Samba

Samba ni aina ya muziki pia ngoma na uimbaji kutoka nchini Brazil. Inaunganisha vyanzo vya Kiafrika na vya Kiulaya.


 Vyanzo 
Chanzo muhimu cha Samba ni muziki wa watumwa waliopelekwa Brazil kutoka Afrika hasa maeneo Afrika ya Magharibi halafu ya Kongo na Angola wakati wa karne ya 18 na 19. 

Athira nyingine zilikuwa dansi za wahamiaji kutoka nchi za Ulaya. 

Kutoka vyanzo hivi ilitokea muziki iliyoitwa choro hasa kule Rio de Janeiro kuanzia mnamo 1870. Choro ilikuwa muziki ya kitaifa ya kwanza ya Brazil. Tangu miaka ya 1920 samba ilichukua nafasi ya choro.

Mnamo 1917 kundi la Banda Odeon lilifanya rekodi ya kwanza ya samba inayojulikana kwa jina "Pelo telefone" („ks aimu“). Wimbo huu  ulifaulu sana wakati wa kanivali. 

Tangu 1928 vikundi vya kwanza vya "shule ya samba" viliundwa vilivyoandaa michango kwa kanivali ya mwaka ujao. Hapo walikutana hasa vijana kutoka maeneo maskini ya Rio 1928 walipoishi watu weusi wengi. 

Lakini pia Wabrazil weupe wa tabaka za kati walipokea muziki ya samba na bendi nyini waliisambaza kote nchini. 

Tangu miaka ya 1950 shule za samba zilianza kutawala kanivali ya Rio. Leo hii kanivali ya Rio intazamiwa kuwa sherehe kubwa duniani.  Kilele chake ni maandamano ya vikundi vya shule za samba vinavyoshindana kwa ngao ya mshindi. Rio ina shule za samba 44 n kila moja ina wanachama maelfu. Wanaandaa pamoja maandamano ya kanivali ijao inayohitaji mazoesimengi ya kuimba na kucheza kwa wala watakaohudhuria. Pamoja na hayo shule nyingi zinatimiza pia wajibu kwenye mitaa ya vibanda.

Tovuti za nje  
 Dance Resources Samba syllabus 
 Samba show by Bryan Watson and Carmen Vincelj, former World Professional Latin Dance champions
 Demonstration of basic figures by experts Allan Tornsberg and Serena Lecca
 Origins of Samba Dance & Music 
 One of the first formal samba definition (1997)
 History of Samba, BBC Radio Bosco De Olivera's History of Samba for BBC Radio - scroll down to "Bosco Does the Samba".

Kujisomea
 The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova and the Popular Music of Brazil. by McGowan, Chris and Pessanha, Ricardo. 2nd edition. Temple University Press. 1998.
 , documentary on the history of samba in Brazil with particular emphasis on Rio de Janeiro. The film is in Portuguese with English subtitles and approaches the subject from an interesting perspective.
  Nosso senhor do samba. by Edigar de Alencar. Rio de Janeiro: FUNARTE, 1988.
 O Encontro Entre Bandeira e Sinhô. by André Gardel Rio de Janeiro: Secretaria Municipal de Cultura, 1996.
 Gildo De Stefano, Il popolo del samba. La vicenda e i protagonisti della storia della musica popolare brasiliana, Preface by Chico Buarque de Hollanda, Introduction by Gianni Minà, RAI-ERI, Rome 2005, ISBN 8839713484
 O Sol nasceu pra todos:a História Secreta do Samba. by Luis Carlos de Morais Junior. Rio de Janeiro: Litteris, 2011.
 Samba. by Alma Guillermoprieto. Jonathan Cape London 1990.
 Rhythms of Resistance: African Musical Heritage in Brazil. by Peter Fryer. Pluto Press 2000.
 Making Samba: A New History of Race and Music in Brazil. by Marc A. Hertzman. Duke University Press 2013.

 Marejeo 

Category:Muziki
Category:Brazil