Rabete Sobukwe

Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe OMSG (5 Sedimonthole 1924 – 27 Tlhakole 1978) e ne e le mofetogedi wa Aforika Borwa yo o kgatlhanong le tlhaolele le leloko le le simolotseng lekoko la Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), a dira jaaka moporesidente wa ntlha wa lekoko leno.

Sobukwe o ne a tsewa jaaka motshegetsi yo o maatla wa bokamoso jwa Mo-Afrika Borwa mme a le kgatlhanong le tirisanommogo ya sepolotiki le mongwe le mongwe yo e seng MoAfrika, a tlhalosa "MoAfrika" jaaka mongwe le mongwe o o nnang le go ikanyega go Aforika le yo o ipaakanyetsang go ikobela mo pusong ya bontsi jwa MaAfrika. Ka Mopitlwe 1960, Sobukwe o ne a rulaganya le go simolola letsholo la go ngongoregela melao ya dipasa, mme ka ntlha ya seo o ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le tharo mo kgolegelong ka ntlha ya go rotloetsa batho. Ka 1963, go tsenngwa tirisong ga "Sobukwe Clause," go ne ga dira gore a kgone go ntšhafatsa katlholo ya gagwe ya kgolegelo go ya go ile, mme morago ga moo Sobukwe o ne a fudusediwa kwa Robben Island go ya go tswalelwa a le nosi. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa gagwe wa borataro kwa Robben Island, o ne a gololwa mme a tsenngwa mo kgolegelong go fitlha a tlhokafala ka 1978.

 Bonyana 

 Bongwana: 1924-1947 
Sobukwe o bonwe kwa Graaff-Reinet kwa Porofenseng ya Kapa Botlhaba ka la bo 5 Sedimonthole 1924.  Robert Sobukwe e ne e le ngwana wa bofelo mo lapeng. O ne a na le bana ba le batlhano ba ba neng ba na le bomorwarraagwe ba le bane le kgaitsadie a le mongwe.  Fa rraagwe yo o neng a tswa kwa Lesotho a ne a dira jaaka mokwaledi wa lebenkele la kakaretso le go rema dikgong ka nako e e rileng, mmaagwe Sobukwe wa Moxhosa o ne a dira jaaka modiri wa mo gae mo magaeng a basweu.  Thuto ya ntlha ya ga Robert e ne e le sekolo sa borongwa kwa Graaff Reinet se se mo Aforikaborwa .  Fa a le dingwaga di le 15, Sobukwe o ne a tswelela mme kgabagare a wetsa thuto ya gagwe ya sekondari kwa Setheong sa Healdtown, se se neng se naya baithuti botlhe thuto ya Bokeresete ya Methodist le dithuto tsa bonono jwa boitseanape.  Fa a fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe koo o ne a ikwadisetsa Khoso ya Katiso ya Barutabana ba Poraemari dingwaga di le pedi. Le fa go ntse jalo ga a ka a amogela tiro ya borutabana. Moragonyana thuto ya ga Sobukwe e ne ya ema ka 1943 fa a ne a tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa mafatlha. 

 Fort Hare: 1947-1949 
Ka 1947, Sobukwe o ne a ikwadisa kwa South African Native College kwa Fort Hare, e e neng ele yunibesithi e e eteletseng pele ya dithuto tsa maemo a ntlha ya baithuti ba bantsho ka nako eo.  Sobukwe o ne a ikwadisetsa BA kwa Fort Hare, a ithuta Seesemane, Sexhosa le Native Administration(tsamaiso ya dikgaolo tsa Bantustan mo AforikaBorwa).  Le fa kwa tshimologong Sobukwe a ne a sa kgatlhegele dipolotiki, go ithuta Native Administration,mmogo le go kopana le dipuisano tsa dipolotiki kwa Fort Hare go ne ga dira gore a kgatlhegele thata kgang eo.  Moragonyana, o ne a simolola go tlhoma mogopolo thata mo pokong le mo terameng. Tsepamo ya gagwe mo dipolotiking e ne e tlhotlhelediwa ke motlhatlheledi wa gagwe, Cecil Ntloko,yo e neng ele molatedi wa All African Convention (AAC). Sobukwe le ditsala tsa gagwe tse tharo ba ne ba simolola kgatiso ya letsatsi le letsatsi e e bidiwang Beware. Kgatiso eo ene e rotloetsa go se dirisa mmogo le go nyatsa Native Representative Councils le Native Advisory Boards. 

* O ne a nna leloko la Mokgatlho wa Basha wa African National Congress (ANCYL) ka 1948. Mokgatlho ono o ne o tlhomilwe mo khamphaseng ya yunibesithi ke Godfrey Pitje, yo moragonyana a neng a nna poresidente wa one. Ka 1949, Sobukwe o ne a tlhophiwa go nna moporesidente wa ntlha wa Lekgotla la Baemedi ba Baithuti ba Fort Hare, kwa a neng a itshupa e le sebui se se tlhomologileng. Ka ngwaga wa 1949, Sobukwe o ne a kopana le Veronica Mathe kwa bookelong jwa Alice. Moragonyana baratani bano ba ne ba nyalana ka 1950. 

 Dipolotiki tse di tlwaelegileng 

 Standerton: 1950-1954 
Ka 1950, Sobukwe o ne a tlhomiwa go nna morutabana kwa sekolong se segolo kwa Standerton, maemo a a neng a a latlhegelwa fa a ne a bua a ema nokeng Letsholo la Kganetso ka 1952 ; le fa go ntse jalo, moragonyana o ne a busediwa. Ka 1952, Sobukwe o ne a fitlhelela go itsege ka go tshegetsa Letsholo la Kganetso.  Mo pakeng e o ne a sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo ditirong tse di tlwaelegileng tsa ANC, mme o ne a santse a le mo maemong a mokwaledi wa lekala la mokgatlho kwa Standerton. 

 Johannesburg: 1954–1959 
Ka 1954, morago ga go fudugela kwa Johannesburg, Sobukwe o ne a nna motlhatlheledi wa Dithuto tsa Seaforika kwa Yunibesithing ya Witwatersrand .   Ka nako ya gagwe kwa Johannesburg o ne a nna morulaganyi wa lekwalodikgang la The Africanist mme go ise go ye kae a simolola go nyatsa ANC ka ntlha ya go itetla go laolwa ke batshegetsi ba Progressive Party, e a neng a e bitsa "batho ba ba gololesegileng-ba-molemeng-ba-merafe e mentsi".  O ne a emela Temokerasi ya Bososialise ya Boaforika.  E ne e le motshegetsi yo o tlhoafetseng wa dikakanyo tsa Boaforika ka ga kgololesego mo Aforika Borwa mme a gana kgopolo ya go dira le Basweu. Gerhart, Gail M. (1978), Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology, University of California Press, doi:10.1525/9780520341470-011, retrieved 29 April 2022

 Pan-Africanist Congress: 1959–1960 

 Popego le kgopolo 
Sobukwe e ne e le modumedi yo o nonofileng mo bokamosong jwa Boaforika ya Aforika Borwa mme o ne a gana sekao sengwe le sengwe se se akantshang go dira le mongwe le mongwe kwa ntle ga Maaforika, a tlhalosa Moaforika jaaka mongwe le mongwe yo o nnang mo Aforika le go duela boikanyegi jwa gagwe le yo o ipaakanyeditseng go ineela mo pusong ya bontsi jwa Maaforika. Maaba, Brown Bavusile (2001). "The Archives of the Pan Africanist Congress and the Black Consciousness-Orientated Movements". History in Africa. 28: 417–438. doi:10.2307/3172227. JSTOR 3172227. S2CID 145241623. O ne a gola a sa kgotsofalela kgatelopele ya kgaratlho ya kgololesego ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, tse mo go tsona puso ya tlhaolele e neng e tswelela go tlhagisa mekgwa e mešwa ya go gatelela kgaratlho ya kgololesego.  Go tshwana le maloko a le mantsi a ANC, Sobukwe o ne a sa tlhole a na le bopelotelele ka go palelwa ga ANC go fitlhelela dipholo.  Sobukwe, yo e neng e lemoganetsi wa bokomonisi,     le ene o ne a gana kgolagano ya ANC le Mokgatlho wa Bokomonisi wa Aforika Borwa. Moragonyana o ne a tlogela ANC go ya go tlhama Khonkerese ya Pan Africanist (PAC), mme a tlhophiwa go nna Moporesidente wa yone wa ntlha ka 1959.  : 421 

 Benjamin Pogrund, mokwadi wa bayokerafi ya ga Robert Sobukwe ya Sobukwe le Tlhaolele ( 1990 ) le ya Motho a ka Swa Botoka Jang: Botshelo jwa ga Robert Sobukwe ( 2003 )
 Lenaane la batho ba ba ka laolwang ke ditaelo tsa thibelo ka fa tlase ga tlhaolele

 Ditshupiso 

 Dikgokagano tsa kwa ntle 

 Robert Sobukwe - Leader of The Africanist
 Collection of historical papers on Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe at The University of the Witwatersrand Library
 Austil Mathebula, "Robert Sobukwe, a lesser known hero", The Citizen, 19 March 2015
 Robert Sobukwe: ‘There is only one race. The human race.’, South Africa Gateway, 21 March 2023
 Robert Sobukwe - A Tribute To Integrity - Kevin Harris - 1996 on YouTube