Ho kopanela diphate

Thobalano ke tshobotsi ya tlhaho e etsang qeto ya hore na sebopuoa se ikatisang ka thobalano se hlahisa di-gamete tse tona kapa tse tshehadi . Mills A (1 January 2018). "Sex and Reproduction". Biology of Sex. University of Toronto Press. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-1-4875-9337-7. Retrieved 3 October 2023.   Nakong ya tswalo ya thobalano, gamete e tona le e tshehadi e kopana ho etsa zygote, e tswelang pele ho ba ngwana ya futsa ditshobotsi ho motswadi ka mong. Ka ho dumellana, dikokwana-hloko tse hlahisang di-gamete tse nyenyane, tse tsamayang haholo ( spermatozoa, sperm ) di bitswa banna, ha dikokoana-hloko tse hlahisang di-gamete tse kgōlowanyane, tse sa tsamayang ( ova, hangata di bitswa diisele tsa mahe) di bitswa basadi .  Sephedi se hlahisang mefuta e mmedi ya gamete ke hermaphrodite .  

Mefuteng e seng ea hermaphroditic, bong ba motho bo kgethollwa ka e nngwe ya mekgwa e mengata ya tlhaho ya ho kgetholla thobalano . Mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse anyesang e na le mokgwaa wa XY wa qeto ya thobalano, moo e tona e atisang ho nka X le Y chromosome (XY), mme e tshehadi hangata e na le di-chromosome tse pedi tsa X (XX). Mekgwa e meng ya ho kgetholla thobalano ya chromosomal diphoofolong e kenyelletsa tsamaiso ya ZW ho linonyana, le tsamaiso ya XO dikokonyana tse ding.  Mekgwa e fapaneng ya tikoloho e kenyelletsa qeto ya thobalano e itshetlehileng ka mocheso ho dihahabi le di-crustaceans. 

E tona le e tšehali ea mefuta e ka nna ya tshwana ka mmele (sexual monomorphism) kapa ya ba le phapang ea 'mele ( dimorphism ea thobalano ). Mefuteng e fapaneng ea thobalano, ho kenyelletsa le linonyana le liphoofolo tse anyesang, bong ba motho hangata bo khetholloa ka ho shebisisa litšobotsi tsa motho eo. Khetho ea thobalano kapa khetho ea molekane e ka potlakisa phetoho ea phapang lipakeng tsa bong.

Mantswe a banna le basadi ha a sebetse mefuteng e sa khetholloang ka thobalano moo batho ba leng isomorphic (ba shebahala ba tshwana) le di-gametes li isogamous (ha li khethollehe ka boholo le sebopeho), tse kang alga e tala Ulva lactuca . Mefuta e meng ea phapang ea tshebetso pakeng tsa batho ka bomong, joalo ka di-fungus,  e ka bitsoa mefuta ya ho kopana . 
Ho ikatisa ka dikamano tsa botona le botshehadi, moo batho ba babeli ba hlahisang ngoana ea nang le mofuta o itseng oa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa motsoali ka mong, ke feela li- eukaryote . Diphatsa tsa lefutso di kentswe ka hara deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ya di-chromosome . Sele ya eukaryote e na le sete sa di-chromosome tsa homologous tse kopantsweng, e le nngwe ho motswadi e mong le e mong, mme mohato ona wa di-chromosome tse peli o bitswa " diploid ". Nakong ya ho ikatisa ka thobalano, setho sa diploid se hlahisa disele tse kgethehileng tsa thobalano tsa haploid tse bitswang gametes ka meiosis,  e nngwe le e nngwe ya tsona e na le sehlopha se le seng sa di-chromosome. Meiosis e kenyelletsa mohato oa ho kopanya liphatsa tsa lefutso ka crossover ea chromosomal, moo dibaka tsa DNA li fapanyetsanwang pakeng tsa lipara tse tshwwanang tsa di-chromosome, ho etsa di-chromosome tse ntjha, e nngwe le e nngwe e na le motswako o motjha wa diphatsa tsa lefutso tsa batsoali. Jwale di-chromosome di arolwa ka dihlopha tse le 'ngoe ho dii-gametes. Ha di-gametes di kopana nakong ya kemolo, zygote e hlahang e na le halofo ea diphatsa tsa lefutso tsa mme le halofo ya ntate.  Ho kopana ha chromosomal crossover le fertilization, ho kopanya lihlopha tse pedi tse le nngwe tsa di-chromosome ho etsa diploid zygote e ntjha, ho fella ka sebōpuwa se setjha se nang le dikarolo tse fapaneng tsa diphatsa tsa lefutso tsa motswadi ka mong.

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