Négritude

NégritudeNégritude is a constructed noun from the 1930s based upon the French word nègre, which, like its English counterpart, was derogatory and had a different meaning from "Black man". The movement's use of the word négritude was a way of re-imagining the word as an emic form of empowerment. The term was first used in its present sense by Aimé Césaire, in the third issue of L'Étudiant noir, a magazine that he had started in Paris with fellow students Léopold Senghor and Léon Damas, as well as Gilbert Gratiant, Leonard Sainville, Louis T. Achille, Aristide Maugée, and Paulette Nardal. L'Étudiant noir also includes Césaire's first published work, Conscience Raciale et Révolution Sociale, with the heading "Les Idées" and the rubric "Négreries", which is notable for its disavowal of assimilation as a valid strategy for resistance and for its use of the word  as a positive term. The problem with assimilation was that one assimilated into a culture that considered African culture to be barbaric and unworthy of being seen as "civilized". The assimilation into this culture would have been seen as an implicit acceptance of this view. Nègre previously had been used mainly in a pejorative sense. Césaire deliberately incorporated this derogatory word into the name of his philosophy. ni fremu ya nadharia ya uhakiki na uandishi iliyostawishwa hasa na waandishi na wanasiasa wa Afrika waliozoea lugha ya Kifaransa na kuishi nje ya bara lao katika miaka ya 1930. 

Lengo lilikuwa kukuza kati ya Waafrika wote hali ya kujitambua kama watu wa maana kwa kupinga ukoloni na kupigania umoja wa watu wote wenye asili ya Afrika, pengine kwa kutegemea Umarksi.

Historia
Waanzilishi walikuwa Aimé Césaire kutoka Martinika, Léopold Sédar Senghor (baadaye rais wa kwanza wa Senegal) na Léon Dumas kutoka Guyana ya Kifaransa. 

Négritude ilichangia uanzishaji wa matapo mbalimbali duniani yaliyotetea Waafrika na haki zao, kama vile:
 Black Skin, White Masks
 Black Consciousness Movement
 Black Surrealism
 Black Arts Movement
 Black Power Movement
 Angolanidade ("Angolan-ness")
 Authenticité
 Afro-pessimism
 Afro-Surrealism
 Anti Fascism
 Anti African

Tanbihi

Marejeo
Christian Filostrat, "La Négritude et la 'Conscience raciale et révolution sociale' d'Aimé Césaire". Présence Francophone, No. 21, Automne 1980, pp. 119–130.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. "Orphée Noir". Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache. ed. Léopold Senghor. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p. xiv (1948).
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Bibliografia
Maandishi asili
 Césaire, Aimé: Return to My Native Land, Bloodaxe Books, 1997, ISBN|1-85224-184-5
 Césaire, Aimé: Discourse on Colonialism, Monthly Review Press (1950), 2000, ISBN|1-58367-025-4
 Damas, Léon-Gontran, Poètes d'expression française.Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1947
 Damas, Léon-Gontan, Mine de Rien, Poèmes inédits.
 Diop, Birago, Leurres et lueurs. Paris: Présence Africaine, 1960
 Senghor, Léopold Sedar, The Collected Poetry, University of Virginia Press, 1998
 Senghor, Léopold Sédar, Ce que je crois. Paris: Grasset, 1988
 Tadjo, Véronique, Red Earth/Latérite. Spokane, Washington: Eastern Washington University Press, 2006

Mengineyo
 Cheikh Thiam, Return to the Kingdom of Childhood: Re-envisioning the Legacy and Philosophical Relevance of Negritude, The Ohio State University Press, 2014
 T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, Negritude Women, University of Minnesota Press, 2002, ISBN|0-8166-3680-X
 Christian Filostrat, Negritude Agonistes, Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers, 2008, ISBN|978-0-9818939-2-1
 Gary Wilder, The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude & Colonial Humanism Between the Two World Wars, University of Chicago Press, 2005, ISBN|0-226-89772-9
 Stovall, Tyler, "Aimé Césaire and the making of black Paris." French Politics, Culture & Society 27#3 (2009): 44–46
 Thompson, Peter, Negritude and Changing Africa: An Update, in Research in African Literatures, Winter 2002
 Thompson, Peter, Négritude et nouveaux mondes—poésie noire: africaine, antillaise et malgache. Concord, Mass: Wayside Publishing, 1994

Filamu
Négritude: Naissance et expansion du concept a documentary by Nathalie Fave and Jean-Baptiste Fave, first minutes online, with the interventions of Amadou Lamine Sall, Racine Senghor, Lylian Kesteloot, Jean-Louis Roy, Jacqueline Lemoine, Gérard Chenêt, Victor Emmanuel Cabrita, Nafissatou Dia Diouf, Amadou Ly, Youssoufa Bâ, Raphaël Ndiaye, Alioune Badara Bèye, Hamidou Dia, Georges Courrèges, Baba Diop; Maison Africaine de la Poésie Internationale. Shot in Sénégal in 2005, 56' (DVD)

Viungo vya nje
Noir, Journal Mensuel de l'Association des Etudiants Martiniquais en France, PREMIERE ANNEE N. 3 MAI-JUN 1935, 
Césaire et l'introduction de la notion "négritude" 

Category:Miaka ya 1930
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Jamii:Siasa ya Afrika
Jamii:Historia ya Afrika
Jamii:Utaifa