Fortress of the Immaculate Conception

Kago ya Phemelo ya Boitsholo jo bo Senang Selabe, (Sepanishe: El Castillo de la Inmaculada Concepción) ke kago ya phemelo e e mo 

lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa lwa Noka ya San Juan (Río San Juan), kwa motseng wa El Castillo kwa borwa jwa Nicaragua. Kago ya phemelo e mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le 6 go tswa kwa molelwaneng le Costa Rica, kwa dinokeng tse di bofefo tsa Raudal del Diablo tsa Noka ya San Juan. E ne ya wediwa ka 1675 e le karolo ya motseletsele wa dikago tsa phemelo go bapa le Noka ya San Juan, go itshireletsa kgatlhanong le ditlhaselo tsa dirukutlhi mo toropong ya Granada (e e ka fitlhelelwang ka go tsamaya ka sekepe go ya kwa godimo go tswa kwa Lewatleng la Caribbean go bapa le Noka ya San Juan go tsena mo Letsheng la Nicaragua). Go nna ga El Castillo le kago ya yone ya phemelo go ne ga tswelela go le botlhokwa thata mo go Mokapotene Mogolo wa Guatemala go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga.

Letshwao la botlhokwa la hisitori la Nicaragua, kago ya phemelo e mo lenaaneng la mafelo jaaka kgato ya ntlha ya go fitlhelela maemo a Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe le Mokgatlho wa Ditšhabakopano wa Thuto, Saense le Setso (UNESCO).

 Hisetori 
Lekgolo la bo16 la dingwaga

Gil González Dávila e ne e le mofenyi wa Mo-Spain e bile e le Moyuropa wa ntlha go goroga kwa Nicaragua ya gompieno. Fa a sena go ribolola "lewatle la metsi a a phepa" (Letsha la Nicaragua) ka Ferikgong 21, 1522, o ne a fopholetsa gore le ne le elela mo Lewatleng la Caribbean.Robert Edwin Peary (1889). "The Río San Juan de Nicaragua". Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York. 21: 57–86. doi:10.2307/196656. ISSN 1949-8535. JSTOR 196656. Retrieved 2011-04-23. Francisco Hernández de Córdoba e ne e le mofenyi yo mongwe wa Mo-Spain yo o neng a tlhoma toropo ya Granada (toropo ya ntlha ya bokoloniale jwa Spain kwa Amerika Bogare) mo lotshitshing lwa Letsha la Nicaragua ka Sedimonthole 8, 1524. Sebastián de Belalcázar o ne a ya go bona Letsha la Nicaragua. Ba ne ba atlega go bona tsela ya metsi e e neng e tsamaya go ya kwa botlhaba go ya kwa Lewatleng la Caribbean, mme ba bega gore ga e kgone go tsamaya ka dikepe.David Ewing Duncan (1996). "The invasion of Nicaragua". Hernando De Soto: a savage quest in the Americas. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 78. ISBN 0-8061-2977-8. Retrieved 2011-04-23Kgabagare Martin Estete, yo e neng e le moagi wa kwa Granada, o ne a bona fa Letsha la Nicaragua le tswang teng ka 1528 mme a le bitsa Río San Juan. Estete o ne a sa kgone go feta mo dinokeng tse di bofefo le fa go ntse jalo, ka gonne noka e ne e le kwa tlase ka nako eo.Robert Edwin Peary (1889). "The Río San Juan de Nicaragua". Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York. 21: 57–86. doi:10.2307/196656. ISSN 1949-8535. JSTOR 196656. Retrieved 2011-04-23. Ka 1529, Diego Machuca o ne a nna monna wa ntlha go fitlha kwa Lewatleng la Caribbean go tswa kwa Letsheng la Nicaragua. Fa Machuca le setlhopha sa gagwe ba sena go dikologa letsha leno ka setlhopha sa dikepe, ba ne ba tsena mo Nokeng ya San Juan. Go tswa fano, Machuca o ne a etelela pele setlhopha sa banna ba le 200 ba ba neng ba gatela pele ka lefatshe, ba tsaya tsela e e tshwanang le ya dikepe.Robert Edwin Peary (1889). "The Río San Juan de Nicaragua". Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York. 21: 57–86. doi:10.2307/196656. ISSN 1949-8535. JSTOR 196656. Retrieved 2011-04-23. Ephraim George Squier (1852). Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed interoceanic canal. Vol. I. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 82, 106, 193. Retrieved 2011-04-23.Machuca o ne a bitsa diphororo tse di bofefo (diphororo tse di bofefo tse di neng tsa emisa Estete ngwaga o o fetileng) ka gagwe, mme a bitsa boemakepe jo bo kwa molomong wa noka San Juan de las Perlas (jo moragonyana bo itsiweng jaaka San Juan del Norte, mme jaanong bo itsege jaaka San Juan de Nicaragua).Robert Edwin Peary (1889). "The Río San Juan de Nicaragua". Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York. 21: 57–86. doi:10.2307/196656. ISSN 1949-8535. JSTOR 196656. Retrieved 2011-04-23.

Lekgolo la bo17 la dingwaga
Mmapa go tswa mo "Leetong le lešwa go dikologa Lefatshe", le le gatisitsweng ka 1697 ke William Dampier, motlhasedi wa Moesemane. Lebopo la Monang le tshwailwe ka naledi

Mmapa go tswa mo "Leetong le lešwa go dikologa Lefatshe", le le gatisitsweng ka 1697 ke William Dampier, motlhasedi wa Moesemane. Lebopo la Monang le tshwailwe ka naledi.

Kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo17 la dingwaga, katlego ya toropo ya Granada e ne e dirile gore e nne motswasetlhabelo wa ditlhaselo tsa dirukutlhi, tsa ntlha tsa tsone e ne e le ka 1670 ke legodu Gallardino.Robert Edwin Peary (1889). "The Río San Juan de Nicaragua". Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York. 21: 57–86. doi:10.2307/196656. ISSN 1949-8535. JSTOR 196656. Retrieved 2011-04-23. Fa balaodi ba bokoloniale ba Spain ba arabela seno le ditlhaselo tse dingwe tsa dirukutlhi tsa lewatle, ba ne ba aga Kago ya Phemelo ya Immaculate Conception e le tsela ya go sireletsa baagi ba Granada gore ba se ka ba tlhaselwa mo nakong e e tlang.

Mokapotene Mojenerale Fernando Francisco de Escobedo, yo le ene e neng e le Mmusi wa Yucatán ka nako eo, o ne a etela lefelo leo go tloga ka Ferikgong – Tlhakole 1673.Stephen Webre (2007). "Defense, Economy, and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Nicaragua: Don Fernando Francisco de Escobedo and the Fortification of the San Juan River, 1672–1673" (PDF). Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas. 44: 93–110. doi:10.7767/jbla.2007.44.1.93. ISSN 1438-4752. S2CID 129880025. Retrieved 2011-05-01.Escobedo o ne a patilwe ke Martín de Andújar Cantos, moenjenere wa sesole yo o neng a ikarabela ka go tlhopha lefelo leno.Stephen Webre (2007). "Defense, Economy, and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Nicaragua: Don Fernando Francisco de Escobedo and the Fortification of the San Juan River, 1672–1673" (PDF). Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas. 44: 93–110. doi:10.7767/jbla.2007.44.1.93. ISSN 1438-4752. S2CID 129880025. Retrieved 2011-05-01.Escobedo le Andújar Cantos ba ne ba goroga kwa San Juan del Norte, go tswa foo ba ya kwa godimo ga noka go bapa le Noka ya San Juan mme ba tsena mo Letsheng la Nicaragua. Fa ba boela kwa Granada, ba ne ba simolola go rulaganyetsa go aga dikago tsa phemelo tse di tlhomameng go bapa le Noka ya San Juan. Ba ne ba feleletsa ba sweditse go aga kago ya phemelo kwa Raudal del Diablo, (e e neng e itsege ka nako eo jaaka Raudal de Santa Cruz)Stephen Webre (2007). "Defense, Economy, and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Nicaragua: Don Fernando Francisco de Escobedo and the Fortification of the San Juan River, 1672–1673" (PDF). Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas. 44: 93–110. doi:10.7767/jbla.2007.44.1.93. ISSN 1438-4752. S2CID 129880025. Retrieved 2011-05-01. mo godimo ga marope a Fuerte de Santa Cruz e e fetileng, e e neng e simolotse ka nako ya ga Kgosi Philip III wa Spain. Kago ya kago ya phemelo, e kwa tshimologong e neng e bidiwa Fortaleza ya Limpia Pura le Inmaculada Concepción, e ne ya simololwa ka Mopitlwe 10, 1673, mme ya wediwa ka 1675.Stephen Webre (2007). "Defense, Economy, and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Nicaragua: Don Fernando Francisco de Escobedo and the Fortification of the San Juan River, 1672–1673" (PDF). Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas. 44: 93–110. doi:10.7767/jbla.2007.44.1.93. ISSN 1438-4752. S2CID 129880025. Retrieved 2011-05-01 Le fa go ne go agiwa kago eno ya phemelo, William Dampier yo o neng a thuba o ne a thuba toropo eno mme a e fisa ka Moranang 8, 1685.

Lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga

Mo mosong wa July 26, 1762, sesole se se kopaneng sa maeto sa Boritane le sa Miskito Sambu se ne sa dikaganyetsa kago ya phemelo mo go se moragonyana se neng se tla bidiwa Ntwa ya Río San Juan de Nicaragua. Sesole se se tlhaselang se ne se na le banna ba le dikete di le pedi le dikepe tse di fetang masome a matlhano,Roberto Trigueros Bada (2011). "Defensas estratégicas de la Capitanía General de Guatemala Castillos de la Inmaculada Concepción y de San Carlos" (PDF). Revista de Temas Nicaragüenses (in Spanish). 34 (February): 149–94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-04-29fa masole a a neng a le kwa kagong ya phemelo a ne a ka nna lekgolo fela. Molaodi wa sesole, Molefetenente Mokolonele Don José de Herrera y Sotomayor, o ne a tlhokafetse a sa lebelela ka Phukwi 15,"Efemerides Nacionales". La Trinchera de la Noticia (in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: Periodistas Independientes, S.A. (PINSA). 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2011-04-24. malatsi a le 11 fela pele ga foo. Ka go tlhotlhelediwa ke ditiro tsa bogale tse di bontshitsweng ke morwadia Herrera wa dingwaga di le 19 e bong Rafaela (tse di neng di akaretsa go bolaya molaodi wa Moborithane wa sesole sa maeto),Kirstin Olsen (1994). Chronology of women's history. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-313-28803-8. Retrieved 2011-04-23. Rafaela Herrera 1762. molaodi wa masole a nakwana Molefetenente Juan de Aguilar y Santa Cruz o ne a etelela pele basireletsi go ya phenyong e e neng ya fenya David F. Marley (2008). Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the present. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 441. ISBN 978-1-59884-100-8. Retrieved 2011-04-23. Maborithane a ne a feleletsa a tlositse dikaganyetso tsa one mme a boela morago ka Phatwe 3, 1762.Carlos Viscasillas (2009). "La Fortaleza de la Inmaculada Concepción de María" (PDF) (in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2011-04-24.

Fa Spain e sena go tsena mo Ntweng ya Phetogo ya Amerika ka 1779, Mojenerale Mojenerale John Dalling, mmusi wa Boritane le molaodimogolo wa Jamaica, o ne a akantsha gore go tsewe loeto lwa bobedi lwa go ya kwa Nicaragua. Boikaelelo e ne e le go tlhatloga Noka ya San Juan ka sekepe go ya kwa Letsheng la Nicaragua le go gapa toropo ya Granada, e e neng e tla kgaola Amerika ya Spain ka bogare mmogo le go dira gore batho ba kgone go ya kwa Lewatleng la Pacific. Ka nako ya leeto le, le le neng la diragala ka 1780 mme moragonyana la itsege jaaka Leeto la San Juan, Mokolonele John Polson le Mokapotene Horatio Nelson ba ne ba etelela pele tlhaselo ya Borithane kgatlhanong le kago ya phemelo.Robert Edwin Peary (1889). "The Río San Juan de Nicaragua". Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York. 21: 57–86. doi:10.2307/196656. ISSN 1949-8535. JSTOR 196656. Retrieved 2011-04-23. Ka nako eo, masole a Spain a ne a na le banna ba le 228 ba ba neng ba laolwa ke Juan de AyssaEphraim George Squier (1852). Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed interoceanic canal. Vol. I. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 82, 106, 193. Retrieved 2011-04-23. (yo o neng a direla e le Mmusi wa Nicaragua go tloga ka 1783 go ya go 1787). Letsholo la maeto le ne la atlega go gapa kago ya phemelo ka Moranang 29, 1780,Ephraim George Squier (1852). Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed interoceanic canal. Vol. I. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 82, 106, 193. Retrieved 2011-04-23. le fa e ne e na le banna ba le 200 fela.Robert Edwin Peary (1889). "The Río San Juan de Nicaragua". Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York. 21: 57–86. doi:10.2307/196656. ISSN 1949-8535. JSTOR 196656. Retrieved 2011-04-23. Nelson wa dingwaga di le 22, yo o neng a laola sekepe sa HMS Hinchinbrook, o ne a na le boikarabelo jwa go etelela banna ba gagwe pele go ralala sekgwa se se kitlaneng go ya go tlhasela kago ya phemelo go tswa kwa thoteng e e kwa morago. Maborithane a ne a gapa kago ya phemelo mme a nna mo go yone dikgwedi di le robongwe, mme kgabagare ba e tlogela ka Ferikgong 1781.Ephraim George Squier (1852). Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed interoceanic canal. Vol. I. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 82, 106, 193. Retrieved 2011-04-23. Thaba eno e bidiwa Lomas de Nelson go fitlha gompieno.

Lekgolo la bo 21 la dingwaga
Setshwantsho sa mmala sa metsi a a elelang ka bonako a Noka ya San Juan go tswa kwa motseng wa El Castillo kwa borwa jwa Nicaragua, se se tserweng ka Tlhakole 2011

Pono ya diphororo tsa Raudal del Diablo tsa Noka ya San Juan go tswa kwa motseng wa El Castillo kwa borwa jwa Nicaragua.

Kago ya Phemelo ya Immaculate Conception ke lefelo le le tlhomologileng la hisitori ya Nicaragua, le gone jaanong le nang le musiamo le laeborari. Go tloga ka 1995, e ntse e le mo "lenaaneng la teko" la mafelo a botlhokwa a setso a Nicaragua le Mokgatlho wa Ditšhabakopano wa Thuto, Saense le Setso (UNESCO) jaaka setlhogo sa go tlhophiwa go akanyediwa jaaka Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe. Thomelo e lemogile gore kago ya phemelo e mo lefelong le le sireleditsweng, e leng Lefelo la Polokelo ya Ditshedi la Indio Maíz.United Nations Educational, Scientific; Cultural Organization (2011). "Fortress of the immaculate Conception". Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2011-04-23.

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