Umakanika kwanta

Umakanika kwanta (kwa Kiingereza: Quantum mechanics; kifupi: QM) ni sehemu ya fizikia inayoeleza jinsi vitu vinavyounda atomi na mawimbi ya sumakuumeme (kama vile nuru) vinavyofanya kazi. Hivyo umakanika kwanta huchunguza vitu tusivyoviona, kwa mfano kutokana na udogo wake, au vinavyosogea kasi mno, tofauti na vile vinavyochunguzwa na umakanika kawaida, sehemu ya kwanza ya umakanika. Kwanta katika fizikia ni kiwango cha chini kabisa cha kipimo chochote cha kiumbo kinachohusika katika maingiliano. 

Nadharia inayoelezea kwanta katika fizikia inaitwa nadharia ya kwanta na inazungumza kwamba vipimo vyovyote vya kiumbo vyawezavyo kupimwa hadi kiwango cha chini kabisa cha kwanta, kwa mfano: kiwango cha chini kabisa cha mwanga ni ukubwa wa fotoni, na kiwango cha chini kabisa cha chaji ni chaji ya elektroni.

 Uvutano kwanta 

Kufahamu jinsi umakanika kwanta na nadharia ya uhusianifu zinavyoweza kuunganishwa kumejenga uwanja mpya wa utafiti wa uvutano kwanta. Uvutano kwanta unajaribu kutoa nadharia inayounganisha uvutano na sheria za umakanika kwanta ili kuelewa nguvu za uvutano katika kiwango cha chembe.

Katika utafiti huu, watafiti wanajaribu kuelewa nadharia ya "loop quantum gravitiy" (LQG), ambayo inadai kwamba nafasiwakati haiko kama kiti cha kimiminika, bali kinaundwa na vidogo vya kwanta. Hii ni tofauti na dhana ya kimapokeo ya nafasiwakati kama kipengele cha nene na kisicho na mwisho. Aidha, kuna nadharia ya kamba (Kiingereza: "string theory") ambayo inadhani kuwa chembe ndogo za msingi haziko kama chembe za kawaida, bali ni kamba za nishati ambazo hupiga mawimbi.

Marejeo

 Maelezo rahisi kidogo: 
 Chester, Marvin (1987) Primer of Quantum Mechanics. John Wiley. 

 Richard Feynman, 1985. QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Princeton University Press. . Four elementary lectures on quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory, yet containing many insights for the expert.
 Ghirardi, GianCarlo, 2004. Sneaking a Look at God's Cards, Gerald Malsbary, trans. Princeton Univ. Press. The most technical of the works cited here. Passages using algebra, trigonometry, and bra–ket notation can be passed over on a first reading.
 N. David Mermin, 1990, "Spooky actions at a distance: mysteries of the QT" in his Boojums all the way through. Cambridge University Press: 110–76.
 Victor Stenger, 2000. Timeless Reality: Symmetry, Simplicity, and Multiple Universes. Buffalo NY: Prometheus Books. Chpts. 5–8.  Includes cosmological and philosophical considerations.
Maelezo ya kitaalamu zaidi:
 Bryce DeWitt, R. Neill Graham, eds., 1973. The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton Series in Physics, Princeton University Press. 
  The beginning chapters make up a very clear and comprehensible introduction.


  A standard undergraduate text.
 Max Jammer, 1966. The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics. McGraw Hill.
 Hagen Kleinert, 2004. Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets, 3rd ed. Singapore: World Scientific. Draft of 4th edition. 
    Online copy
 Gunther Ludwig, 1968. Wave Mechanics. London: Pergamon Press. 
 George Mackey (2004). The mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. Dover Publications. .
 Albert Messiah, 1966. Quantum Mechanics (Vol. I), English translation from French by G.M. Temmer. North Holland, John Wiley & Sons. Cf. chpt. IV, section III.   online

 Scerri, Eric R., 2006. The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press. Considers the extent to which chemistry and the periodic system have been reduced to quantum mechanics. 


 Hermann Weyl, 1950. The Theory of Groups and Quantum Mechanics, Dover Publications.
 D. Greenberger, K. Hentschel, F. Weinert, eds., 2009. Compendium of quantum physics, Concepts, experiments, history and philosophy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Marejeo mengine








 Veltman, Martinus J.G. (2003),  Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics.
 Zucav, Gary (1979, 2001). The Dancing Wu Li Masters: An overview of the new physics (Perennial Classics Edition) HarperCollins.

On Wikibooks
 This Quantum World

Viungo vya nje

 3D animations, applications and research for basic quantum effects (animations also available in commons.wikimedia.org (Université paris Sud))
 Quantum Cook Book  by R. Shankar, Open Yale PHYS 201 material (4pp)
 The Modern Revolution in Physics – an online textbook.
 J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson: A history of quantum mechanics.
 Introduction to Quantum Theory at Quantiki.
 Quantum Physics Made Relatively Simple: three video lectures by Hans Bethe
 H is for h-bar.
 Quantum Mechanics Books Collection: Collection of free books
Vitini
 A collection of lectures on Quantum Mechanics 
 Quantum Physics Database – Fundamentals and Historical Background of Quantum Theory.
 Doron Cohen: Lecture notes in Quantum Mechanics (comprehensive, with advanced topics).
 MIT OpenCourseWare: Chemistry .
 MIT OpenCourseWare: Physics . See 8.04 
 5½ Examples in Quantum Mechanics
 Imperial College Quantum Mechanics Course. 
 Spark Notes – Quantum Physics. 
 Quantum Physics Online : interactive introduction to quantum mechanics (RS applets).
 Experiments to the foundations of quantum physics with single photons. 
 AQME : Advancing Quantum Mechanics for Engineers – by T. Barzso, D. Vasileska and G. Klimeck online learning resource with simulation tools on nanohub
 Quantum Mechanics by Martin Plenio
 Quantum Mechanics by Richard Fitzpatrick
 Online course on Quantum Transport 

FAQs
 Many-worlds or relative-state interpretation.
 Measurement in Quantum mechanics. 

Media
 PHYS 201: Fundamentals of Physics II by Ramamurti Shankar, Open Yale Course
 Lectures on Quantum Mechanics by Leonard Susskind
 Everything you wanted to know about the quantum world – archive of articles from New Scientist.
 Quantum Physics Research from Science Daily

 Audio: Astronomy Cast Quantum Mechanics – June 2009. Fraser Cain interviews Pamela L. Gay.
 "The Physics of Reality", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Roger Penrose, Fay Dowker & Tony Sudbery (In Our Time, May 2, 2002).

Jamii:Fizikia