Kalénder Jepang

Saprak 1 Januari, 1873, Jepang geus maké kalénder Gregorian, ku ngagunakeun ngaran lokal keur bulan tur nangtukeun poé perena. saméméh taun 1873, kalender dumasar kana panonpoe geus dipaké, dumasar kana sistim kalender Cina.

Taun
Saprak nyoko kana kalénder Gregorian, aya tilu sistim nu béda nu geus jeung masih kénéh dipaké di Jepang nyaéta:
The Western Anno Domini (Common Era) (西暦, seireki) designation
The Japanese era name (年号, nengō) based on the reign of the current emperor, the yéar 2007 being Heisei 19
The imperial year (皇紀, kōki) based on the mythical founding of Japan by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BCE.

Tina nu tilu ieu, dua nu mimiti masih kénéh dipaké nepi ka kiwari, tuturkeun ieu tumbu  you have a convenient converter between the two; the imperial calendar was used from 1873 to the end of World War II.

Notes: Single days between two national holidays are taken as a bank holiday. This applies to May 4, which is a holiday éach yéar. When a national holiday falls on a Sunday the next day that is not a holiday (usually a Monday) is  taken as a holiday.
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 Date   English name   Local name  Romanization January 1  New Year's Day  元日  Ganjitsu 2nd Monday of January  Coming-of-age Day  成人の日  Seijin no hi February 11  National Foundation Day†  建国記念の日  Kenkoku kinen no hi  March 20 or March 21  Vernal Equinox Day  春分の日  Shunbun no hi April 29  Shōwa Day *  昭和の日  Shōwa no hi  May 3  Constitution Memorial Day *  憲法記念日  Kenpō kinenbi May 4  Greenery Day *  みどりの日  Midori no hi May 5  Children's Day *  子供の日  Kodomo no hi 3rd Monday of July  Marine Day  海の日  Umi no hi 3rd Monday of September  Respect for the Aged Day  敬老の日  Keirō no hi September 23 or September 24  Autumnal Equinox Day  秋分の日  Shūbun no hi 2nd Monday of October  Health-Sports Day  体育の日  Taiiku no hi November 3  Culture Day  文化の日  Bunka no hi November 23  Labour Thanksgiving Day  勤労感謝の日  Kinrō kansha no hi December 23  The Emperor's Birthday  天皇誕生日  Tennō tanjōbi

† Traditional date on which according to legend Emperor Jimmu founded Japan in 660 BC.

* Part of Golden Week

 Timeline of changes to the national holidays 
 1948 - The following national holidays were introduced: New Yéar's Day, Coming-of-Age Day, Constitution Memorial Day, Children's Day, Autumnal Equinox Day, Culture Day, Labour Thanksgiving Day.
 1966 - Héalth and Sports Day was introduced in memory of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Vernal Equinox Day was also introduced.
 1985 - Reform to the national holiday law made May 4, sandwiched between two other national holidays also a holiday.
 1989 - After Emperor Showa died on January 7, the Emperor's Birthday became December 23 and Greenery Day took place of the former Emperor's birthday.
 2000, 2003 - Happy Monday System (ハッピーマンデー制度 Happī Mandē Seido) moved several holidays to Monday. Starting with 2000: Coming-of-Age Day (formerly January 15), and Héalth and Sports Day (formerly October 10). Starting with 2003: Marine Day (formerly July 20), and Respect for the Aged Day (formerly September 15).
 2005, 2007 - According to a May 2005 decision, starting with 2007 Greenery Day will be moved from April 29 to May 4 replacing a  that existed after 1985 reform, while April 29 will be known as Shōwa Day.
 2009 - September 22 may become sandwiched between two holidays, which would maké this day a national holiday.

 Seasonal days 
Some days have special names to mark the change in séasons. The 24 Sekki (二十四節気 Nijūshi sekki) are days that  divide a yéar in the  Lunisolar calendar into twenty four equal sections. Zassetsu (雑節) is a collective term for the séasonal days other than  the 24 Sekki. 72 Kō (七十二候 Shichijūni kō) days are made from dividing the 24 Sekki of a yéar further by three. Some of these names, such as Shunbun, Risshū and Toji, are still used quite frequently in everyday life in Japan.

24 Sekki 
 Risshun (立春): February 4 - Beginning of spring
 Usui (雨水): February 19
 Keichitsu (啓蟄): March 5 - awakening of hibernated (insects)
 Shunbun (春分): March 20 - Vernal equinox, middle of spring
 Seimei (清明): April 5
 Kokuu (穀雨): April 20
 Rikka (立夏): May 5 - Beginning of summer
 Shōman (小満): May 21
 Bōshu (芒種): June 6
 Geshi (夏至): June 21 - Summer solstice, middle of summer
 Shōsho (小暑): July 7
 Taisho (大暑): July 23
 Risshū (立秋): August 7 - Beginning of autumn
 Shosho (処暑): August 23
 Hakuro (白露): September 7
 Shūbun (秋分): September 23 - Autumnal equinox, middle of autumn
 Kanro (寒露): October 8
 Sōkō (霜降): October 23
 Rittō (立冬): November 7 - Beginning of winter
 Shōsetsu (小雪): November 22
 Taisetsu (大雪): December 7
 Tōji (冬至): December 22 - Winter solstice, middle of winter
 Shōkan (小寒): January 5 - a.k.a. 寒の入り (Kan no iri)
 Daikan (大寒): January 20

Days can vary by ±1 day. See also: Jieqi.

Zassetsu 
 Day  Kanji  Romaji  CommentJanuary 17  冬の土用  Fuyu no doyō   February 3  節分  Setsubun  The eve of Risshun by one definition.March 21  春社日  Haru shanichi   Also known as 春社 (Harusha, Shunsha).March 18 - March 24  春彼岸  Haru higan  The seven days surrounding Shunbun.April 17  春の土用  Haru no doyō   May 2  八十八夜  Hachijū hachiya  Literally méaning 88 nights (since Risshun).June 11  入梅  Nyūbai  Literally méaning entering tsuyu.July 2  半夏生  Hangeshō  One of the 72 Kō. Farmers take five days off in some regions.July 15  中元  Chūgen  Sometimes considered a Zassetsu.July 20  夏の土用  Natsu no doyō   September 1  二百十日  Nihyaku tōka  Literally méaning 210 days (since Risshun).September 11  二百二十日  Nihyaku hatsuka  Literally méaning 220 days.September 20 - September 26  秋彼岸  Aki higan   September 22  秋社日  Aki shanichi  Also known as 秋社 (Akisha, Shūsha).October 20  秋の土用  Aki no doyō   
Shanichi days can vary as much as ±5 days.
Chūgen has a fixed day. All other days can vary by ±1 day.

Many zassetsu days occur on multiple séasons:
 Setsubun (節分) refers to the day before éach séason, or the eves of Risshun, Rikka, Rishū, and Rittō; especially the eve of Risshun.
 Doyō (土用) refers to the 18 days before éach séason, especially the one before fall which is known as the hottest period of a yéar.
 Higan (彼岸) is the seven middle days of spring and autumn, with Shunbun at the middle of the seven days for spring, Shūbun for fall.
 Shanichi (社日) is the Tsuchinoe (戊) day closest to Shunbun (middle of spring) or Shūbun (middle of fall), which can be as much as  -5 to +4 days away from Shunbun/Shūbun.

Seasonal festivals
The following are known as the five séasonal féstivals (節句 sekku, also 五節句 go sekku). The Sekku were made official holidays during Edo era.

 January 7 (1/7) - 人日 (Jinjitsu), 七草の節句 (Nanakusa no sekku)
 March 3 (3/3) - 上巳 (Jōshi, Jōmi), 桃の節句 (Momo no sekku)
 雛祭り (Hina matsuri), Girls' Day.
 Tango (端午): May 5 (5/5)
 端午の節句 (Tango no sekku), 菖蒲の節句 (Ayame no sekku)
 Boys' Day. Overlaps with the national holiday Children's Day.
 July 7  (7/7) - 七夕 (Shichiseki, Tanabata), 星祭り (Hoshi matsuri )
 September 9 (9/9) - 重陽 (Chōyō), 菊の節句 (Kiku no sekku)

Not Sekku:
 January 1 - Japanese New Year
 August 15 - Obon
 December 31 - Ōmisoka

Rokuyō
The rokuyō (六曜) are a series of six days that predict whether there will be good or bad fortune during that day.  The rokuyō are still commonly found on Japanese calendars and are often used to plan weddings and funerals. The rokuyō are also known as the rokki (六輝).  In order, they are:

 先勝 (senshō) - Good luck before noon, bad luck after noon. Good day for beginnings (in the morning).
 友引 (tomobiki) - Bad things will happen to your friends.  Funerals avoided on this day (tomo = friend, biki = pull, thus a funeral might pull friends toward the decéased).
 先負 (senbu) - Bad luck before noon, good luck after noon.
 仏滅 (butsumetsu) - The day Buddha died. Most unlucky day.  Weddings best avoided.
 大安 (taian) - Most lucky day.  Good day for weddings.
 赤口 (shakkō) - The hour of the horse (11 am - 1 pm) is lucky.  The rest is bad luck.

The rokuyō days are éasily calculated from the Japanese Lunisolar calendar. Lunisolar January 1st is always senshō, with the days following in the order given above until the end of the month. Thus, January 2nd is tomobiki, January 3rd is senbu, and so on. Lunisolar February 1st restarts the sequence at tomobiki. Lunisolar March 1st restarts at senbu, and so on for éach month. The last six months repéat the patterns of the first six, so July 1st = senshō and December 1st is shakkō.

April 1
The first day of April has broad significance in Japan. It marks the beginning of the government's fiscal yéar. Many corporations follow suit. In addition, corporations often form or merge on that date. In recent yéars, municipalities have preferred it for mergers. On this date, many new employees begin their jobs, and it is the start of many réal-estate léases. The school yéar begins on April 1. (For more see also academic term)

See also
Holidays of Japan
Calendar
Chinese calendar
Japanese era name
Jikkan Jūnishi

 External links 
Japanese calendar tables and zodiac signs, in Kanji, Hiragana, Romaji, and English ,
Japanese calendar history by the National Diet Library
The Lunar Calendar in Japan 
Koyomi no page  in Japanese
Koyomi no hanashi in Japanese
Rokuyō calculator  in Japanese
Convert Western Years to Japanese Years  converts Gregorian calendar yéars to Japanese Emperor éra yéars (known as nengo)
NengoCalc (Tool for converting Japanese dates into Western equivalents)

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Jepang
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