Jinsiyad

Jinsiyad ama gentilic waa erey loo isticmaalo dadka ama dadka degan meel gaar ah. Magaca luqadda dadku inta badan waa la mid ereygan, tusaale ahaan, "English" (luqadda ama dadka). Meelaha qaar waxaa laga yaabaa inayna lahayn erey gaar ah oo loo isticmaalo dadka halkaas degan.

 Horgalayaasha demonym-ka 
Luqadda Ingiriisku waxay leedahay habab badan oo loo abuuro demonyms. Midka ugu caansan waa in lagu daro dabo-gal dhamaadka magaca goobta. Kuwani waxay isticmaali karaan dabo-galyaal Latin, Semiitik ama Jarmal ah, sida:
 -an (America → American, Rome → Roman)
 -ian (Paris → Parisian, Russia → Russian, India → Indian, Canada → Canadian)
 -ine (Florence → Florentine, Argentina → Argentine)
 -ite (Vancouver → Vancouverite, Moscow → Muscovite) (inta badan magaalooyinka)
 -er (New Zealand → New Zealander, London → Londoner) (inta badan magaalooyinka)
 -eno (Los Angeles → Angeleno ama Los Angeleno, waxay isticmaashaa dabo-galka Isbaanishka ee eño ee demonyms-ka)
 -ish (Spain → Spanish, Denmark → Danish) (inta badan waddamada)
 "-ish" waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa sidii sifayn. Qaabab badan oo "-ish" ah waxay leeyihiin demonyms ka duwan. (Spain/Spanish/Spaniard; Denmark/Danish/Dane; Judea/Jewish/Jew ama Judean; Poland/Polish/Pole)
 -ese (Taiwan → Taiwanese, Vienna → Viennese, Tyrol → Tyrolese, Vietnam → Vietnamese, Japan → Japanese)
 "-ese" badanaa waa sax kaliya haddii loo isticmaalo sidii sifayn, ama loola jeedo kooxda dadka oo dhan. Tusaale ahaan, "The Chinese" waxay ka dhigan tahay dhammaan dadka u dhashay Shiinaha.
 -i (Iraq → Iraqi, Bengal → Bengali) (inta badan meelaha Bariga Dhexe iyo Koonfurta Aasiya)
 -ic (Hispania → Hispanic)
 "-ic" waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa sidii sifayn loola jeedo koox qowmiyad ama luqad ah, tusaale ahaan Hispanic marka loo eego Isbaanishka
 -iote (Cyprus → Cypriote, Phanar → Phanariote), gaar ahaan goobaha Giriigga.

 Qaababka aan joogtada ahayn 
Xaalado badan, labadaba magaca goobta iyo demonym-kaba waxaa lagu abuuraa dabo-gal, tusaale ahaan England iyo English iyo Englishman. Tan mar walba run ma aha, tusaale ahaan, France → French; Philippines → Filipino ama Pilipino.

Xaalado dhif ah, magaca dalka gabi ahaanba lama xiriiro magaca dadka (Netherlands → Dutch). Tan badanaa waxay dhacdaa sababtoo ah labada erey waxay ka yimaadeen luqado kala duwan. Demonyms-ka ka jira gobollada federaalka ama ismaamulada sidoo kale habkan ayay ugu kala duwanaan karaan. Tusaale ahaan, dadka ku nool Khatumo State waxaa badanaa loogu yeeraa reer darawiishAdam, Asha Mohammed. Legitimizing Puntland: exploring Puntland’s hybrid political order. MS thesis. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 2018.. Taasina waa sababta oo ah qabiilka ugu weyn ee Dhulbahante waxay ahaan jireen darawiish ka dhan ah gumeysiga.

Demonyms-ku waxay noqon karaan magacyo ama sifayn. Xaalado badan qaabka magaca iyo sifaynta waa isku mid (Canadian/Canadian); xaaladaha kale way kala duwan yihiin (Spaniard/Spanish).

Marka laga hadlayo Canadian gobollada iyo dhulalka Kanada iyo gobollada Maraykanka, demonyms-ka badanaa looma isticmaalo sidii sifayn.

 Dhibaatooyinka dhaqanka 
Dadka qaar, badiyaa dhaqamada ay la wareegeen Yurub iyo gumeystihii, ma laha demonym. Waxay sidoo kale yeelan karaan demonym la mid ah magaca qarankooda. Tusaale ahaan waxaa ka mid ah Iroquois, Aztec, Māori, iyo Czech. Badanaa, luqadaha u dhashay dadkan waxay leeyihiin qaabab aan lagu isticmaalin Ingiriiska. Af-Czech, tusaale ahaan, luqaddu waa Čeština, qaranku waa Česko ama Česká republika, dadkuna waa Češi.

Demonym-ka loogu yeero dadka ku nool Maraykanka (United States of America) wuxuu leeyahay dhib tan la mid ah. "American" waxay ka dhigan kartaa qof u dhashay Maraykanka, ama qof ka yimid qayb kasta oo ka mid ah gobolka Ameerika ama labada qaaradood ee Ameerika (Woqooyiga Ameerika iyo Koonfurta Ameerika). United Statian inta badan looma isticmaalo Ingiriisiga, laakiin wey jirtaa. Waxaa si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa Isbaanishka (estadounidense) waxaana si ballaaran looga isticmaalaa Isbaanishka Latin Ameerika. Faransiiska (étatsunien(ne)) wuu jiraa laakiin dhif ayaa loo isticmaalaa, Bortuqiiska (estado-unidense ama estadunidense) laakiin si caadi ah looma isticmaalo, Talyaaniga (statunitense) wuu jiraa laakiin dhif ayaa loo isticmaalaa, iyo sidoo kale Interlingua (statounitese). Esperanto dalku waa Usono demonym-kuna waa Usonano, si looga fogaado jahwareerka kala dhexeeya Amerikano. US American (oo magac ahaan ah) iyo US-American waa la isticmaali karaa laakiin si ballaaran looma isticmaalo Jarmalka (US-Amerikaner).

Tixraacyo

Category:Words