Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia (synonim me  Giardia intestinalis, Lamblia intestinalis dhe Giardia duodenalis) është një  parazit flagellated protozoan  që kolonizon dhe riprodhohet në  intestine të vogla, që shkakton giardiasis. Paraziti i giardia njgjitet te epithelium te një ventral adhesive disc, dhe riprodhohet  përmes binary fission.Oxford textbook of Medicine, Fourth Edition, Volume 1 (2003) Oxford University Press pp.759-760 ISBN 0-19-262922-0 Giardiasis nuk përhapet përmes  rrugëve të gjakut, nor does it spread to other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract, but remains confined to the lumen of the small intestine.Harrison's Internal Medicine, Harrison's Online Chapter 199 Protozoal intestinal infections and trochomoniasis Giardia trophozoites absorb their nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine, and are anaerobes.  If the organism is split and stained, it has a very characteristic pattern that resembles a familiar "smiley face" symbol. Chief pathways of human infection include ingestion of untreated sewage, a phenomenon particularly common in many developing countries;C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Water pollution. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Mark McGinley and C. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC. contamination of natural waters also occurs in watersheds where intensive grazing occurs.

 Ambjenti ku rritet 
Giardia infects humans, but is also one of the most common parasites infecting cats, dogs and birds. Mammalian hosts also include cows, beavers, deer, and sheep.

 Transmetimi 
Cikli i jetës

" This organelle is now termed a mitosome.

 Metabolizmin intracellular dhe biokimik 
Giardia relies on glucose as its major energy source and breaks glucose down into ethanol, acetate and carbon dioxide. However, it can also use arginine as an energy source. Giardia possesses unique biochemical pathways that suggest that it diverged from other eukaryotes at an early stage in evolution.

B vitamins and bile salts, as well as glucose, are necessary for Giardia to survive, and a low-carbohydrate diet was shown in mice to reduce the number of Giardia organisms present.

 Manifestimi  i infeksionit 
Nomenclature of Giardia species is difficult, as humans and other animals appear to have morphologically identical parasites.

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People with recurring Giardia infections, particularly those with a lack of the Immunoglobulin A antibody, may develop chronic disease.

Lactase deficiency may develop in an infection with Giardia, however this usually does not persist for more than a few weeks, and a full recovery is the norm.

Some studies have shown that giardiasis should be considered as a cause of vitamin B12 deficiency, this a result of the problems caused within the intestinal absorption system.

 Menyra si të ruhemi 
Treatment of drinking water for Giardia is ordinarily indicated in wilderness regions in North America, although at least four researchers disagree with this statement, including Robert W. Derlet, a professor at the University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Timothy P. Welch and Thomas R. Welsh of Tulane Medical School and the Children's Hospital of Cincinnati respectively, and Robert Rockwell, a widely quoted writer who is an engineer by training.Derlet, Robert W. "High Sierra Water: What is in the H20?" Sierra Nature Notes, Volume 3, April 2004. (Copy onn author's website .)Wood, T.D. "Water: What Are the Risks?" REI Expert Advice, February 2008.

Boiling suspect water for one minute is the surest method to make water safe to drink and kill disease-causing microorganisms like Giardia lamblia if in doubt about whether water is infected with the Giardia parasite.http://water.epa.gov/drink/emerprep/emergencydisinfection.cfm  Retrieved February 24, 2011

 Trajtimi dhe diagnoza 
Giardia lamblia infection in humans is frequently misdiagnosed. Accurate diagnosis requires an antigen test or, if that is unavailable, an ova and parasite examination of stool. Multiple stool examinations are recommended, since the cysts and trophozoites are not shed consistently. Given the difficult nature of testing to find the infection, including many false negatives, some patients should be treated on the basis of empirical evidence; treating based on symptoms.Curtis, Rick. "Outdoor Action Guide to Giardia, Lyme Disease and other 'post trip' Illnesses." Outdoor Action, 2005-2008.

Human infection is conventionally treated with metronidazole, tinidazole or nitazoxanide. Although Metronidazole is the current first-line therapy, it is mutagenic in bacteria and carcinogenic in mice, so should be avoided during pregnancy. It has not directly been linked to causing cancer in humans, only in other mammals, therefore appears safe. One of the most common alternative treatments is berberine sulfate (found in Oregon grape root, goldenseal, yellowroot, and various other plants). Berberine has been shown to have an antimicrobial and an antipyretic effect. Berberine compounds cause uterine stimulation, and so should be avoided in pregnancy. Continuously high dosing of berberine may lead to bradycardia and hypotension in some individuals.UpToDate (Lexi-Comp, Inc.) retrieved 28 August 2007

 Drug Treatment duration Possible Side Effects Metronidazole 5–7 ditë Shije metalike; të përzihet; vomiting; dizziness; headache; disulfiram-like effect; neutropenia Tinidazole Një dozë evetme Shije metalike; të përzihet; vomiting; belching; dizziness; headache; disulfiram-like effect Nitazoxanide 3 ditë Abdominal pain; diarrhea; vomiting; headache; yellow-green discolouration of urine Albendazole 5 ditë Dizziness; headache; fever; të përzihet; vomiting; temporary hair loss

Table adapted from Huang, White.

 Trajtimi te kafshët 

 Mikroskopia 

 Studime 
Genomics
Seven genotypes have been recognised to date (A-G). Of these B is the most widespread. Only types A and B have been shown to be infectious to humans.

 Historia 

 Referime 

Kategooria:Parasiidid
Kategooria:Protistid