Boos bannaan oo ku-meel-gaar ah

Siyaasadda dhexdeeda, boos bannaan oo ku-meel-gaar ah (casual vacancy, casual macnaheedu waa “si kedis ah”) waa xaalad uu kursi ku banaanaado gole sharci-dejin ah inta lagu guda jiro muddada xilligaas. Boosaska noocan ah waxay ka dhalan karaan geerida, iscasilaadda, ama ka-reebista xubin fadhida, ama sababo kale.

Boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah waxay saameeyaan wakiilnimada bulshada uu xubinku matalo, taasoo keenta in matalaadda degaanka xubinka ay yaraato ama gebi ahaanba baaba’do. Sidaa darteed, shuruucda badan waxay dhigaan in si dhaqso ah loo buuxiyo kursiyada bannaan.

Boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah sidoo kale waxay ka dhici karaan goleyaal aan dowladeed ahayn, sida guddiyada agaasimayaasha iyo gudiyada ururada iskaa wax u qabso.

Hababka lagu buuxiyo boos bannaan oo ku-meel-gaar ah ee hay’ad la doortay waxaa ka mid ah:

Doorasho gaar ah (by-election ama special election): doorashadii isla deegaanka uu xubinku ka baxay u codeeyay.

Co-option: xubnaha kale ee hay’adda ay ku magacaabaan.

Magacaabin ama u-qorid: hay’ad ama xil-hayaha kale oo magacaaba.

Dhulmar toos ah (automatic succession): beddelka ama xubinta ku xigta liiska beddelka ee la diyaariyey waqtigii doorashadii asalka ahayd.

Countback: hab loo isticmaalo doorashooyinka codka la kala wareejiyo (single transferable vote), iyadoo la tirinayo codadkii doorashadii asalka ahayd iyo dib-u-qaybin lagu sameeyo codadkii xubinka ka baxay.
Ustareeliya
Hababka lagu buuxiyo boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah way kala duwan yihiin iyadoo ku xiran shuruucda deegaan kasta.

Xagga federaalka, boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Guriga Wakiilada ee Australia waxaa lagu buuxiyaa doorasho gaar ah. Boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Senetka Australia waa in lagu buuxiyaa qof ka tirsan isla xisbigii uu ka baxay senator-ka, waxaana go’aamiya fadhi wadajir ah oo ka dhaca baarlamaanka gobolka/maamulka uu senator-ku ka baxay qofka buuxinaya booska.

Boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Guriga Wakiilada Tasmania, Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Gobolka Caasimadda Australia, iyo Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Galbeedka Australia waxaa lagu buuxiyaa countbacks.

Boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Tasmania, Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Queensland, Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Galbeedka Australia, Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Victoria, Guriga Wakiilada Koonfur Australia, iyo Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee New South Wales waxaa lagu buuxiyaa doorasho gaar ah.

Boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee New South Wales, Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Koonfur Australia, iyo Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Victoria waxaa lagu buuxiyaa doorasho ka dhacda fadhi wadajir ah oo labada aqal ee baarlamaanka gobolka; xubinta la doorto waa in ay ka tirsan tahay isla xisbigii xubintii hore waqtigii la doortay (ama xor haddii xubintii hore ahayd xubin xor ah).
Kanada
Boosaska bannaan ee Guriga Wakiilada ee Canada waxaa lagu buuxiyaa iyadoo la qorsheeyo doorasho gaar ah degmada uu boosku ka banaanyahay. Writ-ka doorashada (ogolaanshaha doorashada) waa in la soo saaraa ugu yaraan 11 maalmood kadib iyo ugu badnaan 180 maalmood kadib markii Sarkaalka Sare ee Doorashooyinka si rasmi ah loo ogeysiiyo booska bannaan iyadoo loo marayo amar uu bixiyay Afhayeenka. Sida ku cad Xeerka Doorashooyinka Canada, muddada ugu yar ee ololaha doorashada waa 36 maalmood laga bilaabo waqtiga la soo saaray writ-ka ilaa maalinta doorashada.

Mararka qaar kursi wuu sii ahaan karaa bannaan muddo dheer; tusaale ahaan, ka hor doorashadii federaalka ee 2015, Stephen Harper wuxuu ku qasbanaaday inuu qorsheeyo saddex doorasho gaar ah sanadkii 2015. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maadaama waqtiga boosasku ku banaanaayeen uu ku qasbay in la qorsheeyo doorasho gaar ah, balse waqtigii ka harsanaa ka hor ololaha doorashada guud uu aad u gaaban yahay, wuxuu jadwalka doorashooyinka u dhigay maalinta doorashada guud — taasi waa arrin farsamo oo micnaheedu yahay in doorasho gaar ah la qorsheeyay balse aan la qaban doonin. Doorashooyinkaas gaar ah waxaa lagu beddelay doorashada guud markii baarlamaanku la kala diray 2-dii Agoosto, 2015 iyo markii la soo saaray writ-ka doorashada federaalka.

Maadaama Senetka Canada uu yahay hay’ad la magacaabo oo aan doorasho ku salaysnayn, boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah waxaa si fudud loogu buuxiyaa magacaabis cusub.

Doorashooyinka gaar ah sidoo kale waxaa lagu qabtaa si loo buuxiyo boosaska bannaan ee gudiyada sharci-dejinta ee gobollada ama maamulada Canada.
Hindiya
Qodobka 151A ee Xeerka Wakiilada Dadweynaha, 1951 wuxuu waajibinayaa Guddiga Doorashooyinka in uu buuxiyo boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Baarlamaanka India iyo Golaha Sharcidejinta ee Gobollada iyada oo la marayo doorashooyin gaar ah muddo lix bilood gudahood laga bilaabo taariikhda uu boosku banaanaaday, iyadoo shuruudtu tahay in muddada harsan ee xubinka booska ka baxay ay tahay hal sano ama ka badan
Singabuur
Doorasho gaar ah badanaa waxaa la qabtaa marka xubin hadda ka tirsan Baarlamaanka Singapore uu ka baxo kursigiisa ee Single Member Constituency (SMC), ama marka dhammaan xubnaha GRC (Group Representation Constituency) ay wada ka baxaan kursigooda.

Kiis dhawaan ah, sida uu sheegay Wasiirkii xilligaas ee Xafiiska Ra’iisul Wasaaraha Chan Chun Sing, ma aha lagama maarmaan in la qabto doorasho gaar ah haddii xubin GRC ah ay iscasisho ama ay ku dhacdo xaalad caafimaad oo aan awood u siinayn qabashada xilka. Sababta ayaa ah in nidaamka GRC loo sameeyay laba ujeedo:

1. In la hubiyo in xubno ka tirsan bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay ay joogaan Baarlamaanka.

2. In aan ololaha siyaasadeed lagu qaban arrimaha diinta iyo jinsiyadda.

Mr. Chan wuxuu sheegay in ujeeddooyinkaas aysan saameyn doonin haddii hal xubin oo GRC ah uu ka baxo.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nidaamku ma xalin xaaladaha ay xubin ka tirsan bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay ka baxdo kursigeeda, taasoo keentay in SDP ay dacwad ka gudbiso si arrinta loo caddeeyo. Garsooraha Maxkamadda Sare ayaa diiday codsiga lagu qabanayo doorasho gaar ah, waxaana SDP ka laabatay dacwadda ka dib markii Kuxigeenka Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud si faahfaahsan u sharaxay arrinta.
New Zealand
Tan iyo 2020, Gollaha Wakiillada ee New Zealand wuxuu ka kooban yahay 72 kursi oo ay ku fadhiyaan xubno metela deegaan doorashooyin juqraafi ah, iyo ugu yaraan 48 kursi oo kale oo laga soo xulo liisaska xisbiyada.

Haddii uu bannaanaado mid ka mid ah 72-ka kursi ee deegaannada doorashada, waxaa lagu buuxiyaa doorasho gaar ah (by-election). Waraaqda (writ) lagu qabanayo doorashadaas waa in la soo saaraa, xaaladaha badankood, 21 maalmood gudahood laga bilaabo wargelinta bannaanida kursiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, doorasho gaar ah looma baahna haddii muddo-xileedka saddexda sano ah ee Baarlamaanka uu ku eg yahay lix bilood gudahood.

Dhanka kale, "kursiyada liiska" waa kuwo lagu daro kursiyada deegaanka si loo helo wakiilnimo ku saleysan saamiga xisbiyada (proportional representation) ka dib doorashada guud. Hase yeeshee, haddii kursi deegaan uu xisbi kale guuleysto kadib doorasho gaar ah, waxaa dhaawacma isku dheellitirnaanta saamiga baarlamaanka.

Si ka duwan, haddii uu bannaanaado kursi liiska ah, waxaa si toos ah loogu buuxiyaa musharaxa ku xiga ee ku jira liiska xisbiga xaqa u leh kursigaas, taas oo aan wax saameyn ah ku yeelan dheellitirnaanta Baarlamaanka.
Mareykanka
Ereyga “casual vacancy” si caadi ah looma isticmaalo gudaha Mareykanka. Haddii uu kursi ka bannaanaado Gollaha Wakiillada ee Mareykanka, waxaa lagu buuxiyaa doorasho gaar ah (special election). Dastuurku wuxuu farayaa in madaxda fulinta ee gobolka (tusaale, guddoomiyaha gobolka) ay soo saaraan waraaqaha doorashada.

Wax-ka-beddelka toddoba iyo tobnaad (Seventeenth Amendment) wuxuu dhigaya in haddii uu kursi ka bannaanaado Senate-ka Mareykanka, guddoomiyaha gobolka uu magacaabi karo qof buuxiya kursiga, haddii aan sharci gaar ah oo uu dejiyey baarlamaanka gobolkaasi uusan sheegin hab kale, sida in loo qabto doorasho toos ah oo shacabka lagu codeeyo.
Tixraac
"Sharciga Guud ee Dastuurka Australia - Qaybta 33 Waxay u qortaa boosaska banaan"

"Sharciga Guud ee Dastuurka Australia - Qaybta 15 Jagooyin Casual ah oo banaan [eeg qoraalka 8]"

"Xeerka Doorashada 2004"

"Xeerka Doorashada 1992"

"Xeerka Doorashada 1907

"Doorashooyinka By-Queensland"

"Xeerka Doorashada 2002"

"Xeerka Doorashada 1985" 

"Xeerka Doorashada 2017 No 66"

"Xeerka Dastuurka 1902"

"Suxufiyiintii ku loolamayay kursi ka mid ah Golaha Shacabka waxay muujinayaan in siyaasaddu is beddeshay: Spector"

"Doorasho-daba-marin ayaa la qabtay Oktoobar 19, 2015 - Waxa aad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato"

"Qaybta 151A ee Sharciga Matalaada Dadka ee 1951 ayaa faraya ECI inay buuxiso boosaska aan caadiga ahayn"

"Dalab lagu qabanayo doorashada ku celiska ah ee Marsiling-Yew Tee waxaa diiday maxkamadda sare"

"Waa maxay doorasho ku celis ah?"

Xeerka Dastuurka 1975 (Vic, No. 8750 ee 1975)