Koloi ea motlakase

Koloi ea motlakase ke koloi e khannoang ke enjene e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta tsa motlakase, hangata e tsamaisoa ke betri ea accumulator kapa sele ea mafura a hydrogen. Har'a mehlala ea e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likarolo tsena, re ka qotsa Tesla Model 3 le Renault Zoe e nang le libeteri le Toyota Mirai e nang le sele ea mafura. Kabelo ea 'maraka oa likoloi tsa motlakase e fihlile ho 4.6% lefatšeng ka bophara ka 2020; likarolo tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa mmaraka li fumaneha Norway (74.8%), Iceland (52.4%), Sweden (32.3%) le Netherlands (25%); ba eme ho 5.7% Chaena, 13.5% Jeremane, 11.3% Fora le United Kingdom, 2.0% United States. Ka December 2020, likepe tsa lefats'e tsa likoloi tsa motlakase tsa 100% li fihlile likoloing tse limilione tse 8.6, ho kenyeletsoa 40.8% Chaena, 20.4% Europe le 13.2% United States. Palo ea likoloi tsa motlakase tse rekisoang Europe e feta ea likoloi tsa diesel ka December 2021.

 Khopolo 
Koloi ea motlakase ke koloi ea motlakase e tsamaisoang ke motlakase o le mong kapa ho feta. Koloi ea motlakase ha e le hantle e na le sistimi ea betri ea accumulator, e bapalang karolo ea tanka ea mafura, hammoho le motor(s) ea motlakase. Ha e le hantle, e fapane le koloi ea mocheso ka nako e telele ea ho tsosolosa ho feta ho tlatsa mafura, hammoho le boiketlo ba ho hlahisa, ho tsamaisa le ho aba motlakase, ha ho bapisoa le tlhahiso le ho ajoa ha litanka tsa lihlahisoa. Koloi ka kakaretso e na le e 'ngoe kapa tse ngata tsa motlakase tseo matla a tsona kaofela a ka tlohang ho 9 ho feta 750 kW, ho itšetlehile ka boholo ba koloi, tšebeliso le ts'ebetso e lakatsehang. Mohlala : 9 kW (12 hp) bakeng sa koloi e se nang laesense (e amohetsoeng quadricycle) Citroën Ami2; 33 kW (44 hp) bakeng sa Dacia Spring3; 60 kW (81 hp) bakeng sa salune e nyenyane ea batho ba bane (Renault Twingo Z.E.)4; 80 ho 100 kW (ho itšetlehile ka mohlala) bakeng sa Renault Zoe5 le 100 kW bakeng sa Peugeot e-2086; 150 kW bakeng sa ID ea Volkswagen.37; 377 kW (513 hp) bakeng sa Tesla Model 3 Performance Dual Motor AWD8; 493 ho 750 kW (670 ho 1,020 hp) bakeng sa Tesla Model S9. Hangata betri ea accumulator, ka linako tse ling ke sele ea mafura kapa mohloli o mong oa matla a motlakase, e fana ka motlakase ka matla. Libetri tsa accumulator li nchafatsoa ka thapo ho tsoa mohloling oa motlakase o kantle; ebang ke ka ho khutlisa matla ha u ntse u khanna ka lebaka la braking e nchafatsang, bakeng sa likoloi tse nyalisitsoeng tsa motlakase kapa tsa motlakase, enjene ebe e sebetsa e le jenereithara ea motlakase; kapa esita le ka e 'ngoe kapa e' ngoe, bakeng sa likoloi tsa plug-in hybrid.

Bokhoni ba betri ea likoloi tse tloaelehileng tsa motlakase ka kakaretso bo fapana pakeng tsa 15 le 100 kWh10 kapa esita le 113 kWh bakeng sa bokamoso ba Lucid Air e phatlalalitsoeng bakeng sa 2022 United States11. Bophahamo ba koloi ka kotloloho bo ipapisitse le matla a betri, mofuta oa tsela (e bataletseng, e fapaneng, ea litoropo, joalo-joalo), mokhoa oa ho khanna le lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang (haholo-holo ho futhumatsa kapa ho futhumatsa moea, le radio e nyane ea koloi, mabone a pele le li-wiper tse nang le tšebeliso e fokolang feela)12.

Litsenyehelo tsa libeteri, tse phahameng haholo ho feta tsa tanka ea mafura bakeng sa boipuso bo tšoanang, li emela karolo ea bohlokoa ea litšenyehelo tsa koloi. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa motlakase oa koloi ea motlakase o bonolo haholo ho o haha ​​le ho o boloka ho feta oa koloi e nang le mochine oa mocheso oa matla a tšoanang.

Kakaretso ea mofuta ona oa koloi e kenyelletsa nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tse kopaneng tsa ho nchafatsa kantle ho ntlo: liteishene tsa ho nchafatsa (kapa phapanyetsano ea libeteri tse se nang letho bakeng sa libeteri tse felletseng), tlhahiso e eketsehileng ea motlakase ho fana ka matla a ho khutlisa mafura a hona joale, nts'etsopele e kholo ea indasteri ea betri, etc. Indasteri ea likoloi, liindasteri le litšebeletso tse amanang le tsona li bitsetsoa phetohong e kholo.

Thepa e amanang le eona e tlameha ho fihlela litlhoko tsa polokeho bakeng sa lits'ebetso mme e ka kopanngoa le gridi e bohlale ea kamoso. Ho kopanngoa hona hoa hlokahala ho netefatsa boteng ba likoloi tsa motlakase hammoho le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa matla le carbon footprint13 (sheba likarolo tsa #Liqholotso, #Merero e lebelletsoeng le ea nako e khuts'oane le # Tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa).

Koloi ea motlakase e ka ba karabelo e sebetsang ho fokotsa sebaka sa tikoloho ea lipalangoang ((sheba karolo ea "Environmental impact").

 Lekholong la bo21 la lilemo 
Mathoasong a lekholo la bo21 la lilemo, lihlooho li ile tsa boela tsa hlaha khatisong ea litaba tse phatlalatsang ho hlaha ha thekenoloji e haufi, tlas'a khatello ea ho eketseha ha theko ea oli le mathata a ntseng a eketseha a tikoloho45,46, le ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji47.

Ka 2006, moetsi oa Venturi Automobiles o ile a lokolla Fétish, koloi ea pele ea lipapali tsa motlakase lefatšeng48 eo lebitso la eona e leng setsebi. Mehlala e meng esale e tsoela pele ka leloko lena joalo ka Volage (li-motor tse robeli tsa motlakase, tse peli ka lebili) le Amerika (mofuta oa pele oa crossover ea motlakase). Karolo ea tsoelopele bakeng sa likoloi tsena tsa tlhahiso e tsoa lenaneong la ho rekota lebelo leo, ka 2011, le entseng hore ho thehoe litekanyetso tse peli tsa lefats'e. International Automobile Federation e lumella karolelano ea 495 km/h49 le lebelo le holimo la 515 km/h50. Ka 2013, Venturi Automobiles e ile ea qala lenaneo le lecha la ho leka ho senya litlaleho tsena le ho hlahisa likarolo tse ncha tsa likoloi tsa eona.

Ho tloha ka 2007, Roger Schroer o ile a fumana lirekoto tsa lebelo la naha ka har'a likoloi tsa motlakase, tse fetang 487 km / h ho Venturi Buckeye Bullet mefuta ea 2.5 le 3 (e bitsoang "Venturi Toujours Contente"), 'me ka 2014 a qala tlhōlisano ea FIA Formula E on Spark SRT. 01E; e hlophisitsoeng ke FIA, e sebelisa litulo tsa Formula E tse nang le batho ba le bang bao theknoloji ea bona e fetohang selemo le selemo. Roborace, tlhōlisano e ncha ea likoloi tsa motlakase, lekhetlong lena e se na bakhanni hape e hlophisitsoeng ke FIA, e hlahile nakong ea peiso ea pele e hlophisitsoeng Spain ka potoloho ea Monteblanco ka 200951.

Khampani ea California ea Tesla Motors e hlahisitse koloi e nyenyane ea lipapali tsa motlakase ho tloha 2008 ho ea ho 2012, Tesla Roadster, eo matla a eona a tsoang ho betri ea lithium feela. Ka 0-100 km/h ka nako e ka tlase ho metsotsoana e mene le lebelo le holimo la 212 km/h, e qothisana lehlokoa le likoloi habonolo ka makhetlo a mararo ha e ntse e fana ka 340 km ea autonomy, bakeng sa ho tjhaja ka lihora tse 'maloa53. Ka 2009, feme e ile ea hlahisa sedan ea lelapa e mabothobotho, Model S, e fanang ka mefuta e fapaneng ea ho fihla ho 480 km54, ho nchafatsa kapele ka metsotso e 45 le ho nchafatsa ka lihora tse nne, 0-100 km/h ka metsotsoana e 5, 6. le lebelo le phahameng la 193 km/h. O ka fumana mona top 10 des voitures électrique. Tesla e rekisitse likoloi tsa motlakase tsa 22,477 ho 2013, e hlahisitse likoloi tsa 51,095 ka 2015 le 83,922 ka 2016. Tesla e thehile ntlo-khōlō ea eona ea Europe Amsterdam 'me e sebetsa litsi tsa tšebeletso ho pholletsa le Europe. Ka 2016, e ile ea bula setsi sa eona sa ho etsa betri Nevada, Gigafactory 1, ka ts'ebelisano le Panasonic56. Ka 2017, Tesla o ile a tsebisa Model 3.