Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton (25 Desemba 1642 – 20 Machi 1727) alikuwa mwanahisabati, mwanafizikia na mwanateolojia kutoka nchi ya Uingereza. 

Anakumbukwa duniani kote kutokana na michango yake mbalimbali katika sayansi. 

Ndiye aliyegundua tawi la kalkulasi (sambamba na Leibniz), kanuni za mwendo na ya uvutano. 

Mchango mwingine wa Isaac Newton upo katika nadharia ya nuru, akitumia mche kuonyesha jinsi rangi zinazounda nuru (kama zinavyoonekana kwenye upinde wa mvua) zinavyotokea. 

Alichangia pia elimuanga kwa kuboresha darubiniakisi iliyoleta matokeo mazuri. Alitambua ya kwamba kanuni za uvutano zinatawala pia mwendo wa sayari. Alitunga ramani ya nyota kufuatana na tafiti za Flamsteed. 

Elimu na imani
Newton alipata shahada yake ya kwanza mwaka 1665 na ile ya uzamili mwaka 1668.

Kwa kuwa alizaliwa katika familia ya Kianglikana, alitumia muda mwingi kufanya utafiti wa Biblia na theolojia pia. Alilenga kupatanisha elimu ya sayansi na imani yake. Aliandika "Uvutano unaeleza miendo ya sayari lakini haiwezi kueleza ni nani aliyeanzisha miendo yake. Mungu anatawala mambo yote na yaliyopo na yanayoweza kuwepo". 

Tarehe 10 Desemba 1682 alimuandikia Richard Bentley: "Siamini ulimwengu unaweza kuelezwa na sababu za maumbile tu, bali nalazimika kuuona kama tunda la hekima na ubunifu vya mmoja mwenye akili". Hata hivyo, yeye binafsi hakukubali mafundisho juu ya Utatu wa Mungu.

Maandishi yake
 Newton's works – full texts, at the Newton Project
 The Newton Manuscripts at the National Library of Israel – the collection of all his religious writings

 Descartes, Space, and Body and A New Theory of Light and Colour, modernised readable versions by Jonathan Bennett
 Opticks, or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light, full text on archive.org
 "Newton Papers" – Cambridge Digital Library
 (1686) "A letter of Mr. Isaac Newton... containing his new theory about light and colors" , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. XVI, No. 179, pp. 3057–3087. – digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
 (1704) Opticks  – digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
 (1719) Optice  – digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
 (1729) Lectiones opticae  – digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library
 (1749) Optices libri tres  – digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library

Marejeo


  This well documented work provides, in particular, valuable information regarding Newton's knowledge of Patristics










Marejeo mengine


 Bardi, Jason Socrates. The Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time (2006) excerpt and text search


 Berlinski, David. Newton's Gift: How Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the World. (2000); isbn|0-684-84392-7
 Buchwald, Jed Z. and Cohen, I. Bernard (eds.) Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy, MIT Press (2001)  excerpt and text search

  See this site for excerpt and text search.

 Cohen, I. Bernard and Smith, George E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Newton. (2002). 500 pp. focuses on philosophical issues only; excerpt and text search; complete edition online 



  – Preface by Albert Einstein. Reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York (1972)

 Eamon Duffy, "Far from the Tree" (review of Rob Iliffe, Priest of Nature: the Religious Worlds of Isaac Newton, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN|9780199995356), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 4 (8 March 2018), pp. 28–29.



 Hawking, Stephen, ed. On the Shoulders of Giants.  Places selections from Newton's Principia in the context of selected writings by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Einstein


  Keynes took a close interest in Newton and owned many of Newton's private papers.

 Newton, Isaac. Papers and Letters in Natural Philosophy, edited by I. Bernard Cohen. Harvard University Press, 1958, 1978; .
 Newton, Isaac (1642–1727). The Principia: a new Translation, Guide by I. Bernard Cohen; , University of California (1999)


 Shapley, Harlow, S. Rapport, and H. Wright. A Treasury of Science; "Newtonia" pp. 147–9; "Discoveries" pp. 150–4. Harper & Bros., New York, (1946).

  (edited by A.H. White; originally published in 1752)
 Trabue, J. “Ann and Arthur Storer of Calvert County, Maryland, Friends of Sir Isaac Newton,” The American Genealogist 79 (2004): 13–27.


Dini

 Dobbs, Betty Jo Tetter. The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought. (1991), links the alchemy to Arianism
 Force, James E., and Richard H. Popkin, eds. Newton and Religion: Context, Nature, and Influence. (1999), pp. xvii, 325; 13 papers by scholars using newly opened manuscripts

 Ramati, Ayval. "The Hidden Truth of Creation: Newton's Method of Fluxions" British Journal for the History of Science 34: 417–38. in JSTOR, argues that his calculus had a theological basis
 Snobelen, Stephen "'God of Gods, and Lord of Lords': The Theology of Isaac Newton's General Scholium to the Principia", Osiris 2nd series, Vol. 16, (2001), pp. 169–208 in JSTOR

 Wiles, Maurice. Archetypal Heresy. Arianism through the Centuries. (1996) 214 pages, with chapter 4 on eighteenth century England; pp. 77–93 on Newton, excerpt and text search.

Viungo vya nje

 ScienceWorld biography by Eric Weisstein
 Dictionary of Scientific Biography
 "The Newton Project"
 Science in the Making Isaac Newton's papers in the Royal Society's archives
 "The Newton Project – Canada"
 "Newton's Dark Secrets" – NOVA TV programme
 from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
 "Isaac Newton", by George Smith
 "Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica", by George Smith
 "Newton's Philosophy", by Andrew Janiak
 "Newton's views on space, time, and motion", by Robert Rynasiewicz
 "Newton's Castle" – educational material
 "The Chymistry of Isaac Newton", research on his alchemical writings
 The "General Scholium" to Newton's Principia
 Kandaswamy, Anand M. "The Newton/Leibniz Conflict in Context"
 Newton's First ODE  – A study by on how Newton approximated the solutions of a first-order ODE using infinite series
 "The Mind of Isaac Newton" – images, audio, animations and interactive segments
 Enlightening Science Videos on Newton's biography, optics, physics, reception, and on his views on science and religion
 Newton biography (University of St Andrews)
 The Linda Hall Library has digitized Two copies of John Marsham's (1676) Canon Chronicus Aegyptiacus , one of which was owned by Isaac Newton , who marked salient passages by dog-earing the pages so that the corners acted as arrows. The books can be compared side-by-side to show what interested Newton.

Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1642
Jamii:Waliofariki 1727
Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Uingereza
Jamii:Wanateolojia wa Uingereza
Jamii:Wanahisabati wa Uingereza
Jamii:Wanaastronomia wa Uingereza