Afro-Cubans

Afro-Cubans (Spanish: Afrocubano) kgotsa Ba-Cuba ba Bantsho ke Ba-Cuba ba ba nang le tlholego e e tletseng kgotsa e e sa felelang ya Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Lereo Afro-Cuban le ka kaya gape dikarolo tsa ditso kgotsa tsa setso kwa Cuba tse di amanang le setshaba se, le go kopanya dikarolo tsa setso sa tlholego sa Aforika le tse dingwe tse di fitlhelwang mo setshabeng sa Cuba, jaaka letso, bodumedi, mmino, puo, bodiragatsi le setso sa maemo.The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2006.

 Dipalopalo 
Go ya ka palobatho ya bosetšhaba ya 2002 e e neng ya dira dipatlisiso ka batho ba le dimilione di le 11.2 ba Cuba, sedikadike kgotsa 11% ya batho ba Cuba ba ne ba itshupa e le Ba-Aforika-Cuba kgotsa Bantsho. Ba ka nna didikadike di le tharo ba ne ba supiwa jaaka "mulatto" kgotsa "mestizo", e e kayang morafe o o tlhakaneng, segolobogolo motswako wa Maaforika le Yuropa."Archived copy" (PDF). www.one.cu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le motso ka 2025. Ka jalo go feta 40% ya baagi mo setlhaketlhakeng ba netefatsa letso lengwe lwa Aforika.

Phetogo ya Cuba e ne ya dira gore Fidel Castro a buse, yo o neng a solofetsa setshaba sa bokomonisi se se senang bosemorafe. Puso ya gagwe e ne ya solofetsa ditshono tse di lekanang tsa thuto, tlhokomelo ya botsogo le tiro.

Go nnile le dipuisano tse dintsi tsa barutegi ka ga popego ya batho ba setlhaketlhake seno. Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Setheo sa Dithuto tsa Cuba le Cuba-Amerika kwa Yunibesithing ya Miami e ne ya fopholetsa gore palo ya batho ba ba nang le letso la batho bantsho e ka nna 62%."Archived copy". www.miamiherald.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le motso ka 2025. Ba lemoga gore maikutlo a a tlhakatlhakaneng a go itshupa ka letso, le tatelano ya letso ya de facto e e ntseng e le teng mo setlhaketlhakeng, e tlhotlheleditse dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa go itshupa jaaka batho bantsho."Part 4 A Barrier for Cuba's Blacks". A Rising Voice: Afro-Latin Americans (5 Parts). Miami Herald. 20 June 2007. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le motso ka 2025.

Kwa Cuba, go na le mareo a le mantsi a go tlhaola Afro-Cubans ba dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa letso la Aforika, ba ba amanang le thulaganyo ya ditso tsa Spain ya casta. Mo godimo ga moo, mo setshabeng sa gone jaana, go ka tlhaolwa fela go ikaegilwe ka dinonofo tse di bonalang; ka jalo, motho yo o lebegang a le mosweu go ka direga gore a tsewe e le mosweu, segolobogolo fa a rutegile e bile e le wa maemo a a magareng.

Phapang le seo, kwa United States ya motlha wa segompieno, patlisiso nngwe ya Harvard ya 2010 e ne ya bontsha gore mokgwa wa go tlhaola di- hypodescent o sa ntse o le teng. Ke gore, batho ba merafe e mebedi ka tlwaelo ba tlhaolwa ke ba bangwe jaaka ba morafe kgotsa letso le le nang le maemo a a kwa tlase mo setshabeng, le fa bagologolwane ba bone e le ba Yuropa ka bontsi. Ba fitlhetse gore batho ba ba nang le letso la Yuropa lele ka fitlhang go 69% le ba ba setseng ba Aforika kgotsa ba Aforika-Amerika ba ne ba santse ba tlhaolwa jaaka 'bantsho'.Bradt, Steve (9 December 2010). "'One-drop rule' persists". The Harvard Gazette. 

Enopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le motso ka 2025.  [netefatso e paletswe]

Thutopatlisiso ya DNA ka 2014 e ne ya fopholetsa gore motswako wa tshika tsa baagi ba Cuba ke 72% ya Yuropa, 20% ya Aforika le 8% ya Maamerika a tlhago.Beatriz Marcheco-Teruel, Esteban J. Parra, Evelyn Fuentes-Smith, Antonio Salas, Henriette N. Buttenschøn, Ditte Demontis, María Torres-Español, Lilia C. Marín-Padrón, Enrique J. Gómez-Cabezas, Vanesa Álvarez-Iglesias, Ana Mosquera-Miguel, Antonio Martínez-Fuentes, Ángel Carracedo, Anders D. Børglum, Ole Mors, "Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers", July 24, 2014. PLOS Genetics.

Le fa batho ba Afro-Cuba ba ka fitlhelwa go ralala Cuba, ba dira karolo e e kwa godimo ya baagi kwa Kgaolong ya Oriente kwa Cuba Botlhaba go feta kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa setlhaketlhake. Jaaka toropo e kgolo, Havana e na le baagi ba bantsi go gaisa ba Afro-Cubans go gaisa toropo epe fela kwa Cuba.OECD Data Sheet

Mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi le motso la dingwaga, bafaladi ba le bantsi ba Aforika ka tlhago  ba ntse ba ya kwa Cuba, bogolo jang go tswa kwa Angola.Kevin Edmonds (27 September 2013). "Cuba's Other Internationalism: Angola 25 Years Later". E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le motso ka 2025. Gape, bafaladi ba ba tswang kwa Jamaica le Haiti ba ntse ba nna kwa Cuba. Bontsi jwa bona ba nna kwa karolong e e kwa botlhaba jwa setlhaketlhake, ka ntlha ya go nna ga yone gaufi le mafatshe a bone, le go tswelela go nna le seabe mo phesenteng e e setseng e le kwa godimo ya batho bantsho ba morafe mo letlhakoreng leo la setlhaketlhake.

Peresente ya Afro-Cubans mo setlhaketlhakeng e ne ya oketsega morago ga phetogo ya Cuba ya 1959 e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Fidel Castro, ka gonne go ne ga nna le khudugo ya bontsi go tswa kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa setlhopha sa baitseanape ba Cuba se bontsi jwa bone e leng basweu (kgotsa ba morafe wa Yuropa), ba ba neng ba le mo tirisodikgokelong, go tsewa ga dithoto le go latlhegelwa ke dikgwebo le dithoto tsa bone."Race & Identity in Cuba". afrocubaweb.com.

Peresente e nnye ya Afro-Cubans ba ne ba tswa kwa Cuba, bontsi jwa bone ba ya kwa United States (bogolo jang kwa Florida). Bone le bana ba bone ba ba tsholetsweng kwa U.S. ba itsege ka go farologana jaaka Maamerika a Aforika-Cuba,Lopez, Antonio (2012). Unbecoming Blackness: The Diaspora Cultures of Afro-Cuban America. NYU Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8147-6547-0. Maamerika a Cuba, Maamerika a Hispanic, le Maaforika a Amerika. Ke ba le mmalwa fela maAfro-Cuban ba ne ba nna kwa lefatsheng le le gaufi le le buang Spanish ya Dominican Republic le kwa kgaolong ya U.S. ya Puerto Rico.

Setlhopha sa Ditshwanelo tsa Batho ba ba Nnye sa Boditshabatshaba se bolela gore "Tlhatlhobo e e sa gobeleleng ya maemo a Afro-Cubans e sa ntse e le mathata ka ntlha ya direkoto tse di seng kalo le tlhaelo ya dithuto tse di rulagantsweng pele le morago ga phetogo"."Cuba – Afro-Cubans". World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Minority Rights Group International. 2008. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le motso ka 2025.

 Ditlogolwana tsa Afro-Cubans mo Aforika 
Mo lekgolong la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, batho ba e kileng ya bo e le makgoba go tswa kwa Cuba le Brazil ba ne ba isiwa kwa Aforika go ya go direla batswakwa e le batlhanka kgotsa badiri ba ba nang le ditumalano. Ba ne ba isiwa thata kwa Nigeria ya gompieno, legae la ditso tsa Ba-Yoruba, le kwa Spanish Guinea (e gompieno e leng Equatorial Guinea) legae la ditso tsa Ba-Fang le Ba-Bubi.

Mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, batho ba pele e neng e le makgoba ba ne ba isiwa kwa Aforika ka fa tlase ga Ditaelo tsa Segosi tsa Lwetse a le lesome le boraro, 1845 (ka tsela ya thulaganyo ya boithaopo). Fa go ne go sena palo e e lekaneng ya baithaopi, puso ya bokolone e ne ya rulaganya gore ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi, 1861, ba lelekwe kwa Cuba. Kwa Spanish Guinea, batlhanka ba ba neng ba dirilwe ka ditumalano ba ne ba nna karolo ya Emancipados. Mo lefelong la gompieno la Nigeria, ba ne ba bidiwa Amaros.

Le fa badiri ba ba neng ba tsentswe ditumalano ba ne ba gololesegile ka leina go boela kwa Cuba fa nako ya bone ya tiro e fela, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba nna mo dinageng tseo, ba nyalana le merafe ya lefelo leo ya batho ba Aforika ba tlhago.

Angola e nnile le merafe ya bafaladi ya bosheng ya Afro-Cubans, ba ba bidiwang Amparos. Ke ditlogolwana tsa masole a Afro-Cuba a a neng a rwalwa go ya go dira jaaka sesole mo lefatsheng ka 1975 ka ntlha ya go nna le seabe ga Cuba mo Cold War. Tonakgolo ya Cuba, e bong Fidel Castro, o ne a romela masole a le diketekete kwa lefatsheng leo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola go ya go ema lekoko lengwe la batho nokeng. Ka ntlha ya motlha o, go ne ga nna le setshaba se sennye sa batho ba ba buang Spanish kwa Angola sa Afro-Cubans; ba ka nna batho ba le dikete tse lekgolo.

 Haitian-Cubans 
Puo le setso sa Creole sa Haiti di ne tsa tsena la ntlha kwa Cuba fa go ne go goroga bafaladi ba ba tswang kwa Saint-Domingue kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. E e ne e le kolone ya Fora kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Hispaniola. Dikgoka tse di amanang le dingwaga tsa bofelo tsa Phetogo ya Haiti ya 1791–1804 di ne tsa felela ka lekhubu la baagi ba merafe ya Fora ba tshabela kwa Cuba, mme gantsi ba tsamaya le makgoba a le mantsi a Aforika. Batshabi bao ba ne ba nna thata kwa botlhaba, segolobogolo kwa Guantánamo. Koo Mafora moragonyana a ne a simolola go lema sukiri, mme a aga mafelo a go tlhotlhisa sukiri. Gape ba ne ba dira masimo a kofi go dira sejalo se sengwe sa botlhokwa sa dithoto.

Ka 1804, Bafora ba ka nna dikete tse masome mararo ba ne ba nna kwa Baracoa le kwa Maisí, e leng bommasepala ba ba kgakala thata kwa botlhaba jwa kgaolo eo. Moragonyana, batho ba Afro-Haiti ba ne ba tswelela go fudugela kwa Cuba go ya go dira jaaka braceros (Spanish sa "badiri ba diatla") ba sega sukiri mo masimong le go e dira ka nako ya thobo. Maemo a bone a botshelo le a tiro a ne a se botoka thata go na le a a neng a le ka fa tlase ga bokgoba. Le fa badiri ba le bantsi ba ne ba rulagantse go boela kwa Haiti, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba nna kwa Cuba.

Ka dingwaga di le dintsi, batho ba le bantsi ba kwa Haiti le ditlogolwana tsa bone kwa Cuba ba ne ba sa itlhaole jalo kgotsa ba sa bue Creole, se se theilweng mo dipuong tsa Sefora le tsa Seaforika. Kwa karolong e e kwa botlhaba jwa setlhaketlhake se, batho ba le bantsi ba Haiti ba ne ba tlhaolwa ke bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba bua Spanish.

Mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi le motso la dingwaga, go tsenngwa dithuto tsa Creole sa Haiti kwa Guantanamo, Matanzas le kwa Toropong ya Havana, ka maiteko a go boloka puo ya setso ya Afro-Haitians. Gape go na le thulaganyo ya radio ya puo ya Creole.

 Bodumedi 
Afro-Cubans bontsi jwa bone ke Bakatoliki ba Roma, mme ke Baporotesetanta ba le mmalwa. Bodumedi jwa Afro-Cuba bo ka kgaoganngwa ka mela e meraro e magolo: Santería, Palo Monte mme bo akaretsa batho ba ditso tsotlhe. Santería e kopanngwa le Bokatoliki jwa Roma.[go tlhokega nopolo]

 Mmino 
Fa e sale ka bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, dipopontshwa mo teng ga mmino wa Cuba di ntse di amana le setshaba sa Afro-Cuba. Mefuta e e jaaka son, conga, mambo le chachachá e ne e kopanya ditlhotlheletso tsa Yuropa le dikarolo tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Mmino wa Cuba o fetogile thata go tswa mo sekaong sa setso sa Yuropa go ya kwa dingwaong tsa Aforika tse di itiretsweng.Moore, Robin (2006). "Black Music in a Raceless Society: Afrocuban Folklore and Socialism". Cuban Studies. 37: 1–32. doi:10.1353/cub.2007.0009. S2CID 144443322 – via WorldCat Discovery Service. Diopedi tsa Afro-Cuban di tsere mefuta e e neng e le teng pele jaaka trova, country le rap mme tsa oketsa ka bonnete jwa tsone tsa botshelo mo lefatsheng la bojammogo le jaaka batho bantsho. Mefuta e e tshwanang le Nueva Trova e bonwa jaaka dipontsho tse di tshelang tsa phetogo mme e amilwe ke diopedi tsa Afro-Cuba jaaka Pablo Milanes yo o neng a akaretsa dipina tsa semoya tsa Aforika mo dipina tsa gagwe tsa ntlha.Benmayor, Rina (1981). "La "Nueva Trova": New Cuban Song". Latin American Music Review. 2 (1): 11–44. doi:10.2307/780148. JSTOR 780148 – via WorldCat Discovery Service. Mmino kwa Cuba o kgothalediwa e le tiro ya barutegi le go itumelela batho ba le bantsi. Mo bathong ba Cuba, mmino le go o ithuta ke dikarolo tse di botlhokwa tsa phetogo.Garland, Phyl (1977). "Cuban Music: An Instrument of the Revolution". The Black Scholar. 8 (8–10): 16–24. doi:10.1080/00064246.1977.11413920 – via WorldCat Discovery Service. Bareetsi ba motlotlo ka merafe e e tlhakaneng e e dirang mmino go tswa mo setshabeng sa Afro-Cubans, le fa go na le molelwane wa go sa tshepane le go sa tlhomamisegeng magareng ga Ba-Cuba le setso sa Afro-Cuban.

Mmino wa Aforika le mmino wa Afro-Cuban di ne di ananya diphethene tsa morethetho, melodi, le dikarolo tsa setso, di etsa phapanyetsano e maatla ya mmino. Bataki ba Aforika, segolobogolo ba ba tswang kwa Democratic Republic of Congo le Angola ba ne ba kopanya ditlhotlheletso tsa mmino wa Afro-Cuban le dingwao tsa bona, ba dira medumo e e farologaneng. Ditlamorago e ne e le mefuta e fapaneng ya mefuta e ratiwang Aforika Bophirima le Bogare e leng rumba ya Congo, soukous, mbalax, semba, kizomba, le highlife."The African Roots of Cuban Music – the Elephant". Phukwi a le lesome le motso ka 2025.
Mmino wa Afro-Cuba o ka kgaoganngwa ka wa bodumedi le wa leswe. Mmino wa bodumedi o akaretsa dipina, merethetho le diletswa tse di dirisiwang mo meetlong ya metsi a bodumedi a a umakilweng fa godimo. Mmino o o sa siamang o akaretsa rumba, guaguancó, comparsa (mmino wa moletlo) le mefuta e mennye e e jaaka tumba francesa. Mo e ka nnang mmino otlhe wa Cuba o tlhotlhelediwa ke merethetho ya Seaforika. Mmino o o ratwang wa Cuba, le bontsi jwa mmino wa botaki, o kopanya ditlhotlheletso go tswa kwa Spain le Aforika ka ditsela tse di kgethegileng tsa Cuba. Sekai son e kopanya diletswa tsa Aforika le mekgwa ya go tshameka le metara le moribo wa mefuta ya poko ya Spanish.Guevara, Gema R. (2005). "Narratives of Racial Authority in Cuban Popular Music". Journal of Popular Music Studies. 17 (3): 255–274. doi:10.1111/j.1524-2226.2005.00045.x – via WorldCat Discovery Service. Le fa bontsi jwa mmino o diragadiwa ka nako e e kgaotsweng, bataki ka tlwaelo ba dirisa mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditshaeno tsa nako jaaka 6/8 go itaya meropa. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, clave e dirisa mosaeno wa nako wa polymeteric wa 7/8 + 5/8.King, Anthony (1961:14). Yoruba Sacred Music from Ekiti. Ibadan University Press.

Botaki jwa Afro-Cuba bo tlhageletse mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960 ka diopedi tse di neng di etelela pele mokgatlho wa botswerere o o neng o tlisa meropa e e tlhotlheleditsweng ke Aforika kwa pele mo mminong wa Cuba. Ka sekai, ditlhopha tsa meropa tsa ga Enrique Bonne di ne tsa tlhotlhelediwa ke ditlhamane tsa setso tsa Cuba, trova ya setso, mmino wa go bina le Jazz ya Amerika. Pello de Afrokan o ne a tlhama moribo o mosha wa go bina o o bidiwang Mozambique o o neng wa oketsega ka go tuma morago ga gore setlhopha sa gagwe sa dikinane se se neng se tletse thata sa Afro-Cuban se diragatse ka 1964. Bataki ba Afro-Cuba e bong Mario Bauzá le Frank Grillo, ba ba neng ba itsege jaaka Machito, e ne e le batho ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo mminong mo baaging ba Afro-Cuba. Bauzá, moletsi wa terompeta le motlhami, o ne a simolola go kopanya merethetho ya Afro-Cuba le jazz, mme seno sa dira gore go nne le mokgatlho wa jazz wa Afro-Cuba o o neng wa tuma thata kwa United States, Yuropa le kwa Caribbean mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga."Frank "Machito" Grillo".

Pele ga phetogo, balaodi ba ne ba tsaya mmino wa bodumedi wa Afro-Cuba e le setso se se kwa tlase ka maemo; baletsi ba meropa ba bodumedi ba ne ba bogisiwa mme diletswa di ne tsa tsewa.Moore, Robin (2006). Music and Revolution: Cultural Change in Socialist Cuba. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 199. ISBN 9781423789666. Morago ga phetogo, mmino wa Afro-Cuba o ne o ka dirisiwa phatlalatsa, fela balaodi ba ne ba belaela ka ntlha ya kamano ya ona le ditumelo tsa Afro-Cuba. Setheo sa ntlha sa phetogo se se neng se tlhametswe go diragatsa "dikinane tsa bosetshaba" (dingwao tsa botaki tsa Aforika le Cuba) e ne e le Conjunto Folklórico Nacional. Le fa go ne go na le tshegetso ya semmuso ya setheo go tswa mo pusong ya ga Castro, mmino wa Afro-Cuba o ne o tshwarwa thata ka tsela e e sa tshwaneng mo sephatlong sotlhe sa bobedi sa lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga. Bareetsi ba ne ba nyatsa mmino wa setso le wa bodumedi wa Afro-Cuba jaaka wa bogologolo le o o kgatlhanong le phetogo, barotuntshi ba mmino ba ne ba tswelela ka go sa kgathale pele ga phetogo mo ditlhamaneng tsa setso tsa Afro-Cuba, mme mofuta wa bodumedi wa mmino wa Afro-Cuba o ne wa dira gore go ganetswe puso ya go sweufatsa mmino wa phetogo le go o tlosa bodumedi jwa mmino wa seAforika. [go tlhokega tlhaloso] Dikhonsata tsa bodumedi di ne tsa fokotsega, diletswa tsa mmino tse di amanang le Santería di ne tsa tsewa le go senngwa, meletlo ya afro-Cuba e ne ya thibelwa gotlhelele, mme go ne ga bewa melelwane e e gagametseng mo selekanyong sa mmino wa bodumedi o o neng o utlwiwa mo radiong le mo thelebisheneng. Maikutlo ano a ne a nolofala ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 le bo 1980 fa setshaba sa afro-Cuba se ne se simolola go kopanya dikarolo tsa bodumedi mo mminong wa bone. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, mmino wa Afro-Cuba o ne wa nna selo se segolo sa itsholelo ya bojanala ya Cuba. Maloko a ditlhopha tsa bodumedi a ne a itshetsa ka go diragatsa le go ruta bajanala ba ba neng ba etetse lefatshe leo go letsa meropa, go opela le go bina ga setso.

Rap e ne ya amogelwa ka 1999 mme ya nonofa fa setlhopha sa hip-hop sa Orishas se ne se tlhagelela. Hip-hop ya Cuba e ne e tlhomile mogopolo mo go tshwayeng puso ya Cuba diphoso le thulaganyo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe lotlhe, go akaretsa le go dirisa bosemorafe, bokolone, bo-imperiale, le bokapitale jwa lefatshe lotlhe.Saunders, Tanya (2012). "Black Thoughts, Black Activism: Cuban Underground Hip-Hop and Afro-Latino Countercultures of Modernity". Latin American Perspectives. 39: 42–60. doi:10.1177/0094582X11428062. S2CID 146195152 – via WorldCat Discovery Service.

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