Noga

Dinoga ke digagabi tse ditelele tse di se nang maoto tsa kgaolwana ya Serpentes. Cladistically di-squamates, Dinoga ke ectothermic, Amniote vertebrates e e apesitsweng ke dikgapetla tse aparaneng jaaka maloko a mangwe a setlhopha. Mefuta e le mentsi ya dinoga e na le ditlhogotse di nang le manonyeletso a le mmalwa go feta bagologolwane ba tsone ba mokgantitswane le ba losika lwa tsone, me seno se dira gore di kgone go kometsa diphologolo tse dikgolo go feta ditlhogo tsa tsone (cranial kinesis). Go kgona go amogela mebele ya tsone e mesesane, dirwe tsa dinoga tse di kopantsweng (tse di jaaka diphilo) di tlhagelela di le fa pele ga tse dingwe go na le go nna di bapile, mme bontsi bo na le makgwafo a le mangwe fela a a dirang. Mefuta mengwe e na le Lebanta la pelvic le le nang le para ya manala a vestigial mo matlhakoreng o o mabedi a cloaca. Mekgantitswane e itlhageletse ka bo tsone go nna le mebele e meleele e e se nang le ditokololo kgotsa e e nang le ditokololo tse di fokoditsweng thata bonnye makgetlo a masome a mabedi le botlhano ka phetogo e e masome a mabedi le botlhano ka phetoge e e kopaneng, e e lebisang kwa masikeng a le mantsi a mekgantitswane tse di senang maoto. Tseno di tshwana le dinoga, fela ditlhopha di le mmalwa tse di tlwaelegileng tsa Mekgantitswane e e se nang maoto di na le matlho le ditsebe tse di kwa ntle, tse dinoga di se nang tsone, le fa molao ono o se wa lefatshe lotlhe (bona Amphisbaenia, Dibamidae, le Pygopodidae).

Dinoga tse di tshelang di fitlhelwa mo kontinenteng nngwe le nngwe kwa ntle ga Antarctica, mme mo bontsing jwa lefatshe le lennye, tse di sa akarediweng di akaretsa ditlhaketlhake dingwe tse dikgolo, tse di jaaka Ireland, Iceland, Greenland le ditlhaketlhake tsa New Zealand, mmogo le ditlhaketlhake tse dintsi tse dinnye tsa mewatle la Atlantic a bogare a Pacific.  Mo godimo ga moo, dinoga tsa lewatle di aname thata mo mawatleng otlhe a India le a Pacific. Malapa a lemogwa ga jaana, a a nang le mefuta e ka nna 520 le mefuta e e ka nnang go feta 4,170.Di farologana ka bogolo go tswa mo dinogeng tse dinnye, tse di boleele jwa tsa noga ya tlhale ya Barbados  go ya python e e nang ya di-motor letlowa le di 6.95 (boleele jwa 22.8.  Mofuta wa masaledi a ditshedi tsa Titanoboa cerrejonensis e ne e le boleele jwa12.8 moters (42 ft).  Go akanngwa gore dinoga di tlhagile go tswa mo ditshenekeging tse di epang kgotsa tse di nnang mo metsing, gongwe ka nako ya Jurassic, ka masaledi a ntlha a a itsiweng a a fa gare ga 143 le 167  Ma fetileng.   Mefutafuta ya dinoga tsa segompieno e ne ya tlhagelela ka nako ya Paleocene ( c. 66 go ya go 56 Ma o o fetileng, morago ga tiragalo ya go nyelela ga dilo tsa Cretaceus–Paleogene ). Ditlhaloso tsa bogologolo thata tsa dinoga di ka fitlhelwa mo Papyrus ya Brooklyn .

Bontsi jwa mefuta ya dinoga ga di na botlhole mme tse di nang le botlhole di bo dirisa thata go bolaya le go fenya diphologolo tse di bolailweng go na le go iphemela. Bangwe ba na le botlhole jo bo nonofileng thata jo bo ka gobatsang batho ka tsela e e botlhoko kgotsa jwa bolaya.

Lefoko la seesemane snaca le tswa mo seesemaneng sa bagologolo snaca, ka bosone go tswa mo sejeremaneng sa potoro-sejeremane anak-an (bapisa le sejeremane Schnake 'noga ya mogala, noga ya bojang ya snok ya Se-Sweden), go tswa mo moding wa  Seporoto-Indo-Yuropa  'Sanskrit nāgá 'noga'. Proto-IE: , Meaning: snake, Old Indian: nāgá- m. 'snake', Germanic:  m.,  m.,  f.;  vb., Russ. meaning:  (), References: WP () II 697 f. .le gape le neng la naya sneak jaaka '   Se-Indo-Yuropa  ‘go gagaba’,   ( .  go gagaba le sanskit sorpent

Dinoga tsotlhe tsa segompieno di tlhophilwe mo teng ga setlhophapotlana sa serpentes mo thulaganyong ya Linnean, karolo ya squamata, le fa go bewa ga tsona ka nepo mo teng ga di squamates go sa ntse go ganetsanwa. 

Ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kwa tlase tsa Dinoga ke Alethinofidia le Skolekofidia .  Kgaoganyo e e ikaegile ka diponagalo tsa popego le tatelano ya DNA ya mitochondrial . Alethinophidia ka dinako tse dingwe e kgaoganngwa go nna Henophidia le Caenophidia, mme ya bofelo e na le dinoga tsa "di-colubroid" ( di-colubride, dinoga, di-elapid, di-hydrophid, le di-atractaspid ) le di-acrochordid, fa malapa a mangwe a di-alethinophidia a na le di-Henophidia.  Le fa e seyo gompieno, Madtsoiidae, lelapa la dinoga tse dikgolo, tsa bogologolo, tse di tshwanang le di-python, di ne tsa tshela go fitlha dingwaga di le 50 000 tse di fetileng kwa Australia, di emetswe ke mefuta e e jaaka Wonambi . 

Dithuto tsa sešweng tsa dimolekhule di tshegetsa monofili ya di -clade tsa dinoga tsa segompieno, di-scolecophid, di-typhlopid + di-anomalepid, di-alethinophid, di-alethinofid tsa konokono, di-uropeltid ( Cylindrophis, Anomochilus, di-uropeltines), di-makrostomatane le di-booid, di-boid. 

 Malapa 
Infraorder Alethinophidia 25 familiesFamilyTaxon authorGeneraSpeciesCommon nameGeographic rangeAcrochordidaeBonaparte, 183113Wart snakesWestern India and Sri Lanka through tropical Southeast Asia to the Philippines, south through the Indonesian/Malaysian island group to Timor, east through New Guinea to the northern coast of Australia to Mussau Island, the Bismarck Archipelago and Guadalcanal Island in the Solomon Islands.AniliidaeStejneger, 190711False coral snakeTropical South America.AnomochilidaeCundall, Wallach, 199313Dwarf pipe snakesWest Malaysia and on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.AtractaspididaeGünther, 18581272Burrowing aspsAfrica and the Middle EastBoidaeGray, 18251461BoasNorthern, Central and South America, the Caribbean, southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, Northern, Central and East Africa, Madagascar and Reunion Island, the Arabian Peninsula, Central and southwestern Asia, India and Sri Lanka, the Moluccas and New Guinea through to Melanesia and Samoa.BolyeriidaeHoffstetter, 194622Splitjaw snakesMauritius.ColubridaeOppel, 18112582055Typical snakesWidespread on all continents, except Antarctica.CyclocoridaeWeinell & Brown, 201758CyclocoridsThe PhilippinesCylindrophiidaeFitzinger, 1843114Asian pipe snakesSri Lanka east through Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and the Malay Archipelago to as far east as Aru Islands off the southwestern coast of New Guinea. Also found in southern China (Fujian, Hong Kong and on Hainan Island) and in Laos.ElapidaeBoie, 182755389ElapidsOn land, worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, except in Europe. Sea snakes occur in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific.HomalopsidaeBonaparte, 18452853HomalopsidsSoutheastern Asia and northern Australia.LamprophiidaeFitzinger, 18431689Lamprophiids (formerly included Atracaspididae, Psammophiidae, and several other families)Africa (including the Seychelles)LoxocemidaeCope, 186111Mexican burrowing snakeAlong the Pacific versant from Mexico south to Costa Rica.MicrelapidaeDas et al., 202314Two-headed snakesEastern Africa and the LevantPareidaeRomer, 1956320Snail-eating snakesSoutheast Asia and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and their surrounding smaller islands).ProsymnidaeKelly, Barker, Villet & Broadley, 2009116Shovel-snout snakesSubsaharan AfricaPsammodynastidaeDas et al., 202412Mock vipersTropical AsiaPsammophiidaeBourgeois, 1968855PsammophiidsAfrica (including Madagascar), Asia and southern EuropePseudaspididaeCope, 189322PseudaspididsSubsaharan AfricaPseudoxyrhophiidaeDowling, 19752289PseudoxyrhophiidsMostly Madagascar and the Comoros; 5 species in subsaharan Africa, 1 in SocotraPythonidaeFitzinger, 1826840PythonsSubsaharan Africa, India, Myanmar, southern China, Southeast Asia and from the Philippines southeast through Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia.TropidophiidaeBrongersma, 1951234Dwarf boasWest Indies; also Panama and northwestern South America, as well as in northwestern and southeastern Brazil.UropeltidaeMüller, 1832855Shield-tailed snakesSouthern India and Sri Lanka.ViperidaeOppel, 181135341VipersThe Americas, Africa, and Eurasia east to Wallace's Line.XenodermidaeCope, 1900618Dragon and odd-scaled snakesEast Asia, Southern and southeastern Asia, and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and their surrounding smaller islands).XenopeltidaeBonaparte, 184512Sunbeam snakesSoutheast Asia from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, east through Myanmar to southern China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Malay Peninsula and the East Indies to Sulawesi, as well as the Philippines.XenophidiidaeWallach & Günther, 199812Spine-jawed snakesBorneo and peninsular Malaysia.
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