I-Onchocerciasis

i-Onchocerciasis, lebuye yatiwe njengekungaboni ngekwemfula kanye nesifo se-Roble, sifo lesibangelwa kungena kweligciwane lelivela kumanyokane lanetifo  i-Onchocerca volvulus  Timphawu tifaka ekhatsi kunwayiswa njalo, emagubudla ngaphansi kwesikhumba, kanye nekungaboni. Imbangela yesibili lejwayelekile yekungaboni ngenca yekusuleleka ngalesifo, ngemuva kwe-trachoma.

Lamanyokane latfwele lesifo abhebhetsekiswa kulunywa yimphungane lemnyama yeluhlobo lweSimulium. Kulunywa lokunyenti kwenteka ngembi kwekutsi kungene lesifo. Letimphungane tihlala dvutane nemfula, kungako lesifo sibitwa njalo.  Uma ngabe sesimngenile umuntfu, lamanyokane akha i-larvae lekabese aphuma esikhunjeni.  Lapho angachubeka asulele lenye imphungane lemnyama ngalesifo bese sindluliselwa kulomunye umuntfu ngekumluma.  Kunetindlela letinyenti tekutfola ngalesifo kufaka ekhatsi: kwenta i-biopsy yesikhumba ku-saline leyetayelekile bese kubukelwa le-larva iphuma, bakubuka emehlweni kute babone i-larvae, nekubuka kulamagubudla lasesikhunjeni kutsi akhona manyokane lamakhulu. 

Umutsi wekulapha lesifo awukho. Kutivikela kubita kutsi uvikele kutsi ulunywe timphungane.  Loku kungafaka ekhatsi kusebentisa kwekugcobisa lokubulala timphungane kanye nekugcoka timphahla letikahle.  Leminye imitamo ifaka ekhatsi leyo yekwehlisa linani laletimphungane ngekufutsa umutsi wekubulala tinambutane. Imitamo yekucedza lesifo kutsi kulashwe onkhe emacembu ebantfu kabili ngemnyaka kuyachubeka kuletinye tindzawo letibaliwe kulamanye emave. Kulashwa kwalabo lesebasuleleke ngalesifo kutsi kusetjentiswe umutsi i-vermectin njalo ngemuva kwetinyanga letisitfupha noma letilishumi nakubili.  Lomutsi wekulapha ubulala le-larva kodvwa hhayi lamanyokane lamakhulu. Lomutsi i-doxycycline, lehambisana nebhakthira lebitwa nge-Wolbachia, leyenta emanyokane angabi namandla kantsi inconywa nangulabanye futsi.  Kukhishwa kwemagubudla ngaphansi kwesikhumba ngekuhlindvwa nako kungentiwa. 

Bantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-17 kuya ku-25 banesifo sekungaboni kwemfula, kantsi labalinganiselwa ku-0.8 bona abasaboni.  Tifo letinyenti tiba khona e-sub-Saharan Afrika, nanoma nje lokunye kugula kubikiwe endzaweni yase Yemen naletinye tindzawo letise Nkhabeni kanye naseNingizimu ne Amerika. Nga 1915, dokotela  Rodolfo Robles  nguye lowatsi lamanyokane ahambisana nesifo semehlo. Ibhaliwe eluhleni leNhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe njengesifo sasetindzaweni letishisako lesinganakwa.
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