ความต้านทานไฟฟ้าของธาตุ (หน้าข้อมูล)

ความต้านทานไฟฟ้า 
 T 80 K (-193 °C) 273 K (0 °C) 293 K (20 °C) 298 K (25 °C) 300 K (27 °C) 500 K (227 °C)  3 Li lithium use  10.0 nΩm  85.3 nΩm  92.8 nΩm  94.7 nΩm  95.5 nΩm  CRC (10-8 Ωm)  1.00  8.53  9.28  9.47  9.55  LNG (10-8 Ωm)    9.28    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 9.4  4 Be beryllium use  0.75 nΩm  30.2 nΩm  35.6 nΩm  37.0 nΩm  37.6 nΩm  99 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  0.075  3.02  3.56  3.70  3.76  9.9 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    3.56    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 4  5 B boron use    1.5×104 Ωm    LNG (10-8 Ωm)    1.5×1012    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) > 1012  6 C carbon (diamond) use  LNG (10-8 Ωm)    0.8 [sic]     6 C carbon (graphite) use  LNG (10-8 Ωm)    1375    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) about 1000 - direction dependent  11 Na sodium use  8.0 nΩm  43.3 nΩm  47.7 nΩm  48.8 nΩm  49.3 nΩm  CRC (10-8 Ωm)  0.80  4.33  4.77  4.88  4.93  LNG (10-8 Ωm)    4.77    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 4.7  12 Mg magnesium use  5.57 nΩm  40.5 nΩm  43.9 nΩm  44.8 nΩm  45.1 nΩm  78.6 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  0.557  4.05  4.39  4.48  4.51  7.86 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    4.39    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 4.4  13 Al aluminium use  2.45 nΩm  24.17 nΩm  26.50 nΩm  27.09 nΩm  27.33 nΩm  49.9 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  0.245  2.417  2.650  2.709  2.733  4.99 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    2.6548    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 2.65  14 Si silicon use  LNG (10-8 Ωm)    105    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) about 100000  15 P phosphorus use  LNG (10-8 Ωm)    (white) 10 [sic]    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 10  16 S sulfur use    (amorphous) 2×1015 Ωm    LNG (10-8 Ωm)    (amorphous) 2×1023    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) > 1023  17 Cl chlorine use    > 10 Ωm    LNG (10-8 Ωm)    >109    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) > 1010  19 K potassium use  13.4 nΩm  64.9 nΩm  72.0 nΩm  73.9 nΩm  74.7 nΩm  CRC (10-8 Ωm)  1.34  6.49  7.20  7.39  7.47  LNG (10-8 Ωm)    7.2    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 7  20 Ca calcium use  6.5 nΩm  31.1 nΩm  33.6 nΩm  34.2 nΩm  34.5 nΩm  60. nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  0.65  3.11  3.36  3.42  3.45  6.0 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    3.36    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 3.4  21 Sc scandium use  (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) calculated 562 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 56.2 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 70.9 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 26.9 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) calculated from single crystal values 56.2 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    56.2    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 55  22 Ti titanium use   0.39 µΩm  0.420 µΩm    CRC (10-8 Ωm)   39     LNG (10-8 Ωm)    42.0    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 40  23 V vanadium use  24.1 nΩm  181 nΩm  197 nΩm  201 nΩm  202 nΩm  348 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  2.41  18.1  19.7  20.1  20.2  34.8 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    19.7    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 20  24 Cr chromium use   118 nΩm  125 nΩm  126 nΩm  127 nΩm  201 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)   11.8  12.5  12.6  12.7  20.1 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    12.5    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 12.7  25 Mn manganese use  1.32 µΩm  1.43 µΩm  1.44 µΩm  1.44 µΩm  1.44 µΩm  1.49 µΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  132  143  144  144  144  149 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    144    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 160  26 Fe iron use  6.93 nΩm  85.7 nΩm  96.1 nΩm  98.7 nΩm  99.8 nΩm  237 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  0.693  8.57  9.61  9.87  9.98  23.7 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    9.61    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 9.7  27 Co cobalt use   56 nΩm  62.4 nΩm    CRC (10-8 Ωm)   5.6     LNG (10-8 Ωm)    6.24    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 6  28 Ni nickel use  5.45 nΩm  61.6 nΩm  69.3 nΩm  71.2 nΩm  72.0 nΩm  177 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  0.545  6.16  6.93  7.12  7.20  17.7 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    6.93    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 7  29 Cu copper use  2.15 nΩm  15.43 nΩm  16.78 nΩm  17.12 nΩm  17.25 nΩm  30.90 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  0.215  1.543  1.678  1.712  1.725  3.090 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    1.678    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 1.7  30 Zn zinc use  11.5 nΩm  54.6 nΩm  59.0 nΩm  60.1 nΩm  60.6 nΩm  108.2 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  1.15  5.46  5.90  6.01  6.06  10.82 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    5.9    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 5.9  31 Ga gallium use  CRC (10-8 Ωm)   13.6     LNG (10-8 Ωm) (30 °C) 25.795 WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 14  32 Ge germanium use LNG (10-8 Ωm)    53000    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) about 50000  33 As arsenic use    333 nΩm    LNG (10-8 Ωm)    33.3    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 30  34 Se selenium use  LNG (10-8 Ωm)   (amorphous) 1.2 [sic]     WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) high  35 Br bromine use    7.8×1010 Ωm    LNG (10-8 Ωm)    7.8×1018    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) > 1018  37 Rb rubidium use  26.5 nΩm  115 nΩm  128 nΩm  131 nΩm  133 nΩm  CRC (10-8 Ωm)  2.65  11.5  12.8  13.1  13.3  LNG (10-8 Ωm)    12.8    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 12  38 Sr strontium use  36.4 nΩm  123 nΩm  132 nΩm  134 nΩm  135 nΩm  222 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  3.64  12.3  13.2  13.4  13.5  22.2 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    13.2    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 13  39 Y yttrium use  (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 596 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 59.6 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 72.5 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 35.5 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 59.6 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    59.6    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 56  40 Zr zirconium use  66.4 nΩm  388 nΩm  421 nΩm  429 nΩm  433 nΩm  765 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  6.64  38.8  42.1  42.9  43.3  76.5 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    42.1    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 42  41 Nb niobium use   152 nΩm     CRC (10-8 Ωm)   15.2     LNG (10-8 Ωm)   15.2     WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 15  42 Mo molybdenum use  4.82 nΩm  48.5 nΩm  53.4 nΩm  54.7 nΩm  55.2 nΩm  106 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  0.482  4.85  5.34  5.47  5.52  10.6 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    5.34    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 5  43 Tc technetium use  LNG (10-8 Ωm) (100 °C) 22.6 WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 20  44 Ru ruthenium use   71 nΩm     CRC (10-8 Ωm)   7.1     LNG (10-8 Ωm)   7.1     WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 7.1  45 Rh rhodium use   43.3 nΩm     CRC (10-8 Ωm)   4.3     LNG (10-8 Ωm)   4.33     WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 4.3  46 Pd palladium use  17.5 nΩm  97.8 nΩm  105.4 nΩm  107.3 nΩm  108.0 nΩm  179.4 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  1.75  9.78  10.54  10.73  10.80  17.94 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    10.54    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 10  47 Ag silver use  2.89 nΩm  14.67 nΩm  15.87 nΩm  16.17 nΩm  16.29 nΩm  28.7 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  0.289  1.467  1.587  1.617  1.629  2.87 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    1.587    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 1.6  48 Cd cadmium use   68 nΩm     use  (22 °C) 72.7 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)   6.8     LNG (10-8 Ωm) (22 °C) 7.27 WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 7  49 In indium use   0.080 µΩm  83.7 nΩm    CRC (10-8 Ωm)   8.0     LNG (10-8 Ωm)    8.37    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 8  50 Sn tin use   115 nΩm     CRC (10-8 Ωm)   11.5     LNG (10-8 Ωm)   11.5     WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 11  51 Sb antimony use   0.39 µΩm  417 nΩm    CRC (10-8 Ωm)   39     LNG (10-8 Ωm)    41.7    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 40  52 Te tellurium use  LNG (10-8 Ωm)    (5.8-33)×103    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) about 10000  53 I iodine use   1.3×107 Ωm     LNG (10-8 Ωm)   1.3×1015     WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) > 1015  55 Cs caesium use  41.6 nΩm  187 nΩm  205 nΩm  208 nΩm  210 nΩm  CRC (10-8 Ωm)  4.16  18.7  20.5  20.8  21.0  LNG (10-8 Ωm)    20.5    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 20  56 Ba barium use  68.3 nΩm  302 nΩm  332 nΩm  0.340 µΩm  343 nΩm  724 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  6.83  30.2  33.2  34.0  34.3  72.4 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    33.2    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 35  57 La lanthanum use  (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 615 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 61.5 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 61.5 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    61.5    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 61  58 Ce cerium (beta, hex) use  (room temperature) (beta, polycrystalline) 828 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (beta, hex) (290 K-300 K) 82.8 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (beta, polycrystalline) 82.8 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    (beta, hex) 82.8     58 Ce cerium (gamma, cubic) use  (room temperature) (gamma, polycrystalline) 744 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)     74.4   CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (gamma, polycrystalline) 74.4 WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 74  59 Pr praseodymium use  (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 0.700 µΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 70.0 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 70.0 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    70.0    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 70  60 Nd neodymium use  (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 643 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 64.3 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 64.3 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    64.3    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 64  61 Pm promethium use  (room temperature) estimated 0.75 µΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 75 est. CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 75 estimated LNG (10-8 Ωm)     64.0   WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 75  62 Sm samarium use  (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 0.940 µΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 94.0 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 94.0 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    94.0    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 94  63 Eu europium use  (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 0.900 µΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 90.0 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 90.0 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    90.0    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 90  64 Gd gadolinium use  (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 1.310 µΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 131 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 135.1 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 121.7 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 131.0 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    131    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 130  65 Tb terbium use  (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 1.150 µΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 115 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 123.5 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 101.5 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 115.0 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    115    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 120  66 Dy dysprosium use  (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 926 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 92.6 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 111.0 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 76.6 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 92.6 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    92.6    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 91  67 Ho holmium use  (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 814 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 81.4 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (amorphous) 101.5 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (crystalline) 60.5 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 81.4 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    81.4    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 94  68 Er erbium use  (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 0.860 µΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 86.0 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (amorphous) 94.5 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (crystalline) 60.3 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 86.0 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    86.0    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 86  69 Tm thulium use  (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 676 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 67.6 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (amorphous) 88.0 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (crystalline) 47.2 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 67.6 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    67.6    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 70  70 Yb ytterbium use  (room temperature) (beta, polycrystalline) 0.250 µΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 25.0 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (beta, polycrystalline) 25.0 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    25    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 28  71 Lu lutetium use  (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 582 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm) (290 K-300 K) 58.2 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (amorphous) 76.6 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (crystalline) 34.7 CR2 (10-8 Ωm) (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 58.2 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    58.2    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 56  72 Hf hafnium use  67.5 nΩm  304 nΩm  331 nΩm  337 nΩm  0.340 µΩm  631 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  6.75  30.4  33.1  33.7  34.0  63.1 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    33.1    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 30  73 Ta tantalum use  26.2 nΩm  122 nΩm  131 nΩm  134 nΩm  135 nΩm  229 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  2.62  12.2  13.1  13.4  13.5  22.9 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    13.5    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 13  74 W tungsten use  6.06 nΩm  48.2 nΩm  52.8 nΩm  53.9 nΩm  54.4 nΩm  103 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  0.606  4.82  5.28  5.39  5.44  10.3 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    5.28    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 5  75 Re rhenium use   172 nΩm  193 nΩm    CRC (10-8 Ωm)   17.2     LNG (10-8 Ωm)    19.3    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 18  76 Os osmium use   81.2 nΩm     CRC (10-8 Ωm)   8.1     LNG (10-8 Ωm)   8.12     WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 8.1  77 Ir iridium use   47 nΩm  47.1 nΩm    CRC (10-8 Ωm)   4.7     LNG (10-8 Ωm)    4.71    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 4.7  78 Pt platinum use  19.22 nΩm  96 nΩm  105 nΩm  107 nΩm  108 nΩm  183 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  1.922  9.6  10.5  10.7  10.8  18.3 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    10.6    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 10.6  79 Au gold use  4.81 nΩm  20.51 nΩm  22.14 nΩm  22.55 nΩm  22.71 nΩm  39.7 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  0.481  2.051  2.214  2.255  2.271  3.97 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    2.214    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 2.2  80 Hg mercury use     961 nΩm   CRC (10-8 Ωm)     96.1   LNG (10-8 Ωm) (solid) 21 LNG (10-8 Ωm) (liquid) 95.8 WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 96  81 Tl thallium use   0.15 µΩm  0.18 µΩm    CRC (10-8 Ωm)   15     LNG (10-8 Ωm)    18    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 15  82 Pb lead use  49 nΩm  192 nΩm  208 nΩm  211 nΩm  213 nΩm  383 nΩm CRC (10-8 Ωm)  4.9  19.2  20.8  21.1  21.3  38.3 LNG (10-8 Ωm)    20.8    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 21  83 Bi bismuth use   1.07 µΩm  1.29 µΩm    CRC (10-8 Ωm)   107     LNG (10-8 Ωm)    129    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 130  84 Po polonium use   (alpha) 0.40 µΩm     CRC (10-8 Ωm)   40     LNG (10-8 Ωm)   (alpha) 40.0     WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 43  88 Ra radium use    1 µΩm    LNG (10-8 Ωm)    100    WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 100  90 Th thorium use   147 nΩm     use  (22 °C) 15.4 CRC (10-8 Ωm)   14.7     LNG (10-8 Ωm) (22 °C) 15.4 WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 15  91 Pa protactinium use   177 nΩm     use  (22 °C) 19.1 CRC (10-8 Ωm)   17.7     LNG (10-8 Ωm) (22 °C) 19.1 WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 18  92 U uranium use   0.280 µΩm     CRC (10-8 Ωm)   28     LNG (10-8 Ωm)   28.0     WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 28  93 Np neptunium use  (22 °C) 1.220 µΩm LNG (10-8 Ωm) (22 °C) 122.0 WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 120  94 Pu plutonium use   1.460 µΩm     LNG (10-8 Ωm)   146.0     WEL (10-8 Ωm) (293 K-298 K) 150 T 80 K (-193 °C) 273 K (0 °C) 293 K (20 °C) 298 K (25 °C) 300 K (27 °C) 500 K (227 °C)

 อ้างอิง 
 WEL 
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
 G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
 A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
 D.R. Lide, (ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
 J.A. Dean (ed) in Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 14th edition, 1992.
 CRC 
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
 David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 12, Properties of Solids; Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals
 CR2 
As quoted in an online version of:
 David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals
which further refers to:
 Beaudry, B. J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173.
 McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411.
 LNG 
As quoted from:
 J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4, Table 4.1 Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements

หมวดหมู่:ตารางธาตุ