Itikadi kali

Itikadi kali ni dai la kushikilia sana misimamo ya diniAltemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113-133. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5Kunst, J., Thomsen, L., Sam, D. (2014). Late Abrahamic reunion? Religious fundamentalism negatively predicts dual Abrahamic group categorization among Muslims and Christians. European Journal of Social Psychology, https://www.academia.edu/6436421/Late_Abrahamic_reunion_Religious_fundamentalism_negatively_predicts_dual_Abrahamic_group_categorization_among_Muslims_and_ChristiansKunst, J. R., & Thomsen, L. (2014). Prodigal sons: Dual Abrahamic categorization mediates the detrimental effects of religious fundamentalism on Christian-Muslim relations. The  International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. doi: 10.1080/10508619.2014.93796 https://www.academia.edu/7455300/Prodigal_sons_Dual_Abrahamic_categorization_mediates_the_detrimental_effects_of_religious_fundamentalism_on_Christian-Muslim_relationsHunsberger, B. (1995). Religion and prejudice: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest, and right-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 51(2), 113-129. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01326.x au falsafa au siasa fulani kwa kuchukua hasa maneno yaliyoandikwa na mwanzilishi bila ufafanuzi wowote, kadiri unavyohitajika kutokana na muda kupita au mabadiliko mbalimbali kutokea. 

Kwa jumla msamiati huu unatumika kwa maana mbaya , tofauti na mtu kusifiwa kwa uaminifu wake unaoendana na msimamo usio na ukali dhidi ya wengine.

Katika dini
Mfano maarufu wa aina hiyo ni "fundamentalism" iliyoenea katika Uprotestanti huko Marekani katika karne ya 20 ikitaka kushika kabisa mambo 5 ya "msingi" (= fundamentals) kwa kupinga teolojia ya Usasa: 
 Biblia kuwa na uvuvio wa Roho Mtakatifu na kwa sababu hiyo kutoweza kukosea hata katika masuala ya sayansi
 Yesu kuwa mzao wa bikira
 Kifo cha Yesu kuwa malipizi ya dhambi za binadamu
 Ufufuko wa Yesu katika mwili wake, si kwa roho tu
 Ukweli wa kihistoria wa miujiza ya Yesu.George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, (1980) pp 4-5 Over 1400 scholarly books have cited Marsden's work, according to Google Scholar.Buescher, John. "A History of Fundamentalism", Teachinghistory.org . Retrieved August 15, 2011.

Mfano mwingine wa siku hizi ni Uislamu wenye itikadi kali kama ule wa DAESH, wa Boko Haram, wa wale wanaolipua hata misikiti, na wa nchi mbalimbali za Kiislamu ambazo zinadhulumu watu wa dini tofauti na hata Waislamu wa madhehebu mengine.

Vilevile dini nyingine kadhaa, kama si zote, zina watu wenye itikadi kali, kama vile Wahindu wanaodhulumu Wahindi wenzao kwa sababu hawafuati dini ya jadi ya India.

Mambo hayo yamefanya wakanamungu na wengineo wadai kwamba dini zote duniani zinaharibu maisha ya watu badala ya kuyaboresha. Watetezi wa dini wanahoji kama ni sawa kusema mwili ni mbaya kwa sababu una ugonjwa katika kiungo fulani. Kwao itikadi kali ni saratani ambayo wote wapambane nayo, badala ya kumuua mtu aliye nayo. Wanasema dini zimechangia sana maadili ya binadamu na ya jamii, hata kama baadhi ya wanadini wameshika misimamo mibaya na kutenda mambo yasiyofaa.

Chanzo na matokeo
Saikolojia na sosholojia zinasaidia kuelewa kwa nini baadhi ya watu wanaelekea kuwa na itikadi kali.

Matokeo ya kawaida ya ukali huo ni kukataa wale wasioamini itikadi yenyewe, lakini pia wale ambao wanaiamini kwa kuifafanua bila ukali.

Tanbihi

Marejeo
 Appleby, R. Scott, Gabriel Abraham Almond, and Emmanuel Sivan (2003). Strong Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-01497-5
 Armstrong, Karen (2001). The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-39169-1
 Brasher, Brenda E. (2001). The Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92244-5
 Caplan, Lionel. (1987). "Studies in Religious Fundamentalism". London: The MacMillan Press Ltd.
 Dorff, Elliot N. and Rosett, Arthur, A Living Tree; The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law, SUNY Press, 1988.
 Keating, Karl (1988). Catholicism and Fundamentalism. San Francisco: Ignatius. ISBN 0-89870-177-5
 Gorenberg, Gershom. (2000). The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount. New York: The Free Press.
 Hindery, Roderick. 2001. Indoctrination and Self-deception or Free and Critical Thought? Mellen Press: aspects of fundamentalism, pp. 69–74.
 Lawrence, Bruce B. Defenders of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt against the Modern Age. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989.
 Marsden; George M. (1980). Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925 Oxford University Press.
 Marty, Martin E. and R. Scott Appleby (eds.). The Fundamentalism Project. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 (1991). Volume 1: Fundamentalisms Observed. ISBN 0-226-50878-1
 (1993). Volume 2: Fundamentalisms and Society. ISBN 0-226-50880-3
 (1993). Volume 3: Fundamentalisms and the State. ISBN 0-226-50883-8
 (1994). Volume 4: Accounting for Fundamentalisms. ISBN 0-226-50885-4
 (1995). Volume 5: Fundamentalisms Comprehended. ISBN 0-226-50887-0
 Noll, Mark A.  A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992.
 Ruthven, Malise (2005). "Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning". Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280606-8
 Torrey, R.A. (ed.). (1909). The Fundamentals. Los Angeles: The Bible Institute of Los Angeles (B.I.O.L.A. now Biola University). ISBN 0-8010-1264-3
 "Religious movements: fundamentalist." In Goldstein, Norm (Ed.) (2003). The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law 2003 (38th ed.), p. 218. New York: The Associated Press. ISBN 0-917360-22-2.

Viungo vya nje
The Sword of the Lord: The Roots of Fundamentalism in an American Family, book by Andrew Himes 
Can Anyone Define Fundamentalist? Article by Terry Mattingly via Scripps Howard News Service
Richard Dawkins' The God Delusion and Atheist Fundamentalism by Simon Watson, published in Anthropoetics XV,2 Spring 2010 
Shared Insights: Women's Rights Activists Define Religious Fundamentalisms
The Appeal-and Peril-of Fundamentalism   by Dr. Bert B. Beach
The Fundamentals not complete at 2011-07-26.
The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth Online version of "The Fundamentals", not complete at 2011-07-26.
Thoughts on "Religious Fundamentalism" Identity 
International Coalition Against Political Islam 
Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA)
No to Political Islam
Psychological Issues of Former Members of Restrictive Religious Groups  by Jim Moyers
Q & A on Islamic Fundamentalism
www.blessedquietness.com a conservative Christian website, maintained by Steve van Natten
Women Against Fundamentalism (UK) 
The Rise of Religious Violence
Yahya Abdul Rahman's Take On Fundamentalists And Fundamentalism
Roots of Fundamentalism Traced to 16th Century Bible Translations, Harvard University, November 7, 2007.
 The Fundamentalist Distortion of the Islamic Message  by Syed Manzar Abbas Saidi, published in Athena Intelligence Journal 
 Fundamentalism linked to intimate partner violence 
 Evangelicalism – Fundamentalism; What Is The Difference? 
 Admiel Kosman, Between Orthodox Judaism and nihilism: Reflections on the recently published writings of the late Rabbi Shimon Gershon Rosenberg, Haaretz, Aug.17, 2012.

Category:Dini
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Jamii:Saikolojia