Ku Klux Klan

Ku Klux Klan (hufupishwa kama KKK au Klan) ni kundi la chuki lenye misimamo mikali ya kidini linaloongozwa na Waprotestanti nchini Marekani, lenye itikadi ya mamlaka ya weupe. Linahusishwa na siasa kali za mrengo wa kulia. 

Historia
Kundi hilo lilianzishwa mwaka 1865 wakati wa Ujenzi Mpya (Reconstruction) Kusini mwa Marekani ambako kulikuwa kumeharibiwa na vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe. Wanahistoria kadhaa wamekielezea Klan kama kundi la kwanza la kigaidi nchini Marekani. Kundi hilo linajumuisha mashirika kadhaa yaliyojipanga kama jamii za siri, ambayo mara nyingi yamekuwa yakitumia mbinu za kigaidi, vurugu na vitisho ili kulazimisha mitazamo yao na kunyanyasa waathiriwa wao, hasa watu wenye asili ya Afrika, Wayahudi, na Wakatoliki. Kiongozi wa kila moja kati ya mashirika hayo huitwa "grand wizard" (mchawi mkuu), na historia ya Klan imehusisha awamu tatu tofauti ambazo zimekuwa na malengo mbalimbali kulingana na nyakati na mazingira.

Klan ya kwanza ilianzishwa wakati wa Ujenzi Mpya, ikiwa ni jukwaa la wanaume waliopinga sera za Ujenzi Mpya wa Msimamo Mkali. Mamlaka ya serikali kuu ilianza kuchukua hatua dhidi yake takribani mwaka 1871. Kundi hilo lililenga kuyaangusha serikali za majimbo ya Kusini zilizokuwa chini ya chama cha Republican, hasa kwa kutumia mbinu za vitisho wakati wa uchaguzi na mashambulizi ya moja kwa moja dhidi ya viongozi wa Marekani weye asili ya Kiafrika. Klan iliundwa kwa mabaraza mbalimbali huru katika maeneo tofauti ya Kusini mwa Marekani. Kila baraza (chapter) lilikuwa huru na la siri sana kuhusu wanachama wake na mipango yake. Wanachama walitengeneza mavazi yao wenyewe, mara nyingi yakiwa ya rangi tofauti: majoho, barakoa na kofia zilizochongoka, zikiwa na lengo la kuogofya na kuficha utambulisho wao.

Awamu ya pili ya Klan ilianza mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1910, na ndiyo ya kwanza kutumia ibada ya kuchoma misalaba na sare yenye joho jeupe na kofia zilizofanana. KKK ya miaka ya 1920 ilikuwa na wanachama mamilioni kote nchini Marekani na iliwakilisha sehemu kubwa ya watu wazawa wa Kizungu wa Kiprotestanti. 

Klan ya tatu, ambayo ndiyo bado ipo hadi leo, ilianzishwa katikati ya karne ya 20 kama mwitikio wa harakati za haki za kiraia zilizokuwa zikishamiri. Ilitumia mauaji na ulipuaji mabomu kutimiza malengo yake. 

Awamu zote tatu ziliwahimiza wafuasi wao kufanikisha kile walichokiita "usafishaji" wa jamii ya Marekani. Katika kila kipindi, uanachama ulikuwa wa siri na makadirio ya idadi ya wanachama mara nyingi yalikuwa ya kupindukia, yakitolewa na wafuasi pamoja na wapinzani wao.

Kila awamu ya Klan imeelezwa kuwa ya kipekee kwa vipindi vya muda visivyokutaniana, na kila moja ilikuwa na mabaraza ya maeneo bila uongozi mkuu ulio thabiti. Kila moja imetetea misimamo ya kihafidhina kama vile uzalendo wa watu weupe (white nationalism), upinzani dhidi ya wahamiaji, na —hasa katika awamu za baadaye— itikadi ya Nordicism (ubora wa Wazungu kutoka Kaskazini mwa Ulaya), chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi, chuki dhidi ya Wakatoliki, populismi ya mrengo wa kulia, upinzani dhidi ya ukomunisti, chuki dhidi ya mashoga, upinzani dhidi ya wasiomuamini Mungu, na chuki dhidi ya Waislamu.  

Klan ya kwanza, iliyoanzishwa na wanajeshi wa zamani wa Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani, ilishambulia na kuua watu Weusi waliokuwa na ushawishi wa kisiasa pamoja na washirika wao Weupe waliokuwa wakiunga mkono mabadiliko ya kisiasa Kusini mwa Marekani.

 Marejeo 

 Viungo vya nje 

 Wavuti rasmi 
Because there are multiple Ku Klux Klan organizations, there are multiple official websites. Following are third-party lists of such organizations:

 From the Southern Poverty Law Center: Ku Klux Klan. .
 From the Anti-Defamation League:
 Tattered Robes: The State of the Ku Klux Klan in the United States.  (2016). Not organized as a list of names but many names appear in this report.
 Ku Klux Klan – Active Groups (By State) (2011) – archived list

 Viungo vingine 
 Prescript of the * * . : first edition of the Klan's 1867 prescript.
 Revised and Amended Prescript of the Order of the * * *. : first edition of the Klan's 1868 prescript.
 The Ku Klux Klan in Shelby, N.C. as recorded in two manuscripts in 1871–1872 by Captain Albion Howe (1841–1873), from the collection of The Buffalo History Museum
 Civil Rights Greensboro. .
 The Ku Klux Klan in Washington State. . From the Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project, examines the influence of the second KKK in the state during the 1920s.
 Buffalo Ku Klux Klan Membership List. , digitized by the Buffalo History Museum.
 Video clip of 2014 interview with hooded KKK member.  by biracial director and filmmaker Mo Asumang for her documentary The Aryan.
 "Inside Today's KKK", multimedia, Life magazine, April 13, 2009
 Interview with Stanley F. Horn, author of Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871 (1939), Forest History Society, Inc., May 1978
 Icons of Hate.  at A History of Central Florida Podcast. . Examines the Ku Klux Klan's role in Central Florida in the second quarter of the 20th century.
 FBI file on the Ku Klux Klan
 1871 Congressional Testimony on the Ku Klux Klan
 Mapping the Second Ku Klux Klan, 1915–1940. , VCU Libraries.
 "Quaint Customs and Methods of the Ku Klux Klan".  from The Literary Digest, August 1922.
 Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan No. 51 records. , Mt. Rainier, Maryland at the University of Maryland Libraries.

Jamii:Ubaguzi
Jamii:Ugaidi
Jamii:Historia ya Marekani