Haiphong

Ang Haiphong o Hai Phong ay ang pangatlo sa pinakamalaking lungsod sa Biyetnam at ang pangunahing daungan ng Delta ng Ilog Pula.  Ang munisipalidad ay may lawak na , na binubuo ng 8 sibikong distrito, 6 rural na distrito at 1 munisipal na lungsod. Dalawa sa mga rural na distrito ang sumasakop sa mga pulo sa Dagat Timog Tsina: Bạch Long Vĩ at Cát Hải . Ito ay may populasyon na 2,130,898 noong 2023. Ang ekonomiya ng lungsod ay may lakas sa pagmamanupaktura, tulad ng nakikita ng malalaking parkeng pang-industriya at maraming mas maliit na tradisyonal na mga nayon ng handicraft . Sa kasaysayan, ang Haiphong ang unang lugar sa Biyetnam at Indotsina na nakakuha ng kuryente .

Sa panahong imperyal ng Đại Việt, ang Ilog Bạch Đằng sa Haiphong ay isang lugar ng maraming maalamat na tagumpay, na pinamunuan ng mga maalamat na kumander na sina Ngô Quyền at Trần Hưng Đạo. Noong ika-16 na siglo, itinaguyod ng Dinastiyang Mạc ang baybaying pamayanan bilang pangalawang kabisera, na lumago upang maging isang mahalagang daungang bayan ng Đàng Ngoài. Matapos ang pananakop ng mga Pranses sa Biyetnam, noong 1888, ang pangulo ng Ikatlong Republika ng Pransya, si Sadi Carnot, ay nagpahayag ng isang utos na itatag ang Haiphong bilang isa sa mga pangunahing lungsod ng Indotsinang Pranses. Mula 1954 hanggang 1975, ang Haiphong ay nagsilbing pinakamahalagang lungsod sa dagat ng Hilagang Biyetnam . Ito ay isa sa mga direktang kontroladong munisipalidad ng isang muling pinagkaisang Biyetnam kasama ang Hanoi at lungsod ng Ho Chi Minh noong 1976. Noong ika-21 siglo, ang Haiphong ay nasa ilalim ng aktibong land reclamation, ang pinakahuling pagsisikap ay ang pagtatayo ng Dike ng Timog Đình Vũ noong 2022.

Ang Haiphong ay isang sikat na pasyalang bakasyon at kilala sa mga biological reservation sa Pulo ng Cát Bà. Para sa malawak na daungan nito, ang lungsod ay nangunguna ng punong-tanggapan ng Hukbong-dagat ng Bayan ng Biyetnam   . Ang royal poinciana ay karaniwang nauugnay sa Haiphong sa kulturang Biyetnames.

 Kasaysayan 

 Dinastiyang Biyetnam 
Ang kasalukuyang Haiphong ay ang tahanan ni Lê Chân, isa sa mga babaeng heneral sa ilalim ng utos ng Magkakapatid na Babae ng Trưng na bumangon laban sa pangingibabaw ng Tsino noong 40 CE at namuno hanggang sa kanilang pagkatalo noong 43 CE. Si Lê Chân ay kinilala na nagtatag ng Hải tần Phòng thủ ("Pinirotektahang Baybaying-dagat") sa panahon ng digmaan laban kay heneral Ma Yuan ng Dinastiyang Han. 
Pagkalipas ng mga siglo sa ilalim ng paghahari ng Emperador ng Nguyễn na si Tự Đức ang lugar ay nakakuha ng tawag na: Hải- Dương thương-chính quan-phòng (" Ang Trading defensive na lugar ng Lalawigan Ng Hải Dương").
Noong ika-19 na siglo, sa pagtatapos ng paghahari ni Tựđ Đức, ang Hang Kenh Communal House sa kung ano ngayon ang lungsod Distrito Ng Le Chan ay ginawang administratibong upuan ng Distrito Ng An Dương, na binabalik ang rehiyonal na kahalagahan nito. Nang panahong iyon, ang lugar ay naging isang malaking daungan sa komersyo.

Sa bisperas ng pananakop ng Pransya noong 1881, isang bagyo ang sumira sa lugar, na pumatay ng 3,000 katao sa loob at sa paligid ng Haiphong. Sa kabila ng mga pinsala, ang Haiphong ay binuo ng mga Pranses upang maglingkod bilang  ang pangunahing kuta ng hukbong-dagat ng Indotsina sa sumunod na mga dekada.

 Demokratikong Republika ng Biyetnam at ang Digmaang Biyetnam 
Kasunod ng pagkatalo ng Hapon sa Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, Ang mga Biyetnames na nasyonalista ay nabalisa para sa kalayaan laban sa pagbabalik ng Pranses. Ang mga puwersa ng Pransya ay lumipad sa Haiphong at nakatagpo ng paglaban na nagresulta sa pagkamatay ng tatlong sundalong Pranses. Bilang paghiganti, ang mga barkong Pranses, kasama ng mga ito ang cruiser na <i id="mwag">Suffren</i> ay nagtanggal ng proteksyon ng lungsod at  sinunog ito na naging dahilan upang magsimula ang Unang Digmaang Indotsina. Mga puwersa ng hukbo ng Pransya sa ilalim ni Jean-Étienne Valluy  ay pumasok sa lungsod at nakikipaglaban sa mga bahay-bahay sa suporta ng mga armadong hukbo at eroplano.

Huli sa Digmaang Biyetnam, Ang Haiphong ay sumailalim sa mabigat na pagbomba ng mga eroplano ng pag-atake ng Hukbong Dagat at Hukbong Himpapawid ng Estados Unidos dahil ito ay ang tanging pangunahing daungan ng Hilagang Biyetnam. Ang Almirante ng Estados Unidos na si Thomas H. Moorer ay nag-utos ng pagmimina ng harbor ng Haiphong noong 8 Mayo 1972, na epektibong nirestrikta ang daungan hanggang sa ito'y alisin. Ang pagmimina ay hindi nagdulot ng mga biktima. Sa kabila ng pagiging tudlaan, ang pisikal na istraktura ng lungsod ay halos hindi naapektuhan ng digmaan dahil ang Estados Unidos ay may isang self-imposed prohibition zone para sa lungsod. Pagkatapos ng digmaan, nakuha ng lungsod ang papel nito bilang isang makabuluhang sentro ng industriya.

 Heograpiya 
Ang Haiphong ay isang lungsod sa baybayin na matatagpuan sa bibig ng Ilog Cấm, sa hilagang-silangan na lugar ng baybayin ng Biyetnam,  silangan ng Hanoi. Ang Tulay Ng Bính ay tumatawid sa Cam at nag-uugnay sa lungsod sa Distrito Ng Thyy Nguyên. Ito ay may kabuuang lawak na  (2001). Ito ay may hangganan sa Lalawigan Ng Quảng Ninh sa hilaga, Lalawigan Ng Hải Dương sa kanluran, Lalawigan Ng Thái Bình sa timog, at ang Golpo ng Tonkin sa silangan. Ang pulo ng Bach Long Vi ,pulo ng Cat Ba at ang Kapuluan ng Long Châu na matatagpuan sa Golpo ay pinamamahalaan din bilang bahagi ng lungsod. Ang mga tidal flat na ekosistema ay nangyayari sa tabi ng lungsod, gayunpaman, marami ang na-reclaim para sa mga layunin sa agrikultura o sa pag-unlad.

 Klima 
Tulad ng natitirang bahagi ng Hilagang Biyetnam, Ang Haiphong ay nagtatampok ng isang humid na subtropikal na klima (Koppen: CWA) na may mainit, basahang tag-init at mainit, tuyo na taglamig. Ang lungsod ay kapansin-pansin na mas basa mula Abril hanggang Oktubre; humigit-kumulang na 90% ng taunang pag-ulan ng lungsod (na kabuuang humigit-kumulang na ) ay karaniwang bumabagsak sa mga buwan na ito. May kapansin-pansin na pagkakaiba sa temperatura sa pagitan ng taglamig at tag-init ng lunsod. Ang pinakamalamig na buwan ng Haiphong, Enero at Pebrero, ay nakikita ang average na mataas na temperatura na maabot  at average na mababang temperatura sa paligid ng . Ang pinakamainit na buwan nito, hunyo at Hulyo, ay nakikita ang average na mataas na temperatura na lumilipad sa paligid  at average na mababang temperatura sa paligid ng . Ang temperatura ng dagat ay mula sa isang mababang  noong Pebrero sa isang mataas na  sa mga buwan ng Hulyo at Agosto.

Administrative divisions
Haiphong is subdivided into 15 district-level sub-divisions:

They are further subdivided into 10 commune-level towns (or townlets), 148 communes, and 72 wards.

Table of local government districts
 District Number of wards(communes and towns) Area (km2)(2025) Population(2025) Density(people/km2) An Dương 10 wards 78.96 171,227 2,169 Dương Kinh 6 wards 48.85 60,319 1,235 Đồ Sơn 6 wards 46.32 54,175 1,169 Hải An 8 wards 97.64 144,256 1,477 Hồng Bàng 10 wards 39.77 177,820 4,471 Kiến An 7 wards 29.6 118,047 3,988 Lê Chân 7 wards 11.9 261,854 22,004 Ngô Quyền 8 wards 11.33 186,683 16,477 Sub-Total (Urban districts) 62 wards 364.37 1,174,381 3,223 Thủy Nguyên 17 wards + 4 communes 269.1 397,570 1,477 Sub-Total (Municipal city) 17 wards, 4 communes 269.1 397,570 1,477 An Lão 2 towns + 15 communes 114.58 146,712 1,280 Bạch Long Vĩ - 3.16 624 197 Cát Hải 2 towns + 10 communes 325.6 32.090 98 Kiến Thụy 1 town + 15 communes 108.87 160,239 1,471 Tiên Lãng 1 town + 18 communes 195 185,619 951 Vĩnh Bảo 1 town + 19 communes 183.16 224,813 1,227 Sub-Total (Rural districts) 7 towns + 77 communes 930.37 750,097 806 Total  79 wards, 7 towns, 81 communes 1,563.84 2,322,048 1,484

Economy

Haiphong is a major economic center of the North in particular and Vietnam in general both. Under French domination, Haiphong was level 1 city, equal to Saigon and Hanoi. The last years of the 19th century, the French had proposed to build Haiphong into the economic capital of Indochina.
Today, Haiphong is still one of the most important economic centers of Vietnam. In 2009, Haiphong state budget revenue reached 34,000 billion Vnd. In 2011, budget revenues in the city reached 47,725 billion, increase 19% compared to 2010. In 2015, total revenues of the city reached 56 288 billion. Government plans that to 2020, Haiphong's revenues will be over 80,000 billion and the domestic revenue reach 20.000 billion. In the ranking of the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) 2013 of Vietnam, Haiphong city ranked at No. 15/63 provinces.
Haiphong has relationship of trading goods with more than 40 countries and territories around the world. Haiphong is striving to become one of the largest commercial centers of the country.

On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam’s provinces, Hai Phong received a score of 70.34. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 70.76. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Policy Bias' and ‘Transparency’.

Industry
Industry is a key sector in Haiphong including food processing, light industries and heavy industries. Major products include fish sauce, beer, cigarettes, textiles, paper, plastic pipes, cement, iron, pharmaceuticals, electric fans, motorbikes, steel pipes and ships and out-sourcing software implementation. Most of these industries have been growing significantly between 2000 and 2007, with the exceptions of the cigarette and pharmaceutical industries. Shipbuilding, steel pipes, plastic pipes and textiles are among the industries with the most rapid growth.

There are also growing industries supplying products used by existing industries in the city. PetroVietnam set up a joint-venture PVTex with textile manufacturer Vinatex to build Vietnam's first polyester fiber plant in Haiphong. The factory will use by-products from oil-refining and reduce reliance on imported materials. 270,600 people were employed in Haiphong's industry. 112,600 industrial jobs were created between 2000 and 2007.

 Agriculture, forestry and fishery 

Despite its status as a city, around one third of Haiphong's area or 52,300 ha (as of 2007) are used for agriculture. Rice is the most important crop, taking up around 80% of the agricultural land with an output of 463,100 tons in 2007.General Statistics Office (2009): Socio-economic Statistical Data of 63 Provinces and Cities, Vietnam. Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi Other agricultural products include maize, sugar and peanuts.

Haiphong has a relatively large fishing sector with an output of 79,705 tons (2007). Gross output has almost doubled between 2000 and 2007, mostly due to fast growth in aquaculture, which made up 60% of gross output in 2007. Despite its coastal location, sea fish contribute relatively little to the sector (around one fourth). Nam Định Province and Thái Bình Province have much larger fishing sectors and even the inland Hải Dương Province has a larger gross output from fishing than Haiphong.

As of 2007, 315,500 were employed in agriculture and fishery, a significant decrease from 396,300 in 2000. However, these sectors still account for almost a third of total employment in Haiphong, a larger share than industry. However, gross output in both agriculture and fishery have been growing significantly between 2000 and 2007.

Demographics

Haiphong is the third most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of 2.103.500 for the metropolitan area (2015), encompassing an area of , 46,1% of population reside in the urban districts. The gender distribution is half female (50.4%).The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing census: Major findings. General Statistics Office of Vietnam.

 Population growth 
As of the 2009 census, Haiphong's average annual population growth rate was given as 4.0%. Haiphong's crude birth rate was recorded at 18.1 live births per 1000 persons vs the crude death rate of 7.6 per 1000 persons. Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 77.1 years for women and 72.0 years for men, or 74.5 years overall. Infant mortality rate was measured at 11.8 infant deaths per 1000 live births, just over two points above the nation's average for urban areas. In the same census, the city's out-migration was 1.9% vs in-migration of 2.8% and, for a net migration rate of 0.9%.

Education
In 2012, Hải Phòng had 4 universities and academies, 17 colleges, 26 professional secondary schools, 56 high schools, and hundreds of other educational institutions ranging from elementary to preschool levels. Trần Phú High School in Hải Phòng holds a Vietnamese record for being the only school with students winning international prizes for 21 consecutive years.

 Universities in Hải Phòng 

 Vietnam Maritime University - A national key university specializing in Transport and Maritime.
 Hai Phong University - A multidisciplinary university, formerly Hai Phong Teachers College.
 Hai Phong Medical University - Trains general and specialized doctors, nurses, and serves as a medical research center.
 Hai Phong Management and Technology University - A private multidisciplinary university.

 High Schools in Hải Phòng 

 Tran Phu Gifted High School: Ranked third nationally in terms of achievements in national student competitions, holds a record for 21 consecutive years of international awards.
 Ngô Quyền High School: Formerly known as Bonnal School, the oldest in Hải Phòng, with French architectural influence, established in 1920.
 Thái Phiên High School: A top non-specialized high school in the city, in the top 100 nationwide.
 Lê Ích Mộc High School: Named after the first scholar of Hải Phòng, located in Kỳ Sơn, Thủy Nguyên.
 Lê Quý Đôn High School: Another prominent high school in Hải Phòng.
 Trần Nguyên Hãn High School: Known for students achieving high results in university entrance exams and fostering creative students.
 An Lão High School: Located at 43 Lê Lợi Street, An Lão town, An Lão district, known for high teaching quality.
 Vĩnh Bảo High School: Recognized for having many students achieve top results in university entrance exams.
 Kiến An High School: The second oldest high school in Hải Phòng, known for its high-quality education.
 Tiên Lãng High School: The first school in Hải Phòng with a student winning the national final of the "Road to Mount Olympia" competition.
 Mạc Đĩnh Chi High School: Located in Dương Kinh district, known for a high university entrance rate.
 Haiphong Maritime High School: Internationally named by alumnus Trần Bảo Sơn, affiliated with Vietnam Maritime University.
 Lương Thế Vinh High School: Formerly Toa Xe Private High School, one of the first four private high schools in Hải Phòng.
 Hồng Bàng High School
 Lê Hồng Phong High School
 An Dương High School
 Hải An High School
 Lê Chân High School
 Thăng Long High School
 Kiến Thụy High School
 Nguyễn Đức Cảnh High School
 Bạch Đằng High School
 Trần Hưng Đạo High School
 Nguyễn Trãi High School

Transport

 Roads 

Haiphong is located at the junction of two National Highways: Route 5, leading west to Hanoi, and Route 10, leading south to Nam Định and onward to connect with National Route 1 at Ninh Bình. Highway 356 passes west–east from the Route 5/10 junction through Haiphong's city center all the way to the coast. A connecting road from route 5 to route 18 links Haiphong with Quảng Ninh Province. In 2015, the new highway connecting Haiphong with Hanoi was completed; this is the most modern highway in Vietnam and reduces the trip by one hour as compared to the previous route.

Within the city there are several long-distance bus depots: Niem Nghia, Vinh Niem, Thuong Ly.

A new highway route was completed last year 2016 to make the transfer faster and easier. From Hanoi to Haiphong and back, it takes less than 2 hours to reach not so long as 3 hours as before. Also shorten the distance from Haiphong to Thai Binh, Hai Duong, Hung Yen.

Tourists can easily catch a coach from Niem Nghia bus station to Hanoi or Cat Ba island, either Quang Ninh, or South of Vietnam.

 Airports 

The main airport serving Haiphong is Cat Bi International Airport with three flights daily to Ho Chi Minh city. In April 2011, Vietnam Airlines launched routes to Da Nang with 5 flights a week. An international airport for Haiphong, situated in Tien Lang district, is in the planning stages; if realized it would become the largest airport in northern Vietnam.

Seaports


Haiphong port is one of the largest ports in Vietnam and south-east Asia as a whole. The Port of Haiphong on the Cấm River is divided into three main docks: Hoang Dieu (Central terminal) located near the city's center, Chua Ve, and Dinh Vu both farther downstream to the east. Several ferry terminals connect Haiphong with the neighboring Cát Hải and Cát Bà Islands; Ben Binh Ferry terminal is located near the city center while Dinh Vu Ferry is located on a spit of land on the coast. The government had approved the plans to build an international port in Lach Huyen – 15 kilometers from the current port. Once completed this will be one of the deepest port in Vietnam with draft of 14m, capable of receiving ships up to 100.000 DWT.

Railway

Haiphong station built in 1902 is the eastern terminus of the Kunming–Hai Phong Railway, also known as the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway. Built at by the French during their occupation, the railway once connected Haiphong to the city of Kunming in Yunnan, China, although service along the Chinese portion of the line is currently suspended. Rail travel from Haiphong with connections to the rest of the Vietnamese railway network is via Hanoi.

Passenger trains run daily from 6AM until 6PM from Hai Phong city to the capital Hanoi and back. The travel time between the two cities by rail is approximately 3 hours.

Cuisine

Hai Phong specialties are known throughout Vietnam for their seafood dishes. Seafood restaurants in the Do Son area are famous for having very fresh shrimp, crab, fish, and squid at affordable prices. The seafood processing style in Hai Phong is simple, emphasizing the essence and freshness of ingredients, not spices.

Dishes such as bánh đa cua (red noodle soup with crab), bún cá (fish rice noodle soup), bánh mỳ que cay (spicy stick-bread), cơm cháy hải sản (crispy rice cracker with seafood), nem cua bể (square crab spring rolls) are notable and popular dishes. These dishes can be found on the streets of other places like Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, but enjoying them on the Flamboyant City (the other name of Haiphong City) is still the most ideal because of the choice of raw ingredients and cooking secrets of local chefs. Hai Phong cuisine has been promoted to Europe at the Brest Maritime Festival 2008 (France) and resonated greatly.

In addition, Hai Phong also has many other dishes such as mantis shrimp hot pot, bean sprouts salad, sủi dìn, bánh bèo (Haiphong's version, which is different from Hue's version).

Notable people
 Mạc Đăng Dung (1483–1541) king of Đại Việt country, the founder of the Mạc dynasty
 Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm (1491–1585) thinker, poet, prophet, Cao Dai religion saint
 Mai Trung Thu (1906–80) painter
 Văn Cao (1923–95) musician, poet, painter and composer of the national anthem of Vietnam Tiến Quân Ca
 Ngọc Sơn (born 1970) singer, songwriter
 Trà Giang (born 1942) film actress (born in Quảng Ngãi Province, grew up and schooled in Haiphong)
 Wong Kwok-hing (born 1949) Hong Kong trade unionist and a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (2004–2016)
 Phan Thị Hà Thanh (born 1991) artistic gymnast, first gymnast to win a world medal for Vietnam gymnastics (2011)
 Thu Phương (born 1972) famous pop singer and Haiphong native; she now lives in the U.S.

Twin towns – sister cities

 Da Nang, Vietnam
 Incheon, South Korea
 Kitakyushu, Japan
 Livorno, Italy
 Nanning, China
 Saint Petersburg, Russia
 Seattle, United States
 Tianjin, China
 Gödöllő, Hungary

Gallery

See also
 List of East Asian ports
 Haiphong Road

References

Notes

External links

 Official Website of Haiphong City
 Official Website of Haiphong Tourism.
 History of Haiphong: interactive Google Map with specific sites and historic views of the city from French colonial times.

|Centre    = Haiphong
|North     =
|Northeast = Quảng Ninh Province
|East      = Gulf of TonkinGuangdong}}|style="background: #FFCC66; color: black;"|Southeast=Gulf of TonkinHainan}}
|South     = Gulf of Tonkin
|Southwest = Thái Bình Province
|West      =
|Northwest = Hải Dương Province
}}
Kategorya:Golpo ng Tonkin