Metlhale ya go tshela Le go fetoga ga seemo sa loapi

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Go itlwaetsa go fêtoga ga tlelaemete ke mokgwa wa go itlwaêtsa ditlamorago tsa jaanong kgotsa tse di lebeletsweng tsa go fetoga ga maemo a bosa.IPCC, 2022: Annex II: Glossary [Möller, V., R. van Diemen, J.B.R. Matthews, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, J.S. Fuglestvedt, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2897–2930, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.029. Mo bathong, go tlwaela go ikaeletse go fokotsa kgotsa go tila kotsi, le go dirisa ditshono; mo dithulaganyong tsa tlholego, batho ba ka tsereganya go thusa go tlhaelo. Dikgato tsa go itlwaetsa di ka nna tsa go oketsega (diro tse maikarabêlô aelelo a tsonê  a magolo e leng go boloka boleng le bothokgami jwa tsamaiso) kgotsa tsa go fetola (diro Tse di fetolang dinonofo tsa mothêô  tsa tsamaiso ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete le ditlamorago tsa yôna).Noble, I.R., S. Huq, Y.A. Anokhin, J. Carmin, D. Goudou, F.P. Lansigan, B. Osman-Elasha, and A. Villamizar, 2014: Chapter 14: Adaptation needs and options. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 833-868. Tlhokego ya go tlwaela e farologana go ya ka mafelô, go ikaêgile ka kotsi mo dithulaganyong tsa batho kgotsa tsa ikholoji. Dikgato tsa go itlwaetsa di ka kgaoganngwa ka ditlhôpha di le nne: Infrastructural le technological; institutional; behavioural and cultural; and nature-based options.: figure 16.5O'Neill, B., M. van Aalst, Z. Zaiton Ibrahim, L. Berrang Ford, S. Bhadwal, H. Buhaug, D. Diaz, K. Frieler, M. Garschagen, A. Magnan, G. Midgley, A. Mirzabaev, A. Thomas, and R.Warren, 2022: Chapter 16: Key Risks Across Sectors and Regions. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2411–2538, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.025. 

Go tlwaela maêmo mo go botlhokwa thata mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologang ka gonne mafatshe ao a mo kotsing thata ya go fetoga ga seemo sa loapi mme di na le ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga maemo a bosa. Bokgoni jwa batho jwa go itlwaêtsa ga bo a anamisiwa ka go lekalekana go ralala dikgaolô tsê  di farologaneng le baagi, mme dinaga tse di tlhabologang ka kakaretso di na le bokgoni jo bonnye jwa go itlhalosa. Bokgôni jwa go fetofetoga bo amana thata le tlhabololo ya loago le ikonomi.

Ka kakarêtso tso, maêmo o a a kwa godimo a tlhabololô a kaya bokgôni jo bo kwa godimo jwa go fêtoga le maêmo, mme tlhabololô ololo nngwe e kgorêlêtsa batho mo dithulaganyông tse di rilêng kgotsa maitsholô. Mme mafelô a a tlhabologileng thata a ka nna a nna le bokgoni jo bo kwa tlase jwa go tlwaêla mefuta e mesha ya dikotsi tsa tlholego, tsê di iseng di bonwe pele, fa di bapisiwa le dikotsi tsa tlholego tse di tlwaelegileng. Ditshenyegelo tsa ikonomi tsa go tlwaela phêtogô ya tlelaemete di ka nna tsa ja didikadike tsa diranta ngwaga le ngwaga mo masomeng a le mmalwa a dingwaga a a latelang.

 Tlhaloso 
Go fetofetoga ga tlelaemete go tlhalosiwa jaaka:

 "Mo dithulaganyong tsa batho, jaaka thulaganyo ya go tlwaela maemo a bosa a mmatota kgotsa a a lebeletsweng le ditlamorago tsa one go fokotsa kotsi kgotsa go dirisa ditshono tse di mosola": 5IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001. 
 "Mo dithulaganyong tsa tlholego, go itlwaetsa ke mokgwa wa go itlwaelanya le tlelaemete ya mmatota le ditlamorago tsa yone; go tsenelela ga motho go ka dira gore seno se nne motlhofo": 5 

 Go tlhaloganya se se tlhokegang 

 Go fetoga ga tlelaemete go ama patlisiso 
Ka kakaretso, thulaganyo ya maranyane ya go fetofetoga le maemo a bosa e simolola ka go sekaseka ditlamorago tse di ka nnang teng tsa diphetogo tsa tlelaemete mo bathong, mo ditsamaisong tsa ikholoji le mo tikologong. Ditlamorago tseno di ama matshelo, tsela ya go tshela, boitekanelo le boitekanelo, ditsamaiso tsa ikholoji le mefuta, dithoto tsa ikonomi, tsa loago le tsa setso le mafaratlhatlha. Tshekatsheko ya ditlamorago tse di ntseng jalo ke kgato e e botlhokwa ya go tlhaloganya dilo tse di tlhokegang le tse di ka dirwang mo nakong e e tlang.

Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022, selekanyô sa go gotêla ke 1.2°C (2.2°F), mme se mo tselêng ya go okêtsêga go 2.5 go ya go 2.9°C (4.5 go ya go 5.2°F) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga. Seno se baka ditlamorago tse di farologaneng.Ditlamorago tsê  dintsi tsê  di sa itumediseng tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete ga se diphetogo mo maemong a a tlwaelegileng, mme ke diphêtogo mo go fetofetogeng kgotsa maemo a a feteletseng. Ka sekai, palogare ya metsi a lewatlê mo boemakepeng e ka nna ya se ka ya nna botlhokwa jaaka bogodimo jwa metsi ka nako ya matsubutsubu a matsubutsube (a a bakang merwalela); palogare e e nang mo lefelong e ka nna e se botlhokwa jaaka gore go nna le dikomelelo tse di diregang ka metlha le tse di bogale le ditiragalo tsa pula e e feteletseng.

 Dikotsi tsa masetlapelo, go tsibogela le go ipaakanyetsa 
Ka ntlha ya gore phêtogô o ya seêmô sa bosa  ke sengwe se se nang le seabê mo kotsing ya masetlapelo, go fetofetoga ga tlelaemelo ka dinako tse dingwe go bonwa e le nngwe ya ditsamaiso tsê  dintsi tsa go fokotsa kotsi ya masetlapelo. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go fokotsa kotsi ya masetlapelo go tshwanetse ga nna mo ten5g ga tlhabololo e e tswelelang pele go tila go itlhaola mo ditlhogong tse di anameng go feta kotsi ya masetlapelo.

Matlhôtlhapelo gantsi a bakwa ke dikotsi tsa tlholego mme ka metlha a amana le ditiro tsa batho (kgotsa go sa dire sepe) kgotsa a ikaegile ka dithulaganyo tse di bakwang ke batho. Matlhôtlhapelo lhapelo, go latlhegelwa ke ikonomi le mathata a a ka fa tlase a a bakang kotsi a a oketsega, mme dikotsi tsa lefatshe jaaka phetogo ya tlelaemete di na le ditlamorago tse e dikgolo mo lefelong lengwe le lengwe. Jaaka go akanngwa gore phetogo ya tlelaemete e tla oketsa go nna teng le go nna masisi ga ditiragalo tsa maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le masetlapelo, go tlwaela le maemo a bosa go ka akaretsa dikgato tsa go ipaakanyetsa go okeditswe le bokgoni jo bo maleba jwa go tsibogela masetlapelo.

 Maikaelelo 
Mo bathong, go tlwaela go ikaeletse go fokotsa kgotsa go tila kotsi, le go dirisa ditshono; mo dithulaganyong tsa tlholego, batho ba ka tsereganya go thusa go tlwaela.

 Maikaelelo a molao 

Gape go ne ga tlhomiwa Mokgele wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa go Fetofetoga le Maemo ka Tumalano ya Paris. E ikaegile thata ka go tshegetsa maikaelelo a nako e telele a mekgatlho a go ikamahanya le maemo le go tshegetsa ka matlole dinaga tse di amegang thata ka ditlhokego tsa go ikamaanya le maemo mo tsamaisong ya maikaelelo a 1.5/2°C. E na le dikarolo di le tharo tsa konokono: go fokotsa go nna bokoa mo go direng gore batho ba se ka ba amiwa ke diphetogo tsa tlelaemete, go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa go fetogafetoga le maemo le go nonotsha nonofo ya go itshireletsa.

 Fokotsa dilo tse di ka nnang kotsi: go nna mo kotsing le go tsenwa ke batho mo kotsing 
Adaptation can help decrease climate risk via the three interacting risk factors: hazards, vulnerability and exposure. It is not possible to directly reduce hazards (hazards are affected by current and future changes in climate). Instead, adaptation addresses risks of climate impacts from the interactions among climate-related hazards, and the exposure and vulnerability of affected human and ecological systems. Exposure refers to the presence of people, livelihoods, ecosystems, other assets etc. in places that could be negatively affected. Exposure can be decreased by retreating from areas with high climate risks, such as floodplains and by improving systems for early warnings and evacuations. Climate change vulnerability is 'the propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected' by climate change. It can apply to humans but also to natural systems (ecosystems). Human and ecosystem vulnerability are interdependent. Climate change vulnerability encompasses "a variety of concepts and elements, including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt". Vulnerability can be decreased in urban settings through using green garden spaces to reduce heat stress and food insecurity for low-income neighbourhoods.

Go tlhaselwa ke dikotsi tsa tlelaemete go ka fokodiwa ka thuso ya go tlwaela tikologo. Ka sekai, merwalela e ka thibelwa fa e le gore mangrove a na le bokgoni jwa go fokotsa maatla a matsubutsubu. Ka jalo, tshireletso ya tikologo ya mangrove e ka nna mofuta wa go itlwaetsa. Inshorense le mefutafuta ya dilo tsa go itshedisa di oketsa go emelana le go fokotsa go sa sireletsega. Dikgato tse dingwe tsa go fokotsa go sa sireletsega di akaretsa go nonotsha tshireletso ya loago le go aga mafaratlhatlha a a kgonang go emelana le dikotsi.

 Go oketsa bokgoni jwa go fetofetoga le maemo 
Bokgoni jwa go fetofetoga le maemo a go fetoga ga tlelaemete ke bokgoni jwa tsamaiso (ya motho, ya tlholego kgotsa e e laolwang) go fetofakkaanya le phetogo ya tlelaemé (go akaretsa go fetofogo ga tlelaomete le go feteletsa dilo) go fokotsa tshenyo e e ka nnang teng, go dirisa ditshono, kgotsa go lepalepana le ditlamorago. Jaaka karolo, bokgoni jwa go itlwaetsa bo farologane le go itlwaelanya ka bogone. Ka mafoko a a dirisiwang, bokgoni jwa go itlwaetsa ke bokgoni jwa go tlhama le go dirisa maano a a atlegang a go itlwaelanya, kgotsa go tsibogela dikotsi tse di fetogang le dikgatelelo go fokotsa kgonagalo ya ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa dikotsi tse di amanang le tlelaemete.Brooks, N and Adger, WN (2005) Assessing and enhancing adaptive capacity. In: Adaptation Policy Frameworks for Climate Change: Developing Strategies, Policies and Measures. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 165-181.

 ithoto tsa itsholelo: Dinaga tse di humileng di kgona go rwala ditshenyegelo tsa go tlwaela phetogo ya tlelaemete go feta tse di humanegileng.

Mo mabakeng a le mantsi, dikgato tsa go rotloetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang pele di tshwana le tsa bokgoni jwa go fetofetoga, mme mefuta e mebedi ya ditiro e ka fokotsa kotsi ya tlelaemete fa e le go tlhagisa melemo ya tlhabololo.Neufeldt, H., Sanchez Martinez, G., Olhoff, A., Knudsen, C. M. S., & Dorkenoo, K. E. J. (Eds.) (2018). The Adaptation Gap Report 2018. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya. United Nations Environment Programme.  Ditiro tseno di ka akaretsa: Go tokafatsa go fitlhelela didirisiwa, go fokotsa lehuma, go fokotsa go sa lekalekane ga didirisiwa le khumo mo gare ga ditlhopha, go tokafatsa thuto le tshedimosetso, go tokafatša mafaratlhatlha, go tokafadiwa ga bokgoni le bokgoni jwa ditheo, go rotloetsa mekgwa ya selegae, kitso, le maitemogelo.: 899 

 Go nonotsha go emelana le maemo 
Go kgona go emelana le maemo a bosa go tsewa e le go nna le bokgoni jwa setšhaba, jwa ikonomi le jwa ditsamaiso tsa tikologo jwa go emelana le tiragalo e e kotsi kgotsa mokgwa kgotsa tlhakatlhakano mme go akaretsa bokgoni jwa go rulaganya sesha le go ithuta.: 7 Tlhaloso eno e tshwana le ya go fetogafetoga ga tlelaemete. Le fa go ntse jalo, go kgona go itshireletsa go tsamaisana le mokgwa o o ikaegileng thata ka thulaganyo wa go amogela diphetogo, le go dirisa diphetogo tseo go dira gore go nne le thulaganyo e e botoka. Kgopolo ke gore bathapiwa ba ka nna ba tsereganya go rulaganya tsamaiso sesha fa go nna le tlhakatlhakano e e dirang gore go nne le tshono ya go dira jalo.: 174 Ba ka kaela thulaganyo ya go rulaganya sesha ka ditsela tse di eletsegang thata (jaaka go fitlhelela mekgele ya loago kana ya tlhabololo).

 Melemo e e kopanetsweng le go fokotsa 
Mekgwa ya go fokotsa phetogo ya tlelaemete e tsamaisana le maiteko a go itlwaetsa: 128 Go fokotsa go gotela, ka go fokotsa digase tse di bakang go gotela le go di tlosa mo atemosefereng, gape go itsege jaaka go fokotsa phetego ya tlelaomete.Ara Begum, R., R. Lempert, E. Ali, T.A. Benjaminsen, T. Bernauer, W. Cramer, X. Cui, K. Mach, G. Nagy, N.C. Stenseth, R. Sukumar, and P. Wester, 2022: Chapter 1: Point of Departure and Key Concepts. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 121–196, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.003.  

Go na le tirisanommogo (dithuso tse di kopanetsweng) magareng ga go tlwaela le go fokotsa. Tirisanommogo e akaretsa melemo ya dipalangwa tsa botlhe go fokotsa le go tlwaela. Dipalangwa tsa botlhe di na le digase tse di kwa tlase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe ka kilometara nngwe le nngwe e di tsamayang go feta dikoloi. Tsamaiso e e siameng ya dipalangwa tsa botlhe gape e oketsa go emelana le masetlapelo: go fuduga le go tsena ka tshoganyetso go nna bonolo. Go fokotsega ga kgotlelo ya mowa go tswa mo dipalangweng tsa botlhe go tokafatsa boitekanelo, e e ka felelang ka go tokafatsa go emelana ga ikonomi, jaaka badiri ba ba itekanetseng sentle ba dira botoka.

 Ditlhopho ka mofuta wa tiro 
Go na le ditsela tse dintsi tsa go tsibogela diphetogo (tse gape di itsegeng e le dikgato tsa go fetogafetoga, maano kgotsa ditharabololo) tse di dirisiwang go thusa go laola ditlamorago le dikotsi mo bathong le mo tikologong.

Go itlwaetsa ga jaanong go na le go tlhoma mogopolo mo dikotsing tsa tlelaemete tsa mo nakong e e fa gaufi mme go lebagane le mafapha a a rileng, a a jaaka metsi le temothuo, le dikgaolo, jaaka Afrika le Asia. Go botlhokwa go tswala dikgala tse di leng teng fa gare ga phetogo e e dirisiwang le ditlhokego tsa gone jaanong (go ya ka tlelaemete ya gompieno) go fokotsa dikotsi go ya kwa maemong a a ka kgonegang. Le fa go ntse jalo, go itlwaetsa mo isagweng le gone go tshwanetse go bonela pele dikotsi tsa mo isagweng tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete. Go dira sentle ga ditlhopho dingwe go ka nna ga fokotsega fa go ntse go oketsega go gotela ga lefatshe kgotsa go ka nna go sa kgonege gotlhelele.

 Go fetolwa ga mafaratlhatlha le thekenoloji (go akaretsa boenjenere, tikologo e e agilweng, le ditharabololo tsa thekenoloji ya maemo a a kwa godimo);
 Go fetofetoga ga ditheo (mekgatlho ya ikonomi, melao le taolo, dipholisi le dithulaganyo tsa puso).
 Boitshwaro le setso (maano a motho le a lelapa mmogo le mekgwa ya loago le ya setšhaba);
 Ditharabololo tse di ikaegileng ka tlholego (go akaretsa le ditsela tsa go itlwaetsa tikologo)

 Ditlhopho tsa motheo le tsa thekenoloji 
Go tsosolosa dikgwa ke nngwe ya ditsela tsa go emisa go fetoga ga naga sekaka go go bakwang ke phetogo ya tlelaemete e e bakwang ke batho le tiriso ya lefatshe e e sa nnelang ruri. Nngwe ya diporojeke tse di botlhokwa thata ke Great Green Wall e e tshwanetseng go emisa go atolosiwa ga sekaka sa Sahara go ya kwa borwa. Ka 2018 go setse go fitlheletswe 15% fela ya yone, mme go setse go na le ditlamorago tse dintsi tse di siameng, tse di akaretsang: "Go feta diheketara di le dimilione di le 12 (diheketara di di le dimilione tse 5) tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng di tsosolositswe kwa Nigeria; mo e ka nnang diheketara tse di kgonang go emelana le komelelo di jetswe go ralala Senegal; mme diheketara e kgolo di le dimilione tše 37 tsa lefatshe di tsosoloseditswe kwa Ethiopia fela go umaka dinaga di le mmalwa tse di amegang". "Metsi a le mantsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a ne a tladitswe ka metsi a a nowang, ditoropo tsa selegae di tladitswe dijo tse di oketsegileng, le metswedi e mesha ya tiro le lotseno lwa baagi ba motse, ka ntlha ya tlhokego ya go tlhokomela ditlhare".

 Dikgatelelo tsa go fuduga 

 Batho 
Go fuduga go ka bonwa jaaka go tlwaela: batho ba ka kgona go dira lotseno lo lo oketsegileng, go dira dilo tse di farologaneng tsa go itshedisa, le go anamisa kotsi ya tlelaemete. Seno se farologana le dilo tse dingwe tse pedi tse di amanang le go fuduga le phetogo ya tikologo: go fuduga jaaka kgang ya ditshwanelo tsa botho le go fudugela jaaka kgang ya tshireletsego. Mo thulaganyong ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, ditlamorago tsa molao di akaretsa go tlhabolola ditsamaiso tsa tshireletso ya bafaladi, fa tshireletsego e e okeditsweng ya molelwane e ka nna ya bo e le go rulaganya go fuduga jaaka kgang ya tshireletsege ya bosetšhaba. Ka dinako tse dingwe mekgwa eno e a kopanngwa go tlhabolola ditharabololo (melao le dipholisi) tse di ikaelelang go nna tse di ka dirisiwang, go akanyediwa matshwenyego a bosetšhaba, le go ya ka ditshwanelo tsa botho. Mo godimo ga moo, go ka nna ga nna le dikarolo tsa ikonomi tsa go fuduga ka selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa go fuduga le go fuduga ga badiri ba ba nang le bokgoni ka se batho ba ba dirang ditshwetso mo nageng e e kgakala kgotsa e e fa gaufi le naga e ba tswang kwa go yone ba ka se akanyetsang. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, phetogo ya tlelaemete gape e ka gakatsa go sa babalesega ga ikonomi kgotsa go sa tlhomamang ga sepolotiki jaaka mabaka a go fuduga go feta dithemperetšha le ditiragalo tsa maemo a bosa a a feteletseng.

 Metswedi 
Karolo:Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi
Karolo:Climate ecology
Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations