Beowulf

Beowulf ni tendi mashuhuri ya fasihi ya Kiingereza cha Kale. Kitabu kilichopo hadi sasa kiliandikwa mnamo 975-1025 BK, lakini inawezekana tendi ilitungwa mapema zaidi.

Hadithi zake
Hilo shairi refu la aya 3182 linasimulia habari za kijana Beowulf anayetokea Uswidi pamoja na marafiki 14 kwa kusudi la kumsaidia mfalme wa Denmark Hrodgar. Hrodgar anateswa na Grendel ambaye ni zimwi mbaya anayemeza watu. Beowulf anamshinda Grendel na mama yake na kupokea zawadi nyingi kutoka Hrodgar. 

Kuna sehemu ya pili ya shairi ambamo Beowulf mzee ni mfalme mwenyewe. Anapaswa kushindana na joka anayeharibu nchi. Safari hii Beowulf anauawa akitetea nchi yake kwa sababu kati ya wafuasi wake ni mmoja tu anayemsaidia.

Mfano wa lugha yake

 Aya  Kiingereza cha Kale  Kiingereza cha Kisasa (karne ya 19) [1]  Hwæt! We Gardena         in geardagum, Lo! We of Spear-Danes in days of yore, [2]  þeodcyninga,         þrym gefrunon of the fame of the kings, have heard [3]  hu ða æþelingas         ellen fremedon. How those nobles did great deeds [4]  Oft Scyld Scefing         sceaþena þreatum,  Often Scyld Scefing, from the army of his enemies, [5]  monegum mægþum,         meodosetla ofteah, from many warriors, took the mead-benches [6]  egsode eorlas.         Syððan ærest wearð  terrified the nobles. After he was first [7]  feasceaft funden,         he þæs frofre gebad discovered, a foundling, he gained a consolation  [8]  weox under wolcnum,         weorðmyndum þah, waxed under the heavens, prospered in glory, [9]  oðþæt him æghwylc         þara ymbsittendra  until eventually everyone in surrounding tribes, [10]  ofer hronrade         hyran scolde, over the whale-road, had to obey [11]  gomban gyldan.         Þæt wæs god cyning!  and yield to him. He was a good king!

 Marejeo 
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 Viungo vya nje 

 Beowulf ePub/Mobi version
 Electronic Beowulf, ed. by Kevin Kiernan, 4th online edn (University of Kentucky/The British Library, 2015), http://ebeowulf.uky.edu/ebeo4.0/start.html
 Beowulf manuscript in The British Library's Online Gallery, with short summary and podcast 
 Annotated List of Beowulf Translations: The List — Arizonal Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies 
 online text (digitised from Elliott van Kirk Dobbie (ed.), Beowulf and Judith, Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, 4 (New York, 1953))
 Beowulf introduction Article introducing various translations and adaptations of Beowulf
 The tale of Beowulf (Sel.3.231); a digital edition of the proof-sheets with manuscript notes and corrections by William Morris in Cambridge Digital Library

Category:Fasihi ya Kiingereza