Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti

Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti ni muda wa mifululizo ya matukio ambayo yalitokea katika karne ya 16 katika Ukristo, hasa miaka 1517-1555, yaani kuanzia uenezi wa hoja 95 za Martin Luther hadi amani ya Augsburg. 

Kati yake chanzo, yaani mabishano ya Kikanisa yaliyosababishwa na teolojia ya Luther, yalichanganyikana mapema na siasa, uchumi na utamaduni, kutokana na hali halisi ya wakati huo, mbali kuliko mwenyewe alivyofikiri. 

Mizizi
Tangu karne za nyuma Wakristo wengi wa kila ngazi, kama vile watakatifu na Erasmus wa Rotterdam, waliona uhitaji wa kurekebisha hali ya Kanisa Katoliki huko Ulaya, lakini hoja na juhudi zao hazikutosha. 

Kati ya ukosoaji muhimu kuna haya yafuatayo:
 Kanisa lilionekana kuuza misamaha ya dhambi ili kupata fedha za kujengea Basilika la Mt. Petro huko Vatikani. Hili lilitazamwa kama kwamba matajiri wangeweza kununua tiketi za kuenda peponi wakati maskini wasingeweza - kinyume kabisa na Biblia inavyosema.
 Watu wengi walikuwa hawaelewi ibada kwa sababu zilikuwa zikifuata vitabu vilivyoandikwa kwa lugha ya Kilatini, ambayo haikutumiwa tena katika maisha ya kawaida. Wachungaji tofauti walieleza mambo tofauti. 
 Baadhi ya mambo hayo yana uhusiano na yale yaliyoandikwa katika Biblia (kitabu kitakatifu cha Kikristo). Wachungaji peke yao ndio waliokuwa wanaweza kukisoma, kwa hiyo watu wa kawaida hawakujua mambo mengi kuhusu dini yao.

Maana ya matengenezo
Hapo kale neno hilo (kwa Kilatini reformatio) lilihusu badiliko la hali mbaya iliyopo ili kurudia hali nzuri zaidi ya awali. Katika Karne za Kati lilitumika mara nyingi kwa marekebisho ya umonaki. Katika karne ya 15 haja ya urekebisho ilionekana wazi si tu kwa mashirika ya kitawa bali kwa Kanisa lote. Hasa Mtaguso wa Konstanz (1414-1418) ulidai kabisa ufanyike «katika kichwa na katika viungo». Lakini kwa jumla mitaguso yote ya Karne za Kati na mikutano mingi ya Bunge la Dola la Ujerumani ililenga urekebisho wa Kanisa.

Kwa kweli Karne za Kati zilikuwa na mchanganyiko wa mambo yaliyopingana: ibada za nje tu na za dhati kabisa; teolojia iliyoelekeza kutenda kwa msingi wa nipe nikupe na hakika ya kwamba binadamu anategemea kabisa neema ya Mungu; kutojali wajibu hata upande wa viongozi wa Kanisa na marekebisho safi ya mashirika ya kitawa.

Karne ya 15 ilikuwa kipindi cha umotomoto wa pekee katika Kanisa, ambapo walei wengi zaidi na zaidi walipata elimu nzuri, hivyo walitamani hotuba bora na mafundisho ya kuwasaidia kuishi Kikristo zaidi. Luther aliitikia haja hizo zilizomgusa sana kama mtu wa wakati wake.

Luther alitumia kwa nadra neno matengenezo, lakini likaja kuwa jina la kawaida la matukio yale mengi ya miaka 1517 - 1555.

Matukio
Watu kama Martin Luther, halafu John Calvin na wengineo, waliyaona hayo, wakawa wanayapinga, lakini pia walibadilisha mafundisho mengi ya Kanisa, kila mmoja namna yake, na kupelekea kuligawanya katika idadi kubwa ya madhehebu ya Kiprotestanti.

Kutokana na hayo tena yalizuka vita vingi Ulaya kwa muda mrefu ambavyo viliishia kufanya watu wachukie dini. Pia utaifa na hamu ya watawala kujitwalia mali ya Kanisa vilichangia sana.

Martin Luther alikuwa mtu wa kwanza kutafsiri Biblia kwa Kijerumani. Aliweza hata kuchapisha baadhi ya nakala, kwa sababu miaka ya nyuma Johannes Gutenberg alikuwa amebuni uchapishaji. Hivyo alitoa idadi ndogo ya nakala (imekisiwa kuwa 50-100) kwa kiasi kidogo kabisa. 

Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti yaliwachoma sana Wakatoliki na kupelekea kuongeza juhudi za urekebisho wa Kanisa lao, zikiwa ni pamoja na kurudisha wengi ndani yake.

Hatimaye Ulaya Magharibi ilibaki imegawanyika: upande wa Kusini wakazi waliendelea kuwa Wakatoliki, kumbe Kaskazini wengi wakawa Waprotestanti. Mahusiano hayakuwa mazuri hadi karne ya 20 ilipoanza ekumeni.

Tathmini
Umoja halisi wa Kanisa unaweza kupatikana tu katika ukweli wa Injili ya Yesu Kristo. Ni habari mbaya kwamba katika karne ya 16 kuupigania ukweli huo kulivunja umoja wa Ukristo wa magharibi. Haiwezekani kushangilia mafarakano ya wafuasi wa Yesu.

Yale ya karne hiyo yalitokana na kuelewa tofauti kweli za imani ya Kikristo na yalikuwa na ukali kwa sababu pande zote zilisadiki kwamba kushikilia kwa usahihi ufunuo wa Mungu ni suala la wokovu wa milele. Kwa mfano, Martin Luther aliandika,«Sikubali mafundisho yangu yahukumiwe na yeyote, hata kama ni malaika. Asiyekubali mafundisho yangu hawezi kufikia wokovu».Martin Luther, Weim., X, P. Il, 107, 8-11

Pamoja na hayo, mambo mengi yalichangia farakano, si teolojia tu, bali siasa, uchumi, jamii na utamaduni. Wakati huo mara nyingi hoja za imani na malengo ya kisiasa vilichanganyikana: wanasiasa wengi walitumia hoja hizo ili kufikia malengo ya kiutawala, na vilevile wanateolojia walitumia siasa kutetea mafundisho yao ili kuvuta watu. Ndiyo sababu Luther alichorwa kama shujaa wa taifa la Ujerumani.

Mara nyingi pande zote zilipotosha maana ya wapinzani na kuwachora vibaya wakivunja amri ya nane inayokataza uongo dhidi ya jirani. Hata waliojitahidi kusema ukweli tu juu ya wengine kwa kawaida hawakujitahidi vya kutosha kuelewa msimamo wao na kuona kwamba pengine si mbaya zaidi. Kila mmoja alitaka ushindi akachangia ugomvi uliorithishwa kwa vizazi vilivyofuata.

Hivyo, kilichosababisha zaidi farakano si masuala ya imani yaliyojadiliwa na Waprotestanti, bali lawama zao dhidi ya hali mbaya ya Kanisa la wakati huo iliyokuwa inakera wengi na kuwaelekeza kuunga mkono urekebisho.

 Tanbihi 

Marejeo



, popular and well-illustrated

 Marejeo ya kitaalamu 
Kwa mpangilio wa kitarehe
  Catholic view.



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  (focuses on religious teachings)
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 Spitz, Lewis William. The Protestant Reformation: 1517-1559 (2003)
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 Tafsiri za vyanzo 
 Fosdick, Harry Emerson, ed. Great Voices of the Reformation [and of other putative reformers before and after it]: an Anthology, ed., with an introd. and commentaries, by Harry Emerson Fosdick. New York: Modern Library, 1952. xxx, 546 p.
 Janz, Denis, ed. A Reformation Reader: Primary Texts With Introductions (2008) excerpt and text search
 Luther, Martin Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters, 2 vols., tr. and ed. by Preserved Smith, Charles Michael Jacobs, The Lutheran Publication Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 1913, 1918. vol.2 (1521–1530) from Google Books. Reprint of Vol.1, Wipf & Stock Publishers (March 2006). ISBN 1-59752-601-0.
 Spitz, Lewis W. The Protestant Reformation: Major Documents. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1997. ISBN 0-570-04993-8

Vitabu vya historia
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 Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. "Gender and the Reformation," Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte (2009), Vol. 100, pp 350–365.

 Viungo vya nje 

 Internet Archive of Related Texts and Documents
 16th Century Reformation Reading Room : Extensive online resources, Tyndale Seminary
The Reformation Collection at the Library of Congress
 Tathmini ya pamoja iliyofanywa na Wakatoliki na Walutheri mwaka 2013 

Jamii:Historia ya Ulaya
Jamii:Historia ya Ukristo
Matengenezo