pego ya bosheng ya mokgele wa 6 wa SDG e umakile dintlha tse di farologaneng ka boemo jwa metsi mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara go akaretsa go tlhoka boitekanelo le ditlamorago tsa gone mo maemong a phepo segolobogolo mo baneng ka ntlha ya koketsego ya malwetse a a tshwaetsang. Mo godimo ga moo, mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya batho ba kwa borwa jwa Sahara ba mo kotsing ya go bolawa ke tlala ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dijo. Mo godimo ga moo, Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara ga e na metsi a a phepa a a nowang ka diperesente di le 76 fa diperesente di le 6 fela tsa Yuropa le Amerika Bokone di se na one.

 Ditlamorago tsa kgaolo ya metsi 

 Go tlhaela ga dilo tsa senama le tsa ikonomi 
Go tlhaela ga metsi ke selo sa tlholego e bile ke selo se batho ba se dirang. Ka jalo go botlhokwa go e kgaoganya ka mefuta e mebedi e megolo: tlhaelo ya ikonomi le tlhaelo ya dilo tse di bonalang. Go tlhaela ga metsi a a phepa go kaya gore go bona motswedi o o ka ikanngwang wa metsi a a phepa go tsaya nako e ntsi e bile go ja madi a mantsi. Go farologana le seo, tlhaelo ya metsi ke fa go se na metsi a a lekaneng mo kgaolong e e rileng.

Ka 2006 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa e fopholetsa gore batho ba le dimilione di le 300 mo go ba le dimilione di le 800 ba ba nnang mo kontinenteng ya Afrika ba tshela mo tikologong e e tlhaelang metsi. Tota e bile, kwa bokone jwa Afrika, mmogo le kwa borwa jwa Afrika, dithemperetšha tse di tlhatlogang tsa lefatshe tse di tsamaisanang le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete di ile tsa oketsa modikologo wa metsi o o dirang gore go nne le dipaka tsa komelelo tse di omeletseng, ka jalo tsa oketsa kotsi ya gore go nne le komelelo e e feteletseng le e e nnang teng ka metlha. Seno se ama thata go nna teng ga metsi, boleng jwa one le selekanyo sa one ka ntlha ya go fokotsega ga metsi a a elelang mo dinokeng le go bolokiwa ga one mo dipolokelong, go fokotsega ga metsi a a mo mmung le go omelela ga metsi a a mo metsing a a mo karolong e e kwa bokone le e e kwa borwa jwa lefatshe.
Selo se sengwe gape se se akarediwang mo setlhopheng sa go tlhaela ga dilo tse di bonalang ke kgang ya go dirisiwa ka tsela e e feteletseng. Seno se dira gore bontsi jwa matsha a magolo a Afrika a fokotsege, go akaretsa Nakivale, Nakuru le Letsha la Chad, le le fokotsegileng go nna 10% ya bogolo jwa lone jwa pele. Go ya ka dipolotiki, dilo tse di rotloetsang go dirisa metsi ka tsela e e feteletseng ke dingwe tsa dilo tse di senyang thata, segolobogolo fa go tliwa mo go ntsheng metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe. Mo metsing a a mo tlase ga lefatshe, fa pompo e sena go tsenngwa, melao ya dinaga di le dintsi ke ya go lekanyetsa fela go ntshiwa ga metsi go ikaegile ka tlhwatlhwa ya motlakase, mme mo maemong a le mantsi go duelela ditshenyegelo tsa motlakase tse di dirisiwang mo temothuong, e leng se se senyang maitlhomo a go somarela metswedi e e ntseng jalo. Mo godimo ga moo, dinaga di le dintsi mo Afrika di baya tlhwatlhwa ya metsi kwa tlase thata ga selekanyo se metsi a ka busediwang ka sone, ka go dira jalo di dira gore go se ka ga dirisiwa metsi sentle mme seo se dira gore go nne le mathata.

 Basadi le basetsana 
Maemo a a sa tshwaneng a basadi le banna ba Afrika a dira gore go nne le dipharologano mo maikarabelo a metsi, ditshwanelo, le go tsena, mme ka jalo basadi ba Afrika ba imelwa thata ke tlhaelo ya metsi a a phepa a a nowang. Mo ditšhabeng di le dintsi tsa Aforika, basadi ba bonwa jaaka bakgethisi, batsamaisi, le batlhokomedi ba metsi, bogolo jang mo tikologong ya mo gae e e akaretsang ditiro tsa mo gae, go apaya, go tlhatswa, le go godisa bana. Ka ntlha ya ditiro tse di tlwaelegileng tsa bong, basadi ba patelesega go dirisa mo e ka nnang diperesente di le masome a marataro tsa letsatsi lengwe le lengwe go kgobokanya metsi, se se rayang gore basadi ba bereke diura di ka nna dimilione di le 200 mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka letsatsi le go fokotsega ga nako e e leng teng ya thuto.

Mo basading ba Baafrika, tiro ya bone ya letsatsi le letsatsi mo go ntsheng metsi a a phepa gantsi e raya go rwala jerrycan e e tlwaelegileng e e ka nnang bokete jwa dikilogerama di le 40 fa e tletse ka palogare ya dikilometara di le thataro ka letsatsi. Seno se na le ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo tse di jaaka go senyega ga marapo go go nnelang ruri ka ntlha ya go rwala metsi a a bokete mo mafelong a maleele letsatsi le letsatsi, se se fetolang go nna kgatelelo ya mmele e e oketsang go ngomoga pelo, nako e e okeditsweng ya go fola boitekanelo, le go fokotsega ga bokgoni jwa go ya kwa mafelong a thuto ka tsela e se ka dirwang ka yone ka mmele, mme gape le go tsaya thuto ka tlhaloganyo ka ntlha ya kgatelelo mo go direng ditshwetso le bokgoni jwa go gakologelwa. Gape, go ya ka boitekanelo, go bona metsi a a babalesegileng le a a phepa a go nwa go dira gore go nne le tshireletso e kgolwane kgatlhanong le malwetse le malwetse a a anamisiwang ke metsi a a oketsang bokgoni jwa baithuti botlhe jwa go tsena sekolo.

 Temothuo 

Go ya ka UN Economic Commission for Africa le New Partnership for Africa's Development, "go nosetsa go botlhokwa thata mo go fitlheleleng tlhagiso e e okeditsweng ya temothuo e e botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya ikonomi le go fitlhelela pabalesego ya dijo". Bontsi jwa baagi ba kwa magaeng a Aforika ga ba kgone go dirisa bokgoni jwa bone jwa go nosetsa. Temothuo ya go nosetsa e tsaya fela 20% ya mefuta ya temothuo mo lefatsheng lotlhe.Kauffman, J., Mantel, S., Ringersma, J., Dijkshoorn, J., Van Lynden, G., Dent, D. Making Better Use of Green Water in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara, dipuso di nnile le seabe se segolo mo tlhabololong ya go nosetsa. Go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo1960, batho ba ba neng ba ntsha meneelo jaaka Banka ya Lefatshe ba ne ba tshegetsa dipuso tseno tsa Aforika mo tlhabololong ya ditsamaiso tsa go nosetsa.Kadigi, R., Tesfay, G., Bizoza, A., Zinabou, G. (2013). Global Development Network GDN Working Paper Series Irrigation and Water Use Efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa Working Paper No. 63. Global Development Network. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263464548 Le fa go ntse jalo, mo dingwageng tse di latelang, temothuo ya go nosetsa e tlhagisitse thobo e e kwa tlase go feta e e neng e solofetswe. Go ya ka Banka ya Lefatshe temothuo e e tlhagisiwang mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e ka nna gararo ka 2050.

Mo nakong eno, baemedi ba sephiri ba puso ba ntshitse katlholo e e kopanetsweng ya gore mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di latelang, mathata a metsi ga a ka ke a baka dikgogakgogano tsa ka fa gare le tsa ka kwa ntle tse di ka felelang ka ntwa e e gagametseng. Mme fa e le gore selekanyo sa jaanong sa tiriso mmogo le kgatelelo ya tlelaemete se tswelela, selekanyo sa tlhaelo ya metsi mo Afrika se bolelelwa pele ke UNECA go fitlhelela maemo a a kwa godimo a a kotsi ka 2025. Seno se raya gore ka 2022 go na le kgonagalo ya phetogo ya tlhaelo ya metsi go nna le seabe mo ntweng ya dibetsa. Go ya ka National Intelligence Estimate on water security, e e neng e kopilwe ke Mokwaledi wa Naga Hillary Clinton mme ya wediwa ka letlhabula la 2011, morago ga 2022 metsi a tla nna a dirisiwa jaaka sebetsa sa ntwa le sedirisiwa se se ka dirisiwang mo borukhutlhi, bogolo jang kwa Afrika Bokone. Ka Letsatsi la Lefatshe la Metsi, Lefapha la Puso le ne la bolela gore kgatelelo ya metsi, "e ka nna ya oketsa kotsi ya go sa tlhomamang le go palelwa ke puso, go gakatsa dikgotlhang tsa kgaolo le go itaya dinaga tsebe go dira le United States mo mekgeleng e e botlhokwa ya molao". Fa go buiwa ka Nile kwa Egepeto, Sudan, le dinaga tse di kwa borwa, pego e bolelela pele gore dinaga tse di fa godimo ga noka di tla lekanyetsa go bona metsi ka mabaka a sepolotiki le gore dirukutlhi di ka tlhasela didirisiwa tse di amanang le metsi, jaaka matamo le matamo, gantsi. Ka ntlha ya seno, Global Risk Report ya 2011 ya World Economic Forum e akareditse tlhaelo ya metsi jaaka nngwe ya dikotsi tse tlhano tse di kwa godimo mo lefatsheng ka lekgetlo la ntlha.

 Ditsela Tsa go Dirisa 

 Ditsamaiso tsa tetla ya metsi 
Kgaolo nngwe ya dinaga tsa Afrika, jaaka Tanzania, e lekile go rarabolola bothata jwa go tlhaela ga metsi ka go tlhoma thulaganyo ya go ntsha tetla ya metsi. Mo tsamaisong e e ntseng jalo, go dirisiwa melao ya mo lefelong go naya badirisi metsi a a rileng mo mafelong a a rileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, gantsi dithulaganyo tse di ntseng jalo di baka dikgotlhang tse dingwe, ka gonne ditshwanelo tsa metsi di ka nna tsa gapiwa ke batho ba ba nosetsang ka selekanyo se segolo mme seo se dira gore balemi ba ba sa itsholegeng sentle mo kgaolong eo ba latlhegelwe ke ditshwanelo tsa bone.

 Madagascar 
Mo setlhabeng se se kwa godimo sa Madagascar, go ne ga nna le phetogo e kgolo e e neng ya fedisa mo e ka nnang dimela tsotlhe tse di nang le dikgwa tse dintsi mo pakeng ya 1970 go ya go 2000. Temothuo ya go sega le go fisa e ne ya tlosa diperesente di le lesome tsa palogotlhe ya di-biomass tsa naga mme ya e fetola go nna naga e e se nang sepe. Ditlamorago tseno di ne di bakwa ke go nna le batho ba le bantsi thata le go tlhoka go fepa batho ba ba humanegileng ba ba tlholegang, mme ditlamorago tse di sa itumediseng di ne di akaretsa go gogolwa ga mmu go go anameng go go neng ga dira gore dinoka tse di tletseng seretse tse di neng di "tsamaya di le dikhibidu" dingwaga di le masome morago ga go rengwa ga dikgwa. Seno se ne sa fedisa metsi a mantsi a a phepa a a ka dirisiwang mme gape se ne sa senya bontsi jwa tikologo ya dinoka tsa dinoka di le mmalwa tse dikgolo tse di elelang kwa bophirima. Mefuta e le mmalwa ya ditlhapi e ile ya nyelela mme e mengwe, jaaka dikorale tse di kgoreletsweng mo Lewatleng la India, di nyeletse.

 Nigeria 
Ka batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 199, 86% ya batho ba kwa Nigeria ga ba na metsi a a phepa a a nowang. UNICEF e bega gore mo e ka nnang halofo ya ditirelo tsa motheo tsa metsi tsa 70% ya batho ba Nigeria di kgotletswe. Go tlhaela ga mafaratlhatlha mo nageng yotlhe ya Nigeria go dira gore baagi ba le bantsi ba se ka ba nna le metsi a a phepa; ka kakaretso Mo-Nigeria o bona dilitara di le 9 fela tsa metsi ka letsatsi. Ka ntlha ya seno, Ba-Nigeria ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metsi a a rekisiwang jaaka metsi a a mo kgetsaneng (bona setshwantsho) kgotsa a a mo dibotlolong. Metsi a a kgotletsweng le a a kgotletsweng a a mo tlase ga lefatshe a dira gore go nne le tlhaelo ya metsi kwa Nigeria. Mefuta mengwe e megolo ya dilo tse di kgotlelang e akaretsa menontsha le metsi a a tswang mo temothuong, tsamaiso e e sa siamang ya go laola leswe, matlakala a madirelo, dilo tse di kgotlelang oli le gase, dilo tse di tswang mo meepong le metsi a a tswang mo dipolaong.

 Metswedi