Mkutano wa Potsdam 1945

Mkutano wa Potsdam (Potsdam conference) ulitokea kuanzia 17 Julai hadi 2 Agosti 1945 katika mji wa Potsdam, Ujerumani. Waliohudhuria walikuwa viongozi wa nchi washindi wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia, ambao walikuwa mwanzoni Winston Churchill, baadaye Clement Attlee kama Waziri Mkuu wa Uingereza, Harry S. Truman (Rais wa Marekani) na Joseph Stalin (kiongozi wa Umoja wa Kisovyeti)The Potsdam Conference, 1945, tovuti ya Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State, iliangaliwa Agosti 2020. 

Wakati wa mkutano vita ilikuwa ilikwisha tayari katika Ulaya tangu Ujerumani kusalimisha amri kwenye Mei 1945. Vita dhidi Japani katika Asia iliendelea lakini ilionekana tayari Japani ilielekwa kushindwa.

Viongozi wa nchi hizo waliwahi kukutana pale Teheran (Iran) mnamo 1943 na Yalta (Urusi) katika Februari 1945. Tangu mkutano wa Yalta rais Roosevelt wa Marekani aliaga dunia na makamu wake Truman alikuwa rais mpya. Pale Uingereza Winston Churchill alishindwa katika uchaguzi uliofanyika wiki moja baada ya mwanzo wa mkutano, na Clement Attlee alichukua nafasi yake. Kwa hiyo viongozi wapya wawili wa Marekani na Uingereza walikutana na Stalin aliyekuwa mtawala wa Urusi na Umoja wa Kisovyeti tangu miaka mingi. Marekani na Uingereza waliona kwamba Stalin hakufuata mapatano ya Yalta kuhusu Poland; vilevile alilenga kufanya sehemu kubwa ya Poland katika mashariki kuwa sehemu ya Umoja wa Kisovyeti, na badala yake kuhamisha maeneo ya Ujerumani kuwa sehemu za Poland, pamoja na kufukuza Wajerumani wote katika sehemu hizo.

 Mapatano 

 Ujerumani iligawiwa kwa muda katika kanda nne za utawala, zilizokuwa chini ya mamlaka ya Ufaransa, Umoja wa Kisovyeti, Uingereza na Marekani. 
 Sehemu za mashariki za Ujerumani zitatengwa na kuwa sehemu ya Poland, Wajerumani wa maeneo haye watahamishwa. 
 Wajerumani waliotenda jinai wakati wa vita watapelekwa mahakamani
 Ujerumani itakuwa bila jeshi

Kati ya maswali yaliyojadiliwa bila kufikia mapatano yalikuwa: 
 swali la malipo ya fidia ambayo Ujerumani ilitakiwa kulipa kwa nchi ilizoshammbulia 
 swali la uhuru wa Poland (ambako Stalin alianza mapema kulazimisha serikali chini ya Wakomunisti badala ya kusubiri uchaguzi huru)
 Swali la kiasi cha maeneo yaliyopelekwa Poland kutoka Ujerumani; hatimaye takriban robo ya Ujerumani ilitengwa na kuwa sehemu ya Poland

Tangazo la Potsdam kuhusu Japani
Wakati wa mkutano Umoja wa Kisovyeti badi haikuwa na vita dhidi ya Japani lakini Stalin aliahidi kwamba jeshi lake litashambulia Japani miezi mitatu baada ya ushindi juu ya Ujerumani, yaani wakati wa Agosti. Kwenye tarehe 26 Julai Churchill wa Uingereza, Truman wa Marekani na Chiang Kai-shek akiwa kiongozi wa serikali ya Jamhuri ya China walitangaza masharti yao kwa kumaliza vita dhidi ya Japani; walidai jeshi la japani kusalimisha amri, kuingia kwa vikosi vya ushirikiano ndani ya nchi, mwisho wa serikali iliyoendesha vita, kupeleka mahakamani Wajapani wote walitenda jinai; na kuanzishwa kwa serikali mpya ya amani baada ya uchaguzti huru; kama Japani isingekubali walitangaza nchgi yote itaangamizwaPotsdam Declaration (Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender Issued, at Potsdam, July 26, 1945).

Marejeo

Viungo vya nje

 A revision site for IGCSE students
 The Aims of The Allies in depth 
 The events of Potsdam in depth   
 A CNN webpage on Potsdam, very in depth   
 Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference
 Truman and the Potsdam Conference 
 Annotated bibliography for the Potsdam Conference from the Alsos Digital Library
 The Potsdam Conference, July – August 1945 on navy.mil 
 United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States : diplomatic papers : the Conference of Berlin (the Potsdam Conference) 1945 Volume I Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945
 United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States : diplomatic papers : the Conference of Berlin (the Potsdam Conference) 1945 Volume II Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945
 European Advisory Commission, Austria, Germany Foreign relations of the United States : diplomatic papers, 1945.
 Cornerstone of Steel , Time magazine, 21 January 1946
 Cost of Defeat, Time magazine, 8 April 1946
 Pas de Pagaille!  Time magazine, 28 July 1947
 Interview with James W. Riddleberger  Chief, Division of Central European Affairs, U.S. Dept. of State, 1944–47
 "The Myth of Potsdam," in B. Heuser et al., eds., Myths in History (Providence, Rhode Island and Oxford: Berghahn, 1998)
 "The United States, France, and the Question of German Power, 1945–1960," in Stephen Schuker, ed., Deutschland und Frankreich vom Konflikt zur Aussöhnung: Die Gestaltung der westeuropäischen Sicherheit 1914–1963, Schriften des Historischen Kollegs, Kolloquien 46 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2000).
 U.S. Economic Policy Towards defeated countries April 1946.
 Lebensraum 
 EDSITEment's lesson Sources of Discord, 1945–1946

Category:1945
Category:Vita Vikuu vya Pili