Femme fatale

Femme fatale ni neno lenye asili ya Kifaransa linalomaanisha "mwanamke hatari" au "mwanamke mwenye kuangamiza." Neno hili limekuwa likitumika kuwakilisha mhusika wa kike ambaye ni mrembo, mwenye kuvutia, na anayejua jinsi ya kutumia sifa hizo kumshawishi na kumtawala mwanaume kwa ajili ya maslahi yake binafsi. Huyu ni mwanamke ambaye mara nyingi ni mjanja, mwenye akili, na asiyejali athari za vitendo vyake kwa wengine. Katika fasihi na filamu, femme fatale huonekana kama mwanamke mwenye nguvu ya kisiri ambaye ana uwezo wa kuwadhibiti wanaume kwa kutumia ushawishi wake wa kimapenzi na akili zake.

Mwanzo wa dhana hii unaweza kupatikana katika fasihi na sanaa ya kale, lakini ilipata umaarufu mkubwa katika filamu za noir za miaka ya 1940 na 1950. Filamu hizi, ambazo zilijulikana kwa mandhari yake ya giza na hadithi zenye utata, ziliweka msingi wa jinsi femme fatale alivyoelezewa na kuonyeshwa katika tamaduni maarufu. Mhusika huyu mara nyingi ni mrembo wa kupindukia, lakini nyuma ya sura yake nzuri kuna nia ya hatari. Femme fatale hutumia uzuri wake kama silaha, akiwavuta wanaume katika mitego yake na kisha kuwaangamiza kihisia, kiakili, au kimwili.

Katika historia ya filamu, femme fatale imeonekana katika filamu nyingi maarufu. Mojawapo ni Double Indemnity (1944), filamu ya noir inayomwonyesha Phyllis Dietrichson,uhusika ulichezwa na Barbara Stanwyck. Phyllis ni mwanamke anayemshawishi mwanasheria kijana kuingia kwenye mpango wa mauaji kwa ajili ya kupata bima. Mwanamke huyu ni mfano halisi wa femme fatale, akionyesha tamaa, ujanja, na ukatili katika kufikia malengo yake bila kujali athari kwa wengine.

Filamu nyingine inayomwonyesha femme fatale ni Gilda (1946), ambapo Rita Hayworth anacheza uhusika wa Gilda, mwanamke mrembo mwenye siri nyingi. Gilda ni mwanamke ambaye ana uwezo wa kuwafanya wanaume kumfuata kwa mapenzi, lakini anawachanganya na kuwafanya washindwe kumuelewa. Hayworth alijipatia umaarufu mkubwa kwa uhusika wake huu, akawa mfano wa femme fatale ambaye hawezi kutabirika na ambaye mvuto wake unaleta hatari kwa wanaume wanaojihusisha naye.

Mifano ya kisasa ya femme fatale inaweza kuonekana katika filamu kama Basic Instinct (1992), ambapo Sharon Stone anacheza kama Catherine Tramell, mwandishi wa riwaya za uhalifu ambaye ni mrembo na mwenye akili kali. Catherine anatumia mvuto wake wa kimapenzi kumdanganya na kuwachanganya wanaume, hasa katika upelelezi wa kesi ya mauaji ambayo anahusishwa nayo. Uigizaji wa Stone katika filamu hii ulichangia sana kubuni upya dhana ya femme fatale katika sinema za kisasa, akiwakilisha mwanamke mwenye nguvu na asiyeweza kutabirika.

Katika Body Heat (1981), Kathleen Turner anacheza kama Matty Walker. Mwanamke anayemvuta mwanaume kijana katika mpango wa mauaji kwa kutumia uzuri wake na mvuto wa kimapenzi. Matty ni femme fatale wa kisasa ambaye anaonyesha jinsi uzuri unaweza kutumiwa kama silaha ya kumdanganya mtu na kumsukuma katika maangamizi. Vilevile, katika The Last Seduction (1994), Linda Fiorentino anacheza uhusika wa Bridget Gregory, mwanamke anayemiliki akili nyingi na hila nyingi. Akiwadanganya wanaume na kuwatumia kufanikisha mipango yake ya kujinufaisha.

Waigizaji wengine maarufu waliocheza uhusika wa femme fatale ni pamoja na Lauren Bacall katika The Big Sleep (1946), ambapo anacheza kama mwanamke anayemchanganya na kumshawishi mpelelezi binafsi anayejaribu kutatua kesi ya uhalifu. Vivien Leigh katika A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) pia alicheza uhusika wenye sifa za femme fatale, ingawa kwa namna tofauti. Uma Thurman katika Kill Bill (2003-2004) alicheza kama mwanamke mwenye nguvu na hila, akitumia ujuzi wake wa mapigano kufanikisha malengo yake.

Kwa hiyo, femme fatale ni zaidi ya mhusika tu; ni mfano wa jinsi mwanamke anavyoweza kutumia uzuri na akili zake kwa manufaa yake binafsi. Mara nyingi kwa gharama ya wengine. 
Filamu baadhi zilizotaja muhusika huyu
+ Filamu 30 Zilizotumia Femme Fatale Jina la Filamu  Jina la Mhusika  Mwigizaji  Mwaka Uliotoka  Mwongozaji Double Indemnity  Phyllis Dietrichson  Barbara Stanwyck  1944  Billy Wilder Gilda  Gilda Mundson Farrell  Rita Hayworth  1946  Charles Vidor The Big Sleep  Vivian Sternwood Rutledge  Lauren Bacall  1946  Howard Hawks Out of the Past  Kathie Moffat  Jane Greer  1947  Jacques Tourneur The Lady from Shanghai  Elsa Bannister  Rita Hayworth  1947  Orson Welles Sunset Boulevard  Norma Desmond  Gloria Swanson  1950  Billy Wilder A Streetcar Named Desire  Blanche DuBois  Vivien Leigh  1951  Elia Kazan Niagara  Rose Loomis  Marilyn Monroe  1953  Henry Hathaway Vertigo  Madeleine Elster/Judy Barton  Kim Novak  1958  Alfred Hitchcock North by Northwest  Eve Kendall  Eva Marie Saint  1959  Alfred Hitchcock The Killers  Kitty Collins  Ava Gardner  1946  Robert Siodmak Body Heat  Matty Walker  Kathleen Turner  1981  Lawrence Kasdan Fatal Attraction  Alex Forrest  Glenn Close  1987  Adrian Lyne Basic Instinct  Catherine Tramell  Sharon Stone  1992  Paul Verhoeven The Last Seduction  Bridget Gregory/Wendy Kroy  Linda Fiorentino  1994  John Dahl Bound  Violet  Jennifer Tilly  1996  Wachowskis L.A. Confidential  Lynn Bracken  Kim Basinger  1997  Curtis Hanson Wild Things  Suzie Toller  Neve Campbell  1998  John McNaughton Mulholland Drive  Rita/Camilla Rhodes  Laura Harring  2001  David Lynch Kill Bill: Volume 1  Beatrix Kiddo (The Bride)  Uma Thurman  2003  Quentin Tarantino Femme Fatale  Laure Ash  Rebecca Romijn  2002  Brian De Palma Sin City  Ava Lord  Eva Green  2014  Robert Rodriguez, Frank Miller Chloe  Catherine Stewart  Julianne Moore  2009  Atom Egoyan Black Widow  Catharine "Cathy" Gale  Theresa Russell  1987  Bob Rafelson The Grifters  Myra Langtry  Annette Bening  1990  Stephen Frears Devil in a Blue Dress  Daphne Monet  Jennifer Beals  1995  Carl Franklin To Die For  Suzanne Stone Maretto  Nicole Kidman  1995  Gus Van Sant The Postman Always Rings Twice  Cora Smith  Lana Turner  1946  Tay Garnett Dressed to Kill  Liz Blake  Nancy Allen  1980  Brian De Palma The Hunger  Miriam Blaylock  Catherine Deneuve  1983  Tony Scott

Jisomee
 Dominique Mainon and James Ursini (2009) Femme fatale, . Examines the context of film noir.
 Giuseppe Scaraffia (2009) Femme fatale, 
 Julie Grossman (2020) The Femme Fatale, . A brief history of the femme fatale in cinema and TV.
 Toni Bentley (2002) Sisters of Salome, . Salome considered as an archetype of female desire and transgression and as the ultimate femme fatale.
 Bram Dijkstra (1986) Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in Fin-De-Siecle Culture, . Discusses the Femme fatale-stereotype.
 Bram Dijkstra (1996) Evil Sisters: The Threat of Female Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Culture, .
 Elizabeth K. Mix Evil By Design: The Creation and Marketing of the Femme Fatale, . Discusses the origin of the Femme fatale in 19th-century French popular culture.
 Mario Praz (1933) The Romantic Agony, . See chapters four, 'La Belle Dame Sans Merci', and five, 'Byzantium'.
 Julie Grossman (2009) Rethinking the Femme Fatale in film noir: Ready for her close-up, . Tries to bring about a more nuanced and sympathetic reading of the "femme fatale" in film criticism and popular culture commentary.

Jamii:Filamu