Ubepari

Ubepari ni mfumo wa uchumi ambamo biashara, viwanda na vitegauchumi vingine vinatawaliwa na watu binafsi kwa kiasi kikubwa na kwa lengo la kupata faida. Nafasi ya serikali ni ndogo. Vilevile lengo la kuhudumia jamii katika mahitaji yake haliongozi mipango.“Capitalism”  Oxford Dictionaries. “capitalism. an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.” Retrieved 4 January 2013.Chris Jenks. Core Sociological Dichotomies. “Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit.” London, England, UK; Thousand Oaks, California, USA; New Delhi, India: SAGE. p. 383. 

Kati ya sifa za ubepari kuna ulimbikizaji wa mtaji, ushindani katika soko huria na kazi zinazolipwa mshahara.Heilbroner, Robert L. "capitalism." Durlauf, Steven N.and Lawrence E. Blume, eds., The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd ed. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)  

Katika mfumo huo, pande zinazokabiliana zinapanga zenyewe bei kwa makubaliano, bila kuingiliwa na mamlaka yoyote ya nje.http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/capitalism "an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market"

Ubepari una viwango tofauti vya uhuru huo, kadiri ya nchi:Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics, 3rd Ed., 1986, p. 54.Kiingereza kinaainisha laissez-faire capitalism, welfare capitalism, crony capitalism na state capitalism.Stilwell, Frank. “Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas.” First Edition. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, Australia. 2002. 

Historia
Kihistoria, ubepari uliwahi kuwepo tangu zamani kwa namna mbalimbali, lakini ulianza kutawala baada ya mifumo ya Karne za Kati za Ulaya kupitwa na wakati na mapinduzi ya viwanda kushika kasi. Ubeberu, ukoloni, halafu utandawazi vimefanya ubepari uenee duniani kote. 

Katika karne ya 20 ubepari ulishindana na mfumo mbadala wa ukomunisti ambao ulitia mkazo juu ya majukumu ya serikali katika uchumi mpaka kuwanyima wananchi nafasi ya kuwajibika. Hata hivyo, baada ya kushinda,James Fulcher, Capitalism, A Very Short Introduction, “In one respect there can, however, be little doubt that capitalism has gone global and that is in the elimination of alternative systems.” p. 99, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-19-280218-7. ubepari pia umeingiza uchumi wa dunia katika hali tete, kama ilivyojitokeza mwanzoni mwa karne ya 21.

Watetezi wa ubepari wanasisitiza kwamba mfumo huo unaleta ustawi wa jamii ulio mkubwa kuliko ule unaoletwa na mifumo mingine yoyote, kiasi kwamba hatimaye wote wanafaidika, si matajiri tu.Friedman, Milton. Capitalism and Freedom. [Chicago]: University of Chicago, 1962. Critics of capitalism variously associate it with economic instability,Krugman, Paul, Wells, Robin, Economics, Worth Publishers, New York, (2006) 

Wengi wanapinga hoja hiyo kwa kuonyesha umati unaokosa kazi na huduma za msingi kutokana na pesa kutiwa maanani kuliko binadamu na mazingira kutumika kuliko uwezo wake wa kustahimili.The Rise of Capitalism, 2011. Socialist Standard, no. 1284, August 2011.. Kanisa Katoliki limejitokeza kwa namna ya pekee kati ya dini mbalimbali kukosoa ubepari Caritas in veritate paragraph 36 O'Leary, Naomi, "Pope Attacks 'Tyranny' of Markets in Manifesto for Papacy" . Reuters (November 2013) Retrieved 30 December 2013.Zachary A. Goldfarb and Michelle Boorstein (26 November 2013). Pope Francis denounces ‘trickle-down’ economic theories in critique of inequality. The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2013. kama ulivyokosoa na hatimaye kuangusha ukomunisti wa Ulaya Mashariki (1989) likiongozwa na Papa Yohane Paulo II.

Tanbihi

Marejeo











Marejeo mengine

  Alperovitz, Gar (2011). America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth, Our Liberty, and Our Democracy, 2nd Edition. Democracy Collaborative Press. ISBN 0984785701






 Mayfield, Anthony. "Economics", in his On the Brink: Resource Depletion, Debt Collapse, and Super-technology ([Vancouver, B.C.]: On the Brink Publishing, 2013), pp. 50–104. N.B.: The author, as well, frequently discusses aspects of economics and capitalism elsewhere (passim.) in the book.

 Panitch, Leo, and Sam Gindin (2012). The Making of Global Capitalism: the Political Economy of American Empire. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-742-9

  Polanyi, Karl (2001). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon Press; 2 edition. ISBN 080705643X
 Roberts, Paul Craig (2013). The Failure of Laissez-faire Capitalism: towards a New Economics for a Full World. Atlanta, Ga.: Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0-9860362-5-5



Viungo vya nje


 Center on Capitalism and Society at Columbia University
 Center for the Study of Capitalism at Wake Forest University
 Commonwealth Club of California-Dr. Yaron Brook and Dr. David Callahan: Is Capitalism Moral? A Debate – October 22, 2012
 Basic Characteristics of Capitalism from textbooksfree.org 

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