Umoya Longcolile

Lomoya longcolile (GHGs) ngumoya losemkhatsini lonyusa noma akhuphule lizinga lekushisa kwemaplanethi lafana neMhlaba. Lokwenta kutsi uhluke kuleminye imoya kutsi ubamba ema-wavelength emisebelekhishwa yiplanethi, lokwenta kutsi kube nemphumela wekushisa. Umhlaba ufutfumetwa kukhanya kwelilanga, lokwenta kutsi umhlaba uphindze ukhiphe kushisa lokubanjwa yikakhulukati ngumoya longcolile. Ngaphandle kwemoya longcolile emoyeni, lizinga lekushisa lelisemkhatsini lemhlaba belingaba lishumi nesiphohlongo (18  °C), kunekutsi kube ngulelelikhona nyalo lizinga lelisemkhatsini lekulishumi nesihlanu, .Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: "Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change". In: "Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change". [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Leli luhla lwemoya longcolile losihlanu ngebunyenti bawo emhlabeni, luhlelwe ngekwehla kwelinani lelisemkhatsini mhlaba wonkhe, kune: moya wemanti, i-carbon dioxide, i-methane, i-nitrous oxide, i-ozone. Leminye imimoya lekhatsatako ifaka ekhatsi i-chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs ne-HCFCs), i-hydrofluorocarbones (HFCs), perfluorocarbures, i-SF6, kanye ne-NF3. Umhwamuko wemanti ubanga cishe ihhafu yemphumela wekushisa, usebenta ngekuphendvula leminye imimoya lengcolile njengendlela yekugucuka kwesimo selitulu.

Tintfo letentiwa bantfu kusukela kwacala kushintja indlela yekukhicita (1970) tilenyusile linani le carbon dioxide carbon dioxide ngalokumashumi lasihlanu ekhulwini (50%), ne methan ngalokulikhulu nemashumi lasihlanu ekhulwini (150%).I carbon dioxide lekhishwako ibanga incenye lentsatfu yekushisa kwemhlaba kani i methane lekhishwako yona ibanga incenye lenkhulu yalolokunye. Incenye lenkhulu ye carbon dioxide lekhishwako ichamuka ekushiseni, lelesalako ke incenye ichamuka kutekulima nekukhicita. IiMethane lekhishwako isukela ekulimeni, kushisa , tibi nalokunye. Kutsatsa tinkhulungwane teminyaka kutsi kumunyeke icarbon dioxide emhlabeni nome ke emoyeni, kani imethane yona ihlala sikhatsi lesingangeminyaka lelishumi nakubili emoyeni.

Kugeleta kwemvelo kwe-carbon kwenteka emkhatsini wesibhakabhaka, imvelo yemhlaba, lwandle, kanye nemhlabatsi. Lokugeleta bekusolo kulingana kahle eminyakeni lesigidzi sinye leyendlulile, nanome emazinga emoya longcolile ahluka kakhulu esikhatsini lesidze lesendlulile. Emazinga e-carbon dioxide nyalo aphakeme kunaloko lebekukhona eminyakeni letigidzi letintsatfu leyendlulile. Uma lamazinga lakhona ekukhishwa kwemoya longcolile  achubeka, kushisa kwemhlaba kutawundlula  emnyakeni wa-2040 na 2070. Lesi sigaba labatsi bakaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) siyingoti.

Umoya longcolile usebenta ngekufakelwa, lokusho kutsi abamba aphindze akhiphe imisebe ye-infrare nge-wavelength lefanako naloko lokukhishwa ngumhlaba, emafu kanye nemkhatsi.IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.: 2233 

Umkhatsi lowomile wemhlaba longemashumi layimfica nemfica ekhulwini (99%)  (ngaphandle kwemhamuka wemanti) wakhiwe nge-nitrogen (N2) lengemashumi lasikhombisa nesiphohlongo ekhulwini (78%) kanye ne-oxygen (O2) lemashumi lamabili nakunye ekhulwini (21%). Ngenca yekutsi ema-molecule nome tincetu tawo tine ma-athomu (atom) lamabili e-element yinye, awanayo i-asymmetry ekusabalelweni kwemandla awo agezi, ngako-ke cishe awatsintseki ngalokuphelele ngemisebe yekushisa ye-infrared, ngemphumela lomncane kakhulu wekushayisana. Lenye incenye lengu-0.9% yemkhatsi yakhiwe nge-argon (Ar), leyakhiwe nge-monatomic, ngako ke ibonakala ngalokuphelele emisebeni yekushisa. Ngakulolunye luhlangotsi, i-carbon dioxide (0.04%), i-methane, i-nitrous oxide kanye nema-trace gases lamancane enta ngaphansi kwa-0.1% wemkhatsi weMhlaba, kepha ngenca yekutsi ema-molecule abo anema-athomu etakhi letehlukene, kukhona kungalingani ekusabalelweni kwemandla agezi lokuvumela Kudvuma kwemamolecule kutsi kusebentisane nemisebe ye-electromagnetic. Loku kubenta basebente nge-infrared, ngako-ke kuba khona kwabo kubangela umphumela wekushisa.