Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Lewatle la India

Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Lewatle la India, e ka dinako tse dingwe e neng e itsege jaaka kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika Botlhaba, e ne e akaretsa go tshwara le go tsamaisa makgoba a bontsi jwa one a neng a le kwa borwa jwa Sahara go bapa le matshitshi, a a tshwanang le Letshitshi la Swahili le Lenaka la Afrika, le go ralala Lewatle la India. Mafelo a a amegileng a ne a akaretsa Aforika Botlhaba, Arabea Borwa, letshitshi la bophirima la India, ditlhaketlhake tsa lewatle la India (go akaretsa Madagascar) le borwabotlhaba jwa Asia go akaretsa Java.

Motswedi wa makgoba o ne o le kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara, mme gape o ne o akaretsa Aforika Bokone le Botlhabagare, ditlhaketlhake tsa Lewatle la India, mmogo le Asia Borwa. Le fa kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Lewatleng la India e simolotse dingwaga di le dikete tse nne tse di fetileng, e ne ya atologa thata kwa bokhutlong jwa bogologolo (lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga C.E.) fa go ne go tlhaga dikgwebo tsa kgwebo tsa Byzantine le Sassanid. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya MaMuslim e simolotse ka lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga, mme selekanyo sa kgwebo se ne se fetogafetoga le go tlhatloga le go wa ga dipuso tsa lefelo leo. Go simolola ka lekgolo la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga, makgoba a ne a rekisiwa kwa mafatsheng a Amerika, go akaretsa le kwa dikoloning tsa Caribbean, fa mafatshe a a maatla a Yuropa Bokone, Bophirima le Borwa di ne di simolola go nna le seabe mo kgwebong ya makgoba. Kgwebo e ne ya fokotsega fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga."Indian Ocean and Middle Eastern Slave Trades". obo. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.Harries, Patrick (17 June 2015). "The story of East Africa's role in the transatlantic slave trade". The Conversation. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.

 Ditso 

 Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Bogologolo ya Lewatle la India 
Kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Lewatleng la India e simolotse ka 2500 BCE.Freamon, Bernard K. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. Brill. p. 78. The "globalized" Indian Ocean trade in fact has substantially earlier, even pre-Islamic, global roots. These roots extend back to at least 2500 BCE, suggesting that the so-called "globalization" of the Indian Ocean trading phenomena, including slave trading, was in reality a development that was built upon the activities of pre-Islamic Middle Eastern empires, which activities were in turn inherited, appropriated, and improved upon by the Muslim empires that followed them, and then, after that, they were again appropriated, exploited, and improved upon by Western European interveners. Bababelona ba bogologolo, Baegepeto, Bagerika, Baindia le Baperesia botlhe ba ne ba gweba ka makgoba ka selekanyo se sennye go kgabaganya Lewatle la India (mme ka dinako tse dingwe le Lewatle le Lehibidu).Freamon, Bernard K. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. Brill. pp. 79–80. Kgwebo ya makgoba mo Lewatleng le Lehibidu mo e ka nnang ka nako ya ga Alexander yo Mogolo e tlhalosiwa ke Agatharchides. Geographica ya ga Strabo (e e weditsweng morago ga 23 C.E.) e umaka Bagerika ba ba tswang kwa Egepeto ba ba neng ba gweba ka makgoba kwa maemelodikepeng a Adulis le kwa maemelodikepeng a mangwe jwa Lenaka la Aforika.Freamon, Bernard K. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. Brill. pp. 82–83. Natural History ya ga Pliny Elder (e e gatisitsweng ka 77 C.E.) le yone e tlhalosa kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Lewatleng la India.

Mo lekgolong la ntlha la dingwaga C.E.,  Periplus of the Erythraean Sea o ne a gakolola ka ditshono tsa go gweba ka makgoba mo kgaolong eo, segolobogolo mo go gwebeng ka "basetsana ba bantle gore ba nne dinyatsi." Go ya ka buka eno, makgoba a ne a romelwa kwa mafelong a mangwe go tswa kwa Omana (e e ka tswang e le Oman wa segompieno) le Kanê gaufi le letshitshi la  bophirima jwa India. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya bogologolo ya Lewatle la India e ne ya kgontshiwa ke go aga dikepe tse di kgonang go rwala batho ba le bantsi kwa Kgogometsong ya Peresia go dirisiwa dikgong tse di neng di tswa kwa India. Ditiro tseo tsa go aga dikepe di simolotse kwa morago kwa metlheng ya Babelona le Ba-Achaemenid.Freamon, Bernard K. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. Brill. pp. 81–82.

Bagwebi ba Gujarati ba ne ba fetoga go nna batlhotlhomisi ba ntlha ba Lewatle la India fa ba ne ba gweba ka makgoba le dithoto tsa Aforika jaaka dinaka tsa ditlou le dikgapha tsa khudu. Ba-Gujarati ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya bokgoba kwa Mombasa, Zanzibar le, ka selekanyo se se rileng, kwa kgaolong ya Borwa jwa Aforika."'Even British were envious of Gujaratis'". The Times of India. 28 September 2013. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025. Ma-Indonesia le bone e ne e le batsayakarolo, mme ba tlisa diloko go tla go gweba mo Aforika. Ba ka bo ba boile ka India le Sri Lanka ba tshwere ditlou, tshipi, matlalo le makgoba.Beale, Philip. "From Indonesia to Africa:Borobudur Ship Expedition" (PDF).
Morago ga gore mebuso ya Byzantine le Sasanian e tsene mo kgwebong ya makgoba ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 6 AD, e ne ya nna kgwebo e kgolo.

Cosmas Indicopleustes o ne a kwala mo bukeng ya gagwe ya Bokeresete (550 C.E.) gore ditoropo tsa boemakepe tsa Somalia di ne di romela makgoba a a neng a tshwerwe kwa teng kwa Egepeto wa Byzantium ka Lewatle le Lehibidu. O ne gape a umaka go tlisiwa ga baopafadiwa ke Ba-Byzantium go tswa kwa Mesopotamia le India. Morago ga ngwagakgolo wa ntlha, thomelontle ya Maaforika a mantsho go tswa kwa Tanzania, Mozambique le ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa Bantu e ne ya nna "ntlha e e sa fetogeng". Ka fa tlase ga Sasanians, kgwebisano ya Lewatle la India e ne e sa tshegetse fela dipalangwa tsa makgoba, mme gape le tsa barutegi le bagwebi.

 Kgwebo ya makgoba ya MaMuslim kwa Lewatleng la India 
Lefatshe la Mamoseleme le ne la atologa mo ditseleng tsa kgwebo, tse di jaaka tsela ya silika mo lekgolong la bo8 la dingwaga. Jaaka fa maatla le bogolo jwa dineteweke tsa kgwebisano tsa Mamoseleme di ntse di gola, bagwebi ba ba neng ba le mo ditseleng ba ne ba rotloediwa go sokologela mo Boiselamong, ka seno se ne se tla ba naya phitlhelelo ya batho ba ba ikgolaganyang le bone, ditsela tsa kgwebisano le go amogelwa mabapi le melao ya kgwebisano ka fa tlase ga puso ya Mamoseleme. Ka lekgolo la bolesome le motso la dingwaga, Kilwa, e e mo lotshitshing lwa Tanzania ya segompieno, e ne e fetogile lefelo le le humileng le le tletseng la kgwebo e e neng e laolwa ke Bamoseleme ya makgoba le gauta.[9]

Dithomelontle tsa makgoba kwa lefatsheng la Mamoseleme go tswa kwa Lewatleng la India di simolotse morago ga gore bagwebi ba Mamoseleme ba Maarabia le Baswahili ba fenye taolo ya Lebopo la Mamoseleme le ditsela tsa lewatle ka ngwagakgolo wa bo9 (bona Sultanate of Zanzibar). Bagwebi bano ba ne ba gapa batho ba Bantu (Zanj) go tswa kwa nageng e e kwa teng mo mafatsheng a gompieno a Kenya, Mozambique, le Tanzania mme ba ba tlisa kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle.[10][11] Koo, makgoba a ne a tlwaelana ka iketlo le kwa metseselegaeng, bogolosegolo kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Unguja le Pemba.[12] Bagwebi ba Mamoseleme ba ne ba gweba ka makgoba a a fopholediwang go 1000 a Aforika ka ngwaga magareng ga 800 le 1700, palo e e neng ya gola go fitlha go c.4000 ka nako ya lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga, le 3700 ka nako ya 1800–1870.[go tlhokega nopolo]

William Gervase Clarence-Smith o kwala gore go fopholetsa palo ya makgoba a a neng a rekisiwa go nnile le dikganetsano mo lefatsheng la barutegi, segolobogolo fa go tla mo kgwebong ya makgoba mo mafelong a Lewatle la India le Lewatle le Lehibidu.[13]: 1 Fa go fopholediwa palo ya batho ba ba tswang kwa Botlhaba jwa Hisitori ya Aforika, Pétré-Grenouilleau[14][15] ba fopholetsa gore ke dimilione di le 8 jaaka palogotlhe ya batho ba ba neng ba rwalwa go tloga ka ngwagakgolo wa bo7 go fitlha ka 1920, e leng palogare ya batho ba le 5 700 ka ngwaga. Bontsi jwa makgoba ano a ne a rwalwa ke Lewatle la India le Lewatle le Lehibidu ka Zanzibar.[16]

Seno se bapisiwa le phopholetso ya bone ya gore batho ba le dimilione di le 9 ba dirilwe makgoba le go rwalwa ka Sahara. Batshwarwa bano ba ne ba rekisiwa go ralala Botlhabagare le Afrika Botlhaba. Kgwebisano eno e ne ya oketsega ka bonako fa dikepe tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kwa godimo di ne di dira gore go nne le kgwebisano e ntsi le go batlega badiri ba le bantsi mo masimong mo kgaolong. Kgabagare, go ne go tsewa batshwarwa ba le dikete di le masomesome ngwaga le ngwaga.[12][17][18]

Tiro ya makgoba mo Aforika Botlhaba e ne e gogilwe go tswa mo bathong ba Zanj, Bantu ba ba neng ba nna go bapa le lebopo la Aforika Botlhaba.[11][19] Ba-Zanj ba ne ba romelwa kwa dinageng tsotlhe tse di bapileng le Lewatle la India e le makgoba ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga. Ba-caliph ba Umayyad le Abbasid ba ne ba thapa makgoba a le mantsi a Zanj go nna masole mme, go tloga ka 696, go ne ga nna le ditsuolodi tsa masole a makgoba a Zanj kwa Iraq.[20]

Mokwalo wa Se-China wa lekgolo la bo7 la dingwaga o umaka baemedi ba ba tswang kwa Java ba ba neng ba naya mmusimogolo wa China makgoba a mabedi a Seng Chi (Zanj) e le dimpho ka 614. Ditiragalo tsa lekgolo la bo8 le la bo9 la dingwaga di umaka makgoba a Seng Chi a a neng a fitlha kwa China go tswa kwa bogosing jwa Sehindu jwa Sri Vijaya kwa Java.[20] Moithutafatshe wa Moarabia wa lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga e bong al-Idrisi o kwadile gore mmusi wa setlhaketlhake sa Peresia sa Kish "o tlhasela naga ya Zanj ka dikepe tsa gagwe mme a tsaya batshwarwa ba le bantsi."[21] Go ya ka motlhotlhomisi wa Mo-Berber wa lekgolo la bo14 la dingwaga e bong Ibn Battuta, di-sultan tsa kgaolo ya Kilwa Sultanad e ne e tla dira eng. makgoba.[22]

Botsuolodi jwa Zanj, motseletsele wa ditsuolodi tse di diragetseng fa gare ga 869 le 883 AD gaufi le toropo ya Basra (e e itsiweng gape jaaka Basara), e e mo Iraq ya gompieno, go dumelwa gore e ne e akaretsa Zanj e e neng e dirilwe makgoba e e neng e tshwerwe kwa tshimologong go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Makadiba a Magolo a Aforika Sother2th and areas3. Botsuolodi bo ne jwa gola go akaretsa makgoba le banna ba ba gololesegileng ba ba fetang 500,000 ba ba neng ba tlisitswe go tswa kwa mmusomogolong wa Mamoseleme mme ba bolaya "matshelo a le dikete di le masomesome kwa Iraq e e kwa tlase".[24]

Ba-Zanj ba ba neng ba isiwa jaaka makgoba kwa Botlhabagare gantsi ba ne ba dirisiwa mo tirong e e bokete ya temothuo.[25] Fa ikonomi ya masimo e ntse e gola mme Baarabia ba ntse ba huma, ba ne ba simolola go tsaya temothuo le tiro e nngwe ya diatla e le tse di nyenyefatsang. Tlhaelo ya badiri e e neng ya nna teng e ne ya felela ka gore go nne le mmaraka o o oketsegileng wa makgoba.

Go tlhomame gore makgoba a mantsi a ne a romelwa kwa dinageng tse dingwe go tswa kwa botlhaba jwa Afrika; bosupi jo bo gaisang jwa seno ke bogolo jwa botsuolodi jwa Zanj kwa Iraq mo lekgolong la bo9 la dingwaga, le fa gone e ne e se makgoba otlhe a a neng a amega e ne e le a Zanj. Ga go na bosupi jo bontsi jwa gore Zanj e tswa mo karolong efe ya botlhaba jwa Afrika, ka gonne go bonala fano leina leno le dirisiwa ka kakaretso, go na le go kaya karolo e e rileng ya lebopo, go tswa mo e ka nnang 3°N. go ya go 5°S., e leina leno le neng la dirisiwa mo go yone.[26]

Ba Zanj ba ne ba tlhokega go lema:

delta ya Tigris-Euphrates, e e neng e fetogile naga e e tlogetsweng ya motlhaba ka ntlha ya go fuduga ga balemirui le morwalela o o neng o boaboelediwa, [mme] [sic] e ne e ka busediwa ka tiro e e tseneletseng. Beng ba ditsha ba ba humileng "ba ne ba amogetse dithuso tse dintsi tsa lefatshe la makhubu a lewatle ka maemo a gore ba tla le dira gore le kgone go lengwa." Ntšhi e ne e tlhagelela thata mo dijalong tsa masimo a bone, segolobogolo kwa Porofenseng ya Khūzestān. Zanj o ne a bereka gape le meepo ya letswai ya Mesopotamia, bogolo jang go dikologa Basra.[27]

Ditiro tsa bone e ne e le go tlosa mmu o o kwa godimo o o nang le naeterose o o neng o dira gore lefatshe le kgone go lengwa. Maemo a tiro a re re tsewa e le e e bogale thata e bile e le e e utlwisang botlhoko. Batho ba bangwe ba le bantsi ba ne ba tlisiwa jaaka makgoba mo kgaolong, kwa ntle ga Zanj.[28]
Raditso M. A. Shaban o nganga gore botsuolodi joo e ne e se botsuolodi jwa makgoba, mme e ne e le botsuolodi jwa batho bantsho (zanj). Go ya ka ene, le fa makgoba a le mmalwa a a neng a tshabile a ne a kopanela mo botsuoloding jono, bontsi jwa batsayakarolo e ne e le Maarabia le Zanj e e gololesegileng. O dumela gore fa botsuolodi bo ka bo bo eteletswe pele ke makgoba, ba ka bo ba tlhaetse ditsompelo tse di tlhokegang go lwantsha puso ya Abbasid ka lobaka lo loleele jaaka ba dirile.[29]

Kwa Somalia, batho ba bannye ba Bantu ba tswa mo ditlhopheng tsa Bantu tse di neng di ntse kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Aforika morago ga katoloso ya ntlha go tswa kwa Nigeria/Cameroon. Go fitlhelela tlhokego ya tiro ya maemo a a kwa tlase, Bantus go tswa kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Aforika ba ba neng ba tshwerwe ke bagwebi ba makgoba ba Somalia ba ne ba rekisiwa ka bontsi jo bo kokoantsweng mo makgolong a dingwaga go bareki kwa Somalia le kwa mafelong a mangwe kwa Bokonebotlhaba jwa Aforika le Asia.[30] Batho ba ba neng ba tshwerwe mo lefelong leo ka nako ya dintwa le diphuduso, bontsi jwa bone e le ba tshimologo ya Oromo le Nilotic, le bone ka dinako dingwe ba ne ba dirwa makgoba ke Basomalia.[31][32][33] Le fa go ntse jalo, temogo, go tshwarwa, go tshwarwa le ditiro tsa ditlhopha tse pedi tse tsa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba di ne di farologana thata.[33][34]

Go tloga ka 1800 go fitlha ka 1890, go akanngwa gore makgoba a Bantu a a fa gare ga 25,000 le 50,000 a ne a rekisiwa go tswa kwa mmarakeng wa makgoba wa Zanzibar go ya kwa lotshitshing lwa Somalia.[35] Bontsi jwa makgoba a ne a tswa kwa merafeng ya Majindo, Makua, Nyasa, Yao, Zalama, Zaramo le Zigua ya kwa Tanzania, Mozambique le Malawi. Ka kakaretso, ditlhopha tseno tsa Bantu di itsege jaaka Mushunguli, e leng lereo le le tserweng mo go Mzigula, lefoko la morafe wa Zigua le le kayang "batho" (lefoko le le tshotse bokao jo bontsi jo bo kailweng go akaretsa "modiri", "motswakwa", le "lekgoba").[36]

Mojanala wa lekgolo la bo14 la dingwaga e bong Ibn Battuta o ne a kopana le mosetsana mongwe wa Moarabia wa kwa Siria yo o tswang kwa Damaseko yo o neng a tshwerwe e le lekgoba la mmusi mongwe wa Moafrika yo montsho kwa Mali. Ibn Battuta o ne a simolola go tlotla le ene ka Searabia. Monna yo montsho e ne e le moithuti wa Boiselamo yo o bidiwang Farba Sulayman. O ne a tlola molao phatlalatsa mo Boiselamong kgatlhanong le go dira Maarabia makgoba.[42][43]

Basetsana ba kwa Siria ba ne ba rekisiwa go tswa kwa Siria go ya kwa Saudi Arabia go fitlha pelenyana fela ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe II. Ba ne ba nyalwa ke banna ba Maarabia gore ba kgone go ba kgabaganya molelwane ka fa molaong mme morago ga moo ba ne ba tlhalana mme ba newa banna ba bangwe. Basiria Dr. Midhat le Shaikh Yusuf ba ne ba latofadiwa ka go nna le seabe mo kgwebisanong eno ya basetsana ba Basiria go ba tlamela kwa Saudi.[44][45]

Kgogometso ya Bengal le Malabar kwa India e ne e le metswedi ya batlhanka ba kgotlatshekelo ya Safavid ya Iran, go ya ka Jean Chardin.[46] Motlotlegi Thomas Herbert o ne a tsamaya le Robert Shirley ka 1627-9 go ya kwa Iran ya Safavid. O ne a bega gore o ne a bona makgoba a Baindia a rekisediwa Iran, "makgoba a a fetang makgolo a mararo a Baperesia ba neng ba a reka kwa India: Baperesia, Ba-Ientew (baditšhaba [ke gore Bahindu]) Bannaras [Bhandaris?], le ba bangwe." e ne ya tlisiwa kwa Bandar Abbas ka sekepe go tswa kwa Surat ka 1628.[47]

Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1760, Moarabia Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie o ne a dira Mamoseleme a mangwe makgoba ka bontsi fa a ne a tlhasela Borneo e e mo lebopong ka go tlola molao wa sharia, pele a tlhoma Puso ya Pontianak.[48]

Raoul du Bisson o ne a tsamaya a fologa Lewatle le Lehibidu fa a bona moopafadiwa yo mogolo wa montsho wa ga Sharif wa Mecca a tlisiwa kwa Constantinople go tla go sekisiwa ka ntlha ya go imisa mogadingwana wa Mo-Circassia wa ga Sharif le go tlhakanela dikobo le ntlo ya gagwe yotlhe ya basadi ba Ba-Circassia le Ba-Georgia. Moopafadiwa yo mogolo wa montsho o ne a sa kgaolwa sentle ka jalo o ne a santse a kgona go imisa. Bisson o begile gore basadi ba ne ba nwela jaaka kotlhao.[49][50][a] Basadi ba le lesome le bobedi ba Georgia ba ne ba romelwa kwa Sharif go emisetsa bagadingwana ba ba neng ba nwela.[51]

Emily Ruete (Salama bint Said) o tshotswe ke Sultan Said bin Sultan le Jilfidan, mogadingwana wa lekgoba la Mo-Circassia (dipego dingwe di mo kwala e le Mo-Georgia[52][53][54]) motswasetlhabelo wa kgwebo ya makgoba a Mo-Circassia. Mosetsana wa lekgoba la Moindia yo o bidiwang Mariam (yo kwa tshimologong e neng e le Fatima) o ne a feleletsa a le kwa Zanzibar morago ga go rekisiwa ke banna ba le bantsi. O ne a tswa kwa Bombay kwa tshimologong. Gape go ne go na le makgoba a basetsana a Georgia kwa Zanzibar.[55] Banna kwa Egepeto le Hejaz e ne e le bareki ba basadi ba Maindia ba ba neng ba rekisiwa ka Aden le Goa.[56][57]

E re ka Boritane e ne e thibela kgwebo ya makgoba mo dikoloning tsa yone, Aden wa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga o o neng o busiwa ke Boritane o ne o sa tlhole o amogela makgoba kafa molaong. Makgoba ao a a neng a rometswe go tswa kwa Ethiopia go ya kwa Arabia a ne a romelwa kwa Hejaz boemong jwa go rekisiwa.[58]

Baopafadiwa, bagadingwana ba basadi, le badiri ba banna e ne e le ditiro tse dikgolo tsa makgoba a a neng a rometswe go tswa kwa Ethiopia go ya kwa Jidda le dikarolo tse dingwe tsa Hejaz.[59] Dikarolo tsa borwabophirima le borwa jwa Ethiopia di ne di tlamela ka bontsi jwa basetsana ba ba neng ba romelwa kwa ntle ke bagwebi ba makgoba ba Ethiopia kwa India le Arabia.[60] Makgoba a basadi le a banna go tswa kwa Ethiopia a ne a dira tlamelo e kgolo ya makgoba kwa India le Botlhabagare.[61] Makgoba a Ethiopia, bobedi jwa basadi ba ba neng ba tsenngwa jaaka bagadingwana le banna ba ne ba tsenngwa jaaka baopafadiwa, ba ne ba tsenngwa kwa Iran ya lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga.[62][63] Sudan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, le Zanzibar di ne tsa romela bontsi jwa makgoba a a neng a rekisiwa kwa Iran ya lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga.[64] Metswedi e megolo ya makgoba ano, a otlhe a neng a feta kwa Matamma, Massawa le Tadjoura kwa Lewatleng le Lehibidu, e ne e le karolo e e kwa borwabophirima .

 Metswedi