Ndui

Ndui (kwa Kiingereza: smallpox) ilikuwa ugonjwa wa kuambukiza uliosababishwa na aina mbili za virusi: Variola major na Variola minor.

Ulikuwa unaleta kifo cha waliopatwa kwa asilimia 30-35, lakini zaidi kati ya watoto.

Walionusurika wengi waliachwa na makovu ya kudumu hasa katika uso.

Historia
Inakadiriwa ulikuwepo tangu miaka ya 10000 KK hadi mwaka 1977.

Chanzo chake hakijulikani lakini kuna dalili ya kwamba ilitokea mapema sana katika Misri ya KaleShchelkunov SN (December 2011). "Emergence and reemergence of smallpox: the need for development of a new generation smallpox vaccine". Vaccine. 29 Suppl 4: D49–53. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.037. PMID 22185833.. Pengine farao Ramses V alikuwa mgonjwa wa kwanza anayejulikana kutokana na utafiti wa mumia yakeHopkins, Donald. "Ramses V:Earliest known victim?" (PDF). WHO imeangaliwa 30-03-2016 . 

Labda ilipelekwa Uhindi na wafanyabiashara Wamisri mnamo miaka ya 1500 KK. Ugonjwa uliua watu wengi huko UlayaJ. N. Hays (2005). "Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history". ABC-CLIO. p.151. ISBN 1-85109-658-2, Asia na Afrika ilikosambaa pia. 

Matokeo ya ndui yalikuwa mabaya hasa Amerika ambako Waindio yaani wakazi asilia waliwahi kuishi milenia nyingi bila mawasiliano na bila maambukizi kutoka sehemu nyingine za dunia, hivyo walikosa kabisa kinga. Kwa mfano Wahispania waliweza kuvamia milki ya Azteki huko Mexiko kwa sababu wateteaji wa Tenochtitlan walidhoofishwa na ugonjwa uliopelekwa hapo na Wahispania.

Mwaka 1967 tu ndui iliua watu milioni mbili na katika karne ya 20 kwa jumla milioni 300 au 500.

 Chanjo 
Nchini China na Uhindi ilijulikana tangu kale kwamba kumdunga mtu kwa majimaji kutoka vidonda vya ndui kunasababisha homa kidogo lakini kunamkinga dhidi ya maambukizi makaliRiedel, S (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 18 (1): 21–25. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144. hata kama takriban asilimia 1-2 ya watu waliodungwa vile walikufaAtkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. (2005). "Smallpox" (PDF). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (9th ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. pp. 281–306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2010.. 

Mnamo 1796 tabibu Mwingereza Edward Jenner alitambua kwamba kumdunga mtu kwa majimaji ya vidonda vya ndui ya ng'ombe kunamkinga pia dhidi ya ndui wa kibinadamu, lakini bila matatizo yale yaliyoweza kutokea kwenye mbinu ya awali. Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. (2005). "Smallpox" (PDF). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (9th ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. pp. 281–306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2010 Chanjo hiyo iliboreshwa na kupunguza kutokea kwa ndui, Nchi nyingi duniani ziliweka taratibu za kutoa chanjo kwa watoto wote. Tangu mwaka 1967 Shirika la Afya Duniani WHO lilianzisha mradi wa kutafuta wagonjwa wa mwisho wa ndui na kuwatibu. Mgonjwa wa mwisho alipatikana nchini Somalia kwenye mwaka 1976Fenner, uk. 527-536.   

Tangu siku zile ndui ni ugonjwa wa kwanza ambao binadamu kwa njia ya chanjo alifaulu kuukomesha.

 Tanbihi 

Hopkins DR (2002). The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in history. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-35168-8

 Marejeo 







  (Excerpt available at http://cryptome.info/0001/smallpox-wmd.htm)

 Lord Wharncliffe and W. Moy Thomas, editors. The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, vol. 1, London: Henry G. Bohn, 1861.

 Viungo vya nje 

 Image of Amhearst letter to Colonel Henry Bouquet – give smallpox to Indians. 
 Smallpox Biosafety: A Website About Destruction of Smallpox Virus Stocks 
 Detailed CIDRAP Smallpox overview 
 Agent Fact Sheet: Smallpox , Center for Biosecurity
 Smallpox Images and Diagnosis Synopsis 
 Variola Virus Genomes  database search results from the Poxvirus Bioinformatics Resource Center

Jamii:Virusi
Jamii:Maradhi ya kuambukiza