Afro-Brazilians

Afro-Brazilians (Sepotokisi: Afro-brasileiros; ba bitswa [ˈafɾo bɾaziˈle(j)ɾus]), ba gape ba itsiweng jaaka Ba-Brazil ba Bantsho (Sepotokisi: Brasileiros negros), ke Ba-Brazil ba letso lotlhe kgotsa bontsi jwa bone ba tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Bontsi jwa batho ba merafe e e farologaneng ya kwa Brazil le bone ba na le dilekanyo tse di farologaneng tsa letso la Aforika. Ba-Brazil ba diponagalo tsa bone tsa Seaforika di bonalang thata ka kakaretso ba bonwa ke ba bangwe jaaka Bantsho mme ba ka nna ba itshupa jalo, fa ba ba nang le diponagalo tse di sa bonaleng thata tsa Seaforika ba ka nna ba se ka ba bonwa jalo."Características Étnico-raciais da População:Classificações e identidades" (PDF) (in Portuguese). IBGE. 2010. p. 58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. (Trans.) Since 1945, a Brazilian Black movement has resulted in more people using the term (and concept) of Afro-Brazilian. But, this term was coined by and remains associated with the United States and its culture, derived from a culturalist viewpoint.Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011). "Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. 35 (8): 1466–1483. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503. S2CID 32438550. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba Brazil ba dirisa lereo "Afro-Brazilian" ka sewelo jaaka lereo la boitshupo jwa letso mme ga ba ke ba dirisa lereo mo puong e e sa tlhomamang.

Preto ("montsho") le pardo ("borokwa/botlhakaneng") di gareng ga ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe tse di dirisiwang ke Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), mmogo le branco ("basweu"), amarelo ("basetlha", ba morafe wa Asia Botlhaba), le indigena (batho ba tlhago). Mo palong ya batho ya 2022, didikadike di le masome mabedi le .7 tsa batho ba Brazil (10,2% ya baagi) ba ne ba itshupa e le preto, fa didikadike di le masome a ferabongwe le bobedi.1 (45,3% ya baagi) ba ne ba itshupa e le pardo, mmogo ba dira 55.5% ya baagi ba Brazil. Lereo preto gantsi le dirisiwa go kaya ba ba nang le mmala o montsho thata wa letlalo, ka jalo ka ntlha ya seo batho ba le bantsi ba Brazil ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba itlhaola e le ba pardos."Brazil - Migration, Urbanization, Population | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 11 August 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025. Mokgatlho wa Bantsho kwa Brazil o tsaya pretos le pardos mmogo e le karolo ya setlhopha se le sengwe: negros (Bathobantsho). Ka 2010, pono eno e ne ya amogelwa semmuso fa Congress ya Brazil e ne e fetisa molao o o neng o tlhama Molao wa Tekatekano ya Merafe. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso eno e a ganetswa ka gonne karolo ya pardos ke batho ba tlholego ba ba nang le setso kgotsa batho ba ba nang le lotso lwa tlholego le lwa Yuropa go na le lwa Aforika, segolobogolo kwa Bokone jwa Brazil. Patlisiso go tloga ka 2002 e senotse gore fa setlhopha sa pardo se ka tlosiwa mo palong ya batho, bonnye halofo ya ba ba itlhaolang e le ba pardo go na le moo ba tla tlhopha go itlhaola e le bantsho.Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011). "Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. 35 (8): 1466–1483. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503. S2CID 32438550. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Patlisiso e nngwe go tswa ka 2024 e bontshitse gore ke 40% fela ya pardos ba baitsayang e le Bantsho.

Ka nako ya bokgoba magareng ga lekgolo la bolesome le borataro le wa bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, Brazil e ne ya amogela Maaforika a ka nna didikadike di le nne go ya go di le tlhano, ba ba neng ba dira bokana ka 40% ya Maaforika otlhe a a neng a tlisiwa kwa Amerika. Batho ba le bantsi ba Aforika ba ba neng ba falola bokgoba ba ne ba tshabela kwa quilombos, e leng mafelo a ba neng ba ka nna mo go one ba gololesegile le go ganana le kgatelelo. Ka 1850, Brazil e ne ya swetsa ka gore kgwebo ya makgoba e e kgabaganyang Atlantic e thibelwe gotlhelele mme ka 1888 lefatshe leo le ne la fedisa bokgoba, mme la dira gore e nne ya bofelo kwa Amerika go dira jalo. Ka palo e kgolo ya batho ba ditlogolwana tsa Aforika kwa ntle ga Aforika, setso, loago le itsholelo ya Brazil e bopilwe thata ke Afro-Brazilians. Dikabelo tsa bone di lemotshega thata mo metshamekong, dijong, dikwalong, mminong le tantsheng, ka dielemente tse di jaaka samba le capoeira tse di bontshang boswa jwa bone. Mo dinakong tsa segompieno, Afro-Brazilians ba santse ba lebane le go sa lekalekane ga itsholelo ya loago le kgethololo ya letso mme ba tswelela ka ntwa ya tekatekano ya lotso le tshiamiso ya loago.

 Ditlhopha tsa palobatho ya kwa Brazil 
Gone jaana,  Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) se dirisa ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe kgotsa tsa mmala mo palong ya batho: branca (tshweu), parda (borokwa/ba ba tlhakaneng), preta (ntsho), amarela (serolwana, morafe wa Asia Botlhaba) le indigena (ya tlhago). Mo palong ya batho ya 1940, batho botlhe ba ba neng ba sa itshupe e le "basweu", "bantsho" kgotsa "basetlha" ba ne ba kopanngwa mo setlhopheng sa "pardo". Ka mantswe a mangwe, batho ba neng ba itshupa e le pardo, moreno, mulato, caboclo, ba tlhago, gareng ga ba bangwe, ba ne ba tlhaolwa jaaka "pardo". Mo dipalong tse di latelang, pardo e ne ya dirwa semmuso jaaka setlhopha sa yone,IBGE. Censo Demográfico, p. XVIII. fa batho ba Tlhago ba ne ba bona setlhopha se se farologaneng fela ka 1991."Entenda quais foram os significados de 'pardo' nos últimos 80 anos e como isso dificultou a identificação racial do Brasil". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 January 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.

Pardo totatota e ranolwa go nna borokwa, mme gape e ka kaya motswako wa merafe. Balweladitshwanelo le bakanoki ba ba amanang le Mokgatlho wa Bantsho kwa Brazil ba bolela gore go akarediwa ga setlhopha seno mo palong ya batho go sokamisa tsela e Brazil e bontshiwang ka yone ka palo ya batho. Ba nganga gore go newa batho ba basweu tshiamelo ya dikgopolo mo setšhabeng sa Brazil go dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba Brazil ba ‘gane bontsho jwa bone’ le go ‘itlhofofatsa’ mo palong ya batho ka go tlhopha setlhopha sa pardo. Batshwayadiphoso gape ba bolela gore pharologano e e rotloetsa batho ba Brazil go kgaoganya batho ba ditlogolwana tsa Aforika go ikaegilwe ka ponagalo ya mmele, go kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya boitshupo jo bo kopaneng jwa Bantsho kwa Brazil. Badiragatsi ba le bantsi ba mokgatlho wa batho bantsho ba rata lereo negro, ba le tlhalosa jaaka palo ya batho ba ba itlhaolang jaaka batho ba ba borokwa (pardo) le ba bantsho (preto) mo palong ya batho. Bakanoki ba le bantsi le borasaense ba loago le bone ba kopantse ditlhopha tsa batho ba ba borokwa le ba bantsho mo dithutong tsa bone, ba dirisa mareo a a jaaka Afro-descendente, Afro-Brazilian, kgotsa negro.
Ka 2010, Lekgotla la Dikgotlatshekelo la Brazil le ne la fetisa Molao wa Bomorafe (Molao wa Tekatekano ya Bomorafe). Molao o amogela lereo la letso la negro go kaya batho ba ba itlhaolang e le batho bantsho le ba ba borokwa go ya ka letso lwa IBGE kgotsa karoganyo ya mmala. Le fa bosupi bo supa gore batho bantsho le batho ba ba borokwa ba na le maemo a a tshwanang a loago le itsholelo le ditshupo tsa boitekanelo jwa dilo tse di bonalang fa ba bapisiwa le basweu, babatlisisi bangwe ba lemoga gore go na le mathata go pataganya pretos le pardos go nna setlhopha sa batho bantsho ba ba kopanetsweng ka gonne karolo ya Ba-Brazil ba ba itlhaolang e le pardo ke ba tlholego e e tlhakaneng ya Yuropa le merafe ya tlhago, eseng ya Aforika. Patlisiso e e dirilweng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 2000 ka tlhopho ya batho ba le dikete tse pedi, makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le bone go tswa kwa bommasepaleng ba le lekgolo le metso e mebedi e bontshitse gore fa setlhopha sa "borokwa" se ka tlosiwa mme batho ba Brazil ba tshwanelwa ke go tlhopha magareng ga "bantsho" kgotsa "basweu", baagi ba tla lebega e le 68% e le basweu mme 32% e le bantsho. Mo sebopegong seno sa bobedi, 44% ya ba ba itlhaolang e le ba ba borokwa ba tla tlhopha setlhopha sa basweu. Go ya ka patlisiso nngwe ya 2000 e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa Rio de Janeiro, batho botlhe ba ba neng ba ipega gore ke ba preto ba ne ba bega gore ba tswa mo Aforika. 86% ya ba pardo ba ba ipegileng le 38% ya baagi ba basweu ba ba ipegileng ba begile fa ba na le bagologolwane ba Aforika. Go a lemotshega gore 14% ya pardos go tswa kwa Rio de Janeiro e rile ga e na bagologolwane ba Aforika. Peresente e e ka nna kwa godimo le kwa Bokone jwa Brazil, kwa go neng go na le seabe se segolo sa merafe go tswa mo bathong ba Amerindian.Edward Eric Telles (2004). "Racial Classification". Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. Princeton University Press. pp. 81–85. ISBN 978-0-691-11866-6.

 Ditso 

 Bokgoba 
Batlhotlhomisi ba ntlha ba Masepanishe le Mapotokisi kwa Amerika kwa tshimologong ba ne ba dira batho ba Amerindia makgoba. Mo ntlheng ya Mapotokisi, bokoa jwa ditsamaiso tsa sepolotiki tsa ditlhopha tsa Tupi-Guarani Amerindian tse ba neng ba di gapa mo lebopong la Brazil, le go tlhoka maitemogelo ga Baamerika bano ka tiro ya balemirui e e rulagantsweng, go ne ga dira gore go nne bonolo go ba dirisa botlhaswa ka dithulaganyo tsa tiro e e sa patelediweng. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga nna le dilo di le mmalwa tse di neng tsa dira gore tsamaiso ya bokgoba jwa Ba-Amerindia e se ka ya tswelela pele kwa Brazil. Sekai, batho ba Baagedi ba Amerika ba ne ba se bantsi kgotsa ba sa kgone go fitlhelelwa mo go lekaneng go fitlhelela dilo tsotlhe tse baagi ba neng ba di batla tsa tiro. Mo mabakeng a le mantsi, go tlhagelela mo malwetseng a Yuropa go ne ga baka dintsho tse di kwa godimo mo bathong ba Amerindian, mo e leng gore badiri ba ne ba tlhokega. Borahisitori ba fopholetsa gore batho ba ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo ba Amerindians ka fa tlase ga puso ya Mapotokisi ba ne ba swa mo leroborobong la sekgotlho ka dingwaga tsa bo 1560. Bafenyi ba Iberia ba ne ba sa kgone go gogela baagi ba ba lekaneng go tswa kwa dinageng tsa bona go ya kwa dikoloning mme, morago ga 1570, ba ne ba simolola go tlisa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ba neng ba tserwe ka dikgoka mo Aforika jaaka badiri ba konokono.
Mo dingwageng di ka nna makgolo a le mararo go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1500 go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, Brazil e ne e le lefelo le legolo go gaisa la makgoba a Aforika kwa Amerika ka metlha. Mo pakeng eo, go ka nna didikadike di le nne.9 tsa Maaforika a a dirilweng makgoba a ne a romelwa kwa Brazil."The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database". slavevoyages.org. Bokgoba jwa kwa Brazil bo ne bo akaretsa ditiro tse di farologaneng tsa tiro. Sekai, meepo ya gauta kwa Brazil e ne ya simolola go gola ka bo 1690 mo dikgaolong tse di kwa teng tsa Brazil, jaaka kgaolo ya segompieno ya Minas Gerais.Klein (1986), African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean, p. 68. Makgoba a kwa Brazil le one a ne a bereka mo masimong a sukiri, a a tshwanang le a a fitlhelwang kwa Captaincy ya Pernambuco. Dilo tse dingwe tse di neng di dirwa ka tiro ya makgoba kwa Brazil ka nako eo mo ditsong tsa Brazil di ne di akaretsa motsoko, matsela le cachaça, tse gantsi e neng e le dilo tsa botlhokwa tse di neng di rekisiwa go ananya makgoba mo kontinenteng ya Aforika.

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