LiBhayibheli

LiBhayibheli, liyitsatsa njengencwadzi lendze lokumatima kuyicondza ngaletinye tikhatsi.

 “Livi lakho liliciniso.” (Johane 17:17)
 “Akube khashane naNkulunkulu kuba ngumenti walokubi, kwenta bubi akube khashane naSomandla.” (Jobe 34:10)
 “Babe wetfu losezulwini, ...umbuso wakho awute. Intsandvo yakho ayentiwe emhlabeni, njengobe yentiwa ezulwini.” (Matewu 6:9,10)

Leligama Libhayibheli, liphindze libitwe ngekutsi Libhayibheli Lelingcwele, lingasho linye nobe mabili kulamabhuku enkholo layinhlitiyo yenkholo yebuJuda kanye nebuKristu - Mibhalo Lengcwele yeMahebheru kanye neBuKristu ngekuhlonipheka.

Libhayibheli lisilundza sekucala semlandvo wakudzala wase-Isirayeli. Kepha libhayibheli akusilo nje libhuku lemlandvo, kepha mabhuku alo kusuka ku-Joshuwa kuye tukweTikronike tesibili msebenti lowabhalwa bafundzi bemlandvo wakudzala waka-Israyeli. Bafundzi bemlandvo baka-Israyeli babhala lomlandvo ngelwati lebalibona liliciniso ngekwemlandvo. Njengebabhali bemlandvo banyalo, babhali beliBhayibheli bebavamise kuniketa tizatfu ngekwemlandvo nobe lwati lwangaphambilini ngetintfo lebebabhala ngato (e.g., 1Samuel 28:31 Sam. 28:3, 1Kings 18:3, 1 Kings 18:3, 2Kings 9:14b-15, 2 Kings 9:14b-15a, 2Kings 13:5-6, 2Kings 15:12, 2Kings 17:7-23).

BuJuda busebentis incenye yinye yalamabhuku leyatiwangekutsi yi-Tanakh, Libhayibheli lemaHebheru, livamiswe kuhlukwaniswa tincenye letintsatfu: i-Torah ("infundziso" nobe "umtsetfo"), i-Nevi'im ("bapholofethi"), ne-Ketuvim ("imibhalo"). 

Lelibhayibheli lelifundvwa Makrestu lihlukene tigaba letibili letiliThestamente Lelidzala neliThestamente Lelisha. Kuma kwemibhalo yeliThestamente Lelidzala kuphikiswana ngako emkhatsini wemacembu eBukristu: ma-Protestants atsatsa onke mabhuku siHebheru njengemabhuku lekungiwo lekufanele abe tukweliThestamente Lelidzala. Makhatokila aseRoma kanye nema-Orthodox aseMpumalanga angeta mabhuku e-deuterocanonical, mabhuku emaJuda, njengemibhalo lekufanele ifakwe tukweli-Thestamente Lelidzala. LiThestamente Lelisha lakhiwe maGosbheli ("tindzaba letimnandzi"), Tento tebaPostoli, ma-Epistles (timcwadzi), kanye neLibhuku leSambulo.

Ngalesinye sikhatsi leligama "libhayibheli" like lisetshentiswe uma kukhulunya ngalamanye mabhuku lamikhaba yanobe nguyiphi inkholo, nobe uma kukhulunya ngencwadzi lechaza kabanti ngesihloko tsite.

 Nevi'im 

I-Nevi'im, nobe "Bapholofethi," ikhuluma ngekukhula kwebuso wemaHebheru, kuhlukana kwawo ube tigaba letibili,  nebapholofeti la, ngeligama Lasimakadze,  bacwayisa makhosi kanye nebaNtfwana bakaIsrayeli ngepanishiwa nguSimakadze. Kugcina ngekuncotshwa kweBukhosi baka-Isirayeli ba-Assyrians, kuncotshwa kwebukhosi bakaJuda maBhabhin, kanye  nekuwa kweliThempeli laseJerusalema. Tincenye talamabhuku alabapholofethi afundvwa maJuda ngeliSabatha (Shabbat). Libhuku la Jonah lifundvwa nge-Yom Kippur.

Ngekwelisiko emaJuda, i-Nevi'im ihlukaniswe tigaba letisiphohlongo temabhuku. Kutolikwa lokusha kwato kuhlukaniswe tigaba letimashumi lamabili nakunye. 

I-Nevi'im iphetse lamabhuku lasiphohlongo lalandzelayo:

 6. Joshua, Js—Yehoshua (יהושע)
 7. Judges, Jg—Shoftim (שופטים)
 8. Samuel, includes First and Second 1Sa–2Sa—Shemuel (שמואל)
 9. Kings, includes First and Second, 1Ki–2Ki—Melakhim (מלכים)
 10. Isaiah, Is—Yeshayahu (ישעיהו)
 11. Jeremiah, Je—Yirmiyahu (ירמיהו)
 12. Ezekiel, Ez—Yekhezkel (יחזקאל)
 13. Twelve, includes all Minor Prophets—Tre Asar (תרי עשר)
 A. Hosea, Ho—Hoshea (הושע)
 B. Joel, Jl—Yoel (יואל)
 C. Amos, Am—Amos (עמוס)
 D. Obadiah, Ob—Ovadyah (עבדיה)
 E. Jonah, Jh—Yonah (יונה)
 F. Micah, Mi—Mikhah (מיכה)
 G. Nahum, Na—Nahum (נחום)
 H. Habakkuk, Hb—Havakuk (חבקוק)
 I. Zephaniah, Zp—Tsefanya (צפניה)
 J. Haggai, Hg—Khagay (חגי)
 K. Zechariah, Zc—Zekharyah (זכריה)
 L. Malachi, Ml—Malakhi (מלאכי)

 Ketuvim 

Ketuvim, nobe "Imibhalo", kufanele kutsi yabhalwa ngesikhatsi nobe emva kwekuBanjwa maBhabhlona. Ngekusho kwemasiko esi-Rabbinic tradition kanye nato tihloko temaHubo, lamanyenti emahubo lasebhukwini lemaHubo abhalwa ngu-Davide; kutsenjwa kutsi Inkosi Solomoni yabhala Tihlabelelo Tetihlabelelo eminyakeni yakhe yebusha, Libhuku lemavi Lahlakaniphile eminyakeni yekhe yebudzala yemphilo, kanye neTicclesiastes ngesikhasi sekagugile; umpholofethi Jeremiya kukholelwa kutsi wabhala Lamentations. Libhuku la-Ruth ngilo kuphela libhuku lasebhayibhelini lelibukene nebantfu labangasi maJuda. Lilibhuku la-Ruth likhuluma ngendzaba yemuntfu lekangasilo liJuda (pheceleti, umMoabi lobekashade nemJuda lekwatsi ngekufa kwalomJuda, walandzela etindleni temaJuda; ngekusho kwelibhayibheli, lona wekunene bekangukhokhokati we-Nkosi Davide. Lasihlanu kulamabhuku labitwa ngekutsi "Tikroli Lenhlanu" (Megilot),  afundvwa ngemaholide emaJuda: Tihlabelelo Tetihlabelelo nge Passover; Libhuku la-Ruth nge Shavuot; Lamentations ne Ninth of Av; Macclesiastes nge Sukkot; kanye ne-Libhulu la-Esta nge Purim. Konke nje, i-Ketuvim iphetse tinkhodlo temagama, mibono ngemphilo, kanye netindzaba tebapholofethi nalabanye baholi bemaJuda ngesikhatsi kubhaqwe eBhabhilona. Igcina ngemlayelo wasePheshiya lovumela maJuda kutsi abuyele eJerusalema kuyo wakha liThempeli. 

I-Ketuvim iphetse lamabhuku lalishumimi nakuye lalandzelayo, ahlukasiwe kumabhuku latolikiwe anyala agcine sekalishuma nakubili ngekuhlukana kwa Ezra naNehemiya:

 14. Psalms, Ps—Tehillim (תהלים)
 15. Proverbs, Pr—Mishlei (משלי)
 16. Job, Jb—Iyyov (איוב)
 17. Song of Songs, So—Shir ha-Shirim (שיר השירים)
 18. Ruth, Ru—Rut (רות)
 19. Lamentations, La—Eikhah (איכה), also called Kinot (קינות)
 20. Ecclesiastes, Ec—Kohelet (קהלת)
 21. Esther, Es—Ester (אסתר)
 22. Daniel, Dn—Daniel (דניאל)
 23. Ezra, Ea, includes Nehemiah, Ne—Ezra (עזרא), includes Nehemiah (נחמיה)
 24. Chronicles, includes First and Second, 1Ch–2Ch—Divrei ha-Yamim (דברי הימים), also called Divrei (דברי)

 i-Torah 

Ngekusho kwalamanye maJuda ngesikhatsi se-Hellenistic, njenge baSajusi, i-Torah yayitfolakala ngekutolikwa lokuncane ngekwemlomo, lebekunga chubekeli ngekwekuvisiseka kwelibhayibheli. Ngekusho kweBafarisi, Simakadze waveta i-Torah lebeyibhaliwe kanye ne-Torah leyakhulunywa kuMosi, le-Torah leyakhulunywa beyiphetse tindzaba kanye nemitsetfo. TukwebuJuda bebu-Rabbinic, le-Torah leyakhulunywa ibalulekile ekuvisiseni le-Torah Lebhaliwe ngekwekukhuluma. (ngoba lite bonkamisa, nabongwaca, kanye nesihlukasi magama) ne-exegetically. Le-Torah leyakhulunywa inetigaba letihlukene, sicalo Halacha (imitsetfo), ne-Aggadah (tindzaba), kanye ne-Kabbalah (lwati lolu-esoteric). Tigaba letinkhulu taloMtsetfo Lokhulunyiwe setagcina tibhalwe phansi, sibonelo yi-Mishnah; ne-Tosefta; Midrash, nane-Midrash Rabbah, ne-Sifre, ne-Sifra, kanye ne-Mechilta; kanye ne-Talmud yemaBhabhilona nemaJerusalema futsi. 

buJuda bebu-Orthodox buyachubeka nekwamukela i-Torah Leyakhulunywa njengoba injalo. Masorti ne-maJuda langalamukelilushintsho batsi i-Torah Leyakhulunywa yabusiswa moya loyingcwele, kepha bayakushaya indiva kuphikisana kwalo lapha nalapha. BuJuda lobubuyisanako nabo bamukela i-Talmud lephetse imibhalo ye-Torah Leyakhulunywa, kepha, njenge-Torah leyabhalwa, tindzawana letilawulwe, kepha tingaka ndlovukelwa, nguSimakadze. BuJuda Bekwakhiwa buyabuphika kuchumana ne-Torah, Lebhaliwe kanye naLeyakhulunywa, naSimakadze.

Lombhalo longe Mibono yemaJuda ngeLibhayibheli icoca ngekutsi alivisisa njani Libhayibheli maJuda, kufaka ekhatsi ticephu tembono telibhayibheli takudzala Targums kuya ku-Rabbinic literature, imibhalo ye-midrash, nemibhalo lebalulekile ye-medieval commentators, kanye nemibono yesimanje yemaJuda ngelibhayibheli.

 Caphela 

Libhayibheli