Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic

Kgwebo ya bokgoba ya Atlantic kgotsa kgwebo ya bokgoba ya transatlantic e ne e akaretsa go romelwa ga batho ba Aforika ba ba dirilweng makgoba ke bagwebi ba makgoba kwa lefatsheng la America. Dikepe tsa makgoba tsa mafatshe a Europe di ne di dirisa tsela eno ya kgwebo ya matlhakore a mararo le Middle Passage ya yone. Batho ba mafatshe a Europe ba ne ba simolola kgwebo ya bokgoba mo lewatleng ka dingwaga tsa lekgolo le botlhano, mme kgwebo ya bokgoba go ya kwa Amerika e simolotse ka dingwaga tsa lekgolo le borataro, mme ya tswelela go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa lekgolo le borobabongwe.Diffie, Bailey (1963). Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas Before Henry the Navigator. University of Nebraska Press. p. 58. 

Bontsi jwa batho ba neng ba tsamaisiwa mo kgwebong ya makgoba e ne e tswa kwa bogare jwa Afrika le Afrika Bophirima mme ba ne ba rekisitswe ke bagwebi ba makgoba ba Afrika Bophirima go bagwebi ba makgoba ba mafatshe a Europe, fa ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwarwa ka tlhamalalo ke bagwebi ba makgoba mo ditlhaselong tsa kwa mabopong. Barekisi ba makgoba ba Europe ba ne ba kgobokanya le go tsenya makgoba mo kgolegelong mo dikagong tse di thata mo lotshitshing lwa Afrika mme morago ba ba isa kwa Amerika,Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (22 April 2010). "Opinion – How to End the Slavery Blame-Game". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 April 2010.Thornton 1998, p. 112. fa ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwerwe ka tlhamalalo ke bagwebi ba makgoba mo ditlhaselong tsa kwa lotshitshing.The transatlantic slave trade". BBC. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2021. * Some of those enslaved were captured directly by the European slave traders. Enslavers ambushed and captured local people in Africa. Most slave ships used European "factors", men who lived full-time in Africa and bought enslaved people from local leaders."Exchanging People for Trade Goods". African American Heritage and Ethnography. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2024. Barekisi ba makgoba ba mafatshe a Europe ba ne ba kgobokanya le go tsenya makgoba mo kgolegelong mo dikagong tse di thata mo lotshitshing lwa Afrika mme morago ba ba isa kwa Amerika."Implications of the slave trade for African societies". London: BBC. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020."West Africa – National Museums Liverpool". Liverpool: International Slavery Museum. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2015. Batho ba lefatshe la Portuguese le bangwe le Europe ba ne ba nna le seabe mo tlhaseleong ya batho ba makgoba. Tlhaloso go tswa kwa fa lefelong la setso la National Museum Liverpool e papamatsa fa: "Bagwebi ba mafatshe a Europe ba ne ba gapa bangwe ba Afrika ka ditlhaselo go bapa le lotshitshi lwa lewatle, mme ba ne ba reka bontsi jwa bone mo bagwebing ba mo lefelong leo bagwebi ba Afrika kgotsa bagwebi ba Afrika le ba Europe"."The capture and sale of enslaved Africans". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 15 August 2024.

Bagwebi ba makgoba ba Europe ba ne ba sa tseye karolo mo go tlhaseleng makgoba gantsi. Se e ne e le ka ntlha ya gore boleele jwa botshelo jwa batho ba Europe ba ba neng ba nna mo Afrika Borwa jwa Sahara bo ne bo le kwa tlase ga ngwaga o le mongwe ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba ka ntlha ya bolwetsi jwa malaria bo bo neng boleteng mo lgaolong eo ya kontinenteng ya Afrika.Cohen, William (1983). "Malaria and French Imperialism". The Journal of African History. 24 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1017/S0021853700021502. JSTOR 181856. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024. Batho ba Portuguese ba ba neng ba thukhutha mo lotshitshing ba ne ba lemoga gore go thukhutha makgoba go ne go sena letseno le lentsi thata e bile gantsi go ne go sa thuse sepe mme ba ne ba felela tlhopha go nna le dikamano tsa kgwebo."The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade". Lowcountry Digital History Initiative. College of Charleston. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024. Itsholelo ya kholoni ya South Atlantic le Caribbean e ne e ikaegile thata ka badiri ba makgoba go dira mmidi wa sukiri le dilwana tse dingwe."The Rise and Fall of King Sugar" (PDF). National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024. "Sugar Plantations". National Museums Liverpool. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.Seno se ne se tsewa se le botlhokwa thata ke dinaga tsa Yuropa Bophirima tse di neng di gaisana go bopa mebuso ya kwa moseja ga mawatle.Mannix, Daniel (1962). Black Cargoes. The Viking Press. pp. Introduction–1–5.Ives Bortolot, Alexander. "The Transatlantic Slave Trade". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Department of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024. Mo dingwageng tse makgolo ale marataro, batho ba letso la Portuguese e ne e le bone ba ntlha go rwala makgoba go go ralala kgaolo ya Atlantic. Ka ngwaga wa 1526, ba ne na wetsa loeto lwa ntlha lwa makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle la Atlantic go ya kwa Brazil, mme go ise go ye kae batho ba bangwe ba lefatse la Europe ba ne latela.Weber, Greta (5 June 2015). "Shipwreck Shines Light on Historic Shift in Slave Trade". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015. Beng ba dikepe ba ne ba tsaya makgoba jaaka dithoto tse di tla romelwang kwa lefatsheng la America ka bonako le ka tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase ka mo go ka kgonegang ka teng, ko ba neng ba tla rekisiwa go bereka kwa ditshimong tsa kofi, motsoko, cocoa, sukiri le katune, meepo ya gouta le selefera, masimo a raese, madirelo a kago, go rema dikgong tsa dikepe, jaaka badiri ba ba nang le bokgoni, le jaaka batlhanka ba mo gae, ko ba neng ba tla rekisiwa go dira mo ditshimong tsa kofi, motsoko, cocoa, sukiri le katune, meepo ya gouta le selefera, masimo a raese, madirelo a kago, go rema dikgong tsa dikepe, jaaka badiri ba ba nang le bokgoni, le jaaka batlhanka ba mo gae.Covey, Herbert C.; Eisnach, Dwight, eds. (2009). "Slave Cooking and Meals – Arrival in the Americas". What the Slaves Ate: Recollections of African American Foods and Foodways from the Slave Narratives. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. pp. 49–72. ISBN 978-0-313-37497-5. LCCN 2009003907. Makgoba a ntlha mo Africa go romelwa kwa dikoloneng tsa makgoa a ne a tsewa e le batlhanka ba ba nang le ditumalano, ba ba neng ba na le maemo a semolao a a tshwanang le a badiri ba ba neng ba na le tumalano ba ba neng ba tswa kwa mafatsheng ya Britain le Ireland. Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tse lekgolo le bosupa, bokgoba bo ne jwa nna thata jaaka setlhopha sa lotso, ka makgoba a mo Africa le bana ba bone ba mo isagweng ba ne ba le thoto ya beng ba bone kafa molaong, ka gonne bana ba ba neng ba tsholwa ke bommè ba e neng e le makgoba le bone e ne e le makgoba (partus sequitur ventrem).Jaaka thoto, batho ba ne ba tsewa jaaka dithoto kgotsa didirisiwa tsa tiro, mme ba ne ba rekisiwa kwa mebarakeng le dithoto tse dingwe le ditirelo .Berlin, Ira (9 April 2012). "The Discovery of the Americas and the Transatlantic Slave Trade". The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.

Mafatshe a a neng a gweba ka makgoba go ya ka tatalano ya bontsi jwa dikgwebo tsa bone ke a Portugal, Spain, Britain, France, the Netherlands, United States le Denmark. Bontsi bo ne bo dirile madirelo mo lotshitshing lwa noka kwa Aforika, kwa ba neng ba reka makgoba go tswa mo baeteledipele ba Aforika.Klein, Herbert S.; Klein, Jacob (1999). The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–139. Makgoba a ne a tsamaisiwa go ya ka mabaka a gore, ke mang o neng a na le kgwebo mo lotshitshing kgotsa gaufi le lotshitshi go fefofatsa go romelwa kwa ntle ga bone. Makgoba a ne a golegilwe kwa melelwaneng ya thekiso e e neng e itsege jaaka madirelo fa a santse a emetse go romelwa kwa ntle. Dipalo kakanyetso tsa gompieno di supa fa didikadike di le lesome le bobedi tsa ma Aforika di rometswe kwa ntle go kgabaganya noka ya Atlantic mo dingwageng di le makgolo a mane.Segal, Ronald (1995). The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 4 ,  ISBN  0-374-11396-3., "It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic", citing Lovejoy, Paul E (1989) "The impact of slave trade on Africa: A review of the Literature". Journal of African History. 30 (3): 368. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024439.Meredith, Martin (2014). The Fortunes of Africa. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-635-6. Palo e e rekilweng ke bagwebi e kwa godimo ka batho ba ne ba tlhokafala ka dipalo tse di kwa godio mo tseleng, sedikadike se le sengwe le metso e le mebedi go tsena ka e le mene ba ne ba tlhokafala mo tseleneg, fa didikadike tse dingwe ba ne ba tlhokafala kwa dikampeng kwa Carribean morago ga go goroga kwa lefatsheng le lešha. Didikadike tsa batho ba tlhokafetse ka ntlha ya ditlhaselo le dintwa le fa ba kgweediwa go ya kwa lotshitshing go ya go rekisediwa bagwebi ba makgoba ba Europe.Manning, Patrick (1992). "The Slave Trade: The Formal Demographics of a Global System". In Inikori, Joseph E.; Engerman, Stanley L. (eds.). The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Duke University Press. pp. 119–120. ISBN 0-8223-8237-7.Stannard, David (1993). American Holocaust. Oxford University Press.Eltis, David; Richardson, David (2002). "The Numbers Game". In Northrup, David (ed.). The Atlantic Slave Trade (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. 95. Kwa tshimologong ya century ya bo lesome le boferabongwe, dipuso tsa mafatshe ka go farologana di ne tsa tsaya ditshwetso tsa go emisa kgwebo, le ntswa go rekisa ka bokukuntshwane go nne go ntse go le teng. Go ne go akanngwa gore kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Aforika e feletse ka ngwaga wa 1867, mme bosupi jwa maeto a ngwaga wa 1873 bo ne jwa fitlhelwa kwa morago. Alberge, Dalya (4 January 2024). "Transatlantic slavery continued for years after 1867, historian finds". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 June 2024.

 Tse di diragetseng pele 

 Loeto lwa Atlantic 
Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic e simologile morago ga go ikgolaganya ga "Lefatshe le legologolo" le le lešha. Mo makgolong a dingwaga, go ya godimo ga metsi go ne dirile gore go tsamaya mo nokeng go nne dingalo ebile go nne diphatsha mo dikepeng tse di neng di le teng ka nako eo. Ka jalo go ne go nnile le kamano e se kae kgotsa e seo gotlhelele ya batho ba ba neng ba nna mo mafatsheng a.Thornton, John (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62217-2. Ka dingwaga tsa makgolo a le lesome le botlhano, ditlhabologo tse dišha kwa Europe tsa go tsamaya mo nokeng, jaaka tsa sekepe sa caravel, go ne ga dira gore dikepe di nne mo seemong se se botoka sa go emela go ya godimo ga metsi, tsa simolola go kgona go tlola noka ya Atlantic. Ma Potokisi a ne a simolola setlhopha sa bakgweetsi ba dikepe, le ntswa go na le dipelaelo tsa gore ga se sike se nne teng. Mo dingwageng tsa 1600 go tsena ka 1800, bakgweetsi ab dikepe ba le dikete tsa makgolo a mararo ba ba neng ba tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya makgoba, ba ne ba ya kwa bophirima jwa Aforika.Christopher, Emma (2006). Slave Ship Sailors and Their Captive Cargoes, 1730–1807. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-67966-4. Go dira jalo ba ne ba kopana le merafe e e neng e nna kwa lotshitshing lwa noka kwa bophirima le ma America a ba neng ba si ke ba kopane le bone.Thornton, John (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62217-2. Moitseanape wa ditso Pierre Chaunu o ne a supa fa ditlamorago tsa go tsenelela ga batho ba Europe go ne go supa phelelo ya go nna kwa thoko ga merafe menngwe le go oketsega ga go amana ga merafe mo go ba bangwe.Chaunu, Pierre (1969). Conquête et exploitation des nouveaux mondes (xvie siècles) [Conquest and exploitation of new worlds (16th centuries)] (in French). Presses Universitaires de France. pp. 54–58."Launching the Portuguese Slave Trade in Africa". Lowcountry History Digital Initiative. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 09 June 2025.

Moitseanape wa ditso John Thornton o ne a supa fa "palo ya mabaka a tsa setegeniki le popego ya lefatshe go kopane go dira batho ba Europe bone ba ba ka batlisisang noka ya Atlantic le go tlhabolola kgwebo ya yone.Thornton, John (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62217-2. O supile dilo tse e le tsela ya go batla ditshono tse dišha tse di nang le dipoelo kwa ntle ga Europe. Fa godimo ga foo, go ne go na le keletso ya go dira magokaganyane a sele a kgwebo go tswa mo go a a laolwang ke Ottoman Empire ya tumelo ya Muslim kwa botlhaba legare, mo go neng go bonwa e le borai mo go tsa kgwebo, sepolotiki le tumelo, le go batla tsela e nngwe go ya kwa India, kwa ba neng ba ka rekisa dithoto jaaka dinatetsha dijo ba sa di tsee kwa barekising ba Islam ba ba kwa botlhaba legare.Thornton, John (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62217-2.
Go atolosiwa ga moseja wa Europe go ne ga baka kamano gareng ga lefatshe le lesha le le legologolo, go tsala go atologa ga ditlhare, malwetsi, diphologolo mo mafatsheng ka bobedi, mo go filweng leina la Christopher Columbus o e leng motlhotlhomisi wa kwa Italy. McNeill, J. R.; Sampaolo, Marco; Wallenfeldt, Jeff (30 September 2019) [28 September 2019]. "Columbian Exchange". Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 09 June 2025. Go ne ga simololwa thekiso ya selefera mme se se ne sa baka go tsaya karolo ga batho ba Europe mo thekisong ya letsopa ya China. Go ne go akaretsa go isa dithoto tse di tlwaelesegileng mo kgaolong e le nngwe fela go ya kwa lefelong le lengwe. Batho ba Europe ba ne ba reka dikgomo, dipitse, le dinku go di isa kwa lefatsheng le lešha, kwa lefatsheng le lešha batho ba Europe ba amogela motsokwe, ditapole, ditamati le mmidi. Dithoto tse dingwe tse di neng di simolola go tuma mo kgwebong ya mafatshefatshe e ne e le motsokwe, ntšhe le dimela tsa letsela tsa kwa America, ga mmogo le gouta le selefera tse di neng di tswa kwa America go ya kwa Europe le mafatshe a mangwe mo lefatsheng le le gologolo.Hahn, Barbara (31 July 2019) [27 August 2018]. "Tobacco - Atlantic History". oxfordbibliographies.com. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0141. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2025.Escudero, Antonio Gutiérrez (2014). "Hispaniola's Turn to Tobacco: Products from Santo Domingo in Atlantic Commerce". In Aram, Bethany; Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé (eds.). Global Goods and the Spanish Empire, 1492–1824: Circulation, Resistance, and Diversity. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 216–229. doi:10.1057/9781137324054_12. ISBN 978-1-137-32405-4.Knight, Frederick C. (2010). "Cultivating Knowledge: African Tobacco and Cotton Workers in Colonial British America". Working the Diaspora: The Impact of African Labor on the Anglo-American World, 1650–1850. New York and London: New York University Press. pp. 65–85. doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814748183.003.0004. ISBN 978-0-8147-4818-3. LCCN 2009026860.Nater, Laura (2006). "Colonial Tobacco: Key Commodity of the Spanish Empire, 1500–1800". In Topik, Steven; Marichal, Carlos; Frank, Zephyr (eds.). From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. pp. 93–117. doi:10.1215/9780822388029-005. ISBN 978-0-8223-3753-9. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2025.

 Bokgoba jwa Europe kwa Portugal le Spain 
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Ka dingwaga di le makgolo a le lesome le botlhano, bokgoba bo ne bo le teng kwa Iberian Peninsula. Bogosi jwa Roma bo ne bo simolotse methale ya lone ya bokgoba. Moitseanape wa ditso Benjamin Isaac o supa fa tlhaolele ya lotso e ne e le teng mo bathong ba Roma. Letlhoo la lotso le mmala le ne le ikaegile ka go nyenyafatsa batswakwa ba ba neng ba ba fentse mo ntweng.Isaac, Benjamin (2006). "Proto-Racism in Graeco-Roman Antiquity". World Archaeology. 38 (1): 32, 42. doi:10.1080/00438240500509819. JSTOR 40023593?seq=11. Retrieved 9 June 2025Isaac, Benjamin (2013). The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton University Press. pp. 26, 142, 175. ISBN 9781400849567.Isaac, Benjamin (2013). The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton University Press. pp. 55–60. ISBN 9781400849567.Fa e sale ka go retelelwa ga bogosi jwa Roma, methale e menngwe ya bokgoba e ne ya tswelela mo bathong ba ditumelo tsa Islam le magosi a SeKeresete ba kwa Peninsula, go tsena ka dinako tsa sesha.

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